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Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence

January 01, 1970

The Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (Indonesian: Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, abbreviated as PPKI, Japanese: 独立準備委員会, romanized: Dokuritsu Junbi Iinkai) was a body established on 7 August 1945 to prepare for the transfer of authority from the occupying Japanese to Indonesia. It approved and promulgated the first Indonesian constitution, and appointed Sukarno president.

Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence
Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia
独立準備委員会
Dokuritsu Junbi Inkai

PPKI meeting on 18 August 1945
Agency overview
Formed7 August 1945 (1945-08-07)
Preceding agency
Dissolved29 August 1945 (1945-08-29)
Superseding agency
Agency executives

Background edit

In two sessions from May to July 1945, the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK) decided on Pancasila as the ideological basis of independent Indonesia, and produced a draft constitution. With the war turning against them, the Japanese, who were occupying Indonesia, decided to grant independence in order to create problems for the returning Dutch colonial authorities. The plan was that Java would become independent in early September, followed shortly by the rest of the country. On 7 August, the day after an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Lt. General Hisaichi Terauchi, commander of the Japanese Southern Area who was based in Saigon, gave permission for the formation of the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI).[1]

On 9 August, the day of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, the Japanese authorities flew future president Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta and BPUPK chairman Radjiman Wediodiningrat to Da Lat, French Indochina for a meeting with General Hisaichi Terauchi, the commander of the Southern Area. He promised Indonesian independence would be granted on 24 August, and appointed Sukarno chairman of the PPKI. After delaying discussion of the extent of independent Indonesia when setting up the BPUPK, the Japanese finally clearly stated it would include the whole of the former Dutch East Indies.[2] The three men flew back to Indonesia, arriving on 14 August.[1][3] The Indonesian underground rejected any independence gifted by the Japanese, preferring to win it through force of arms. However, on 17 August 1945, two days after the Japanese surrender, Sukarno declared independence.[1][4]

Membership edit

Most of the 21 committee members appointed by the Japanese belonged to the older generation. Unlike the BPUPK, whose members only came from Java, the PPKI had representatives from Eastern Indonesia (under the control of the Japanese navy) and Sumatra.[5]

Original edit

The membership comprised:[1]

Later addition edit

Six additional committee members added without the approval of the Japanese authorities in Indonesia:[5][7]

Actions of the PPKI edit

The committee met for the first time on 18 August in the building in Jakarta formerly used by the Council of the Indies. It elected Sukarno as president and Hatta as vice-president of Indonesia. It established a seven-member commission, including Sukarno, Hatta, Soepomo and Muhammad Yamin, to approve the constitution that had been started by the BPUPK in July and to make other changes. One significant change was the removal from the constitution preamble of the obligation for Muslims to abide by Sharia law included in the Jakarta Charter as it was felt this would alienate Christians. The changes took less than a week, and the constitution was published in the 14 February 1946 edition of Berita Republik Indonesia, the government gazette.[7][8] In the same meeting, the committee also decided that the president would be assisted by a national committee[9][10]

On August 19, the committee met again and divided Indonesia into eight provinces: West, Central and East Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku and the Lesser Sundas.[11][12] In its third and last meeting, held on August 22, the PPKI decided to establish the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP), a state party the Indonesian National Party (PNI) and the Badan Keamanan Rakyat (People's Security Agency) - the forerunner of the Indonesian National Armed Forces.[13][14]

The committee was dissolved by Sukarno on 29 August and replaced by the KNIP.[15]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c d Kahin 1961, p. 127.
  2. ^ Inomata 1997, p. 108.
  3. ^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 339-341.
  4. ^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 342.
  5. ^ a b Elson 2009, p. 119.
  6. ^ Ahsan, Ivan Aulia (26 February 2018). "Rahmah El Yunusiyah Memperjuangkan Kesetaraan Muslimah". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-07-13.
  7. ^ a b Kahin 1961, p. 138.
  8. ^ Tim Penyusun Naskah Komprehensif Proses dan Hasil Perubahan UUD 1945 2010, pp. 18–19.
  9. ^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 345.
  10. ^ Heuken 2000, p. 209.
  11. ^ Kahin 1961, p. 140.
  12. ^ Raliby 1953, p. 14.
  13. ^ Kahin 1961, p. 148.
  14. ^ Raliby 1953, p. 16.
  15. ^ Kahin 1961, p. 139.

References edit

  • Elson, R. E. (October 2009). "Another Look at the Jakarta Charter Controversy of 1945" (PDF). Indonesia (88): 105–130.
  • Heuken, Adolf (2000). Historical Sites of Jakarta (6th ed.). Jakarta, Indonesia: Cipta Loka Caraka.
  • Inomata, Aiko Kurasawa (1997). "Indonesia Merdeka Selekas-lekasnya: Preparations for Independence in the Last Days of Japanese Occupation". In Abdullah, Taufik (ed.). The Heartbeat of Indonesian Revolution. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. pp. 97–113. ISBN 979-605-723-9.
  • Kahin, George McTurnan (1961) [1952]. Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Raliby, Osman (1953), Documenta Historica: Sedjarah Dokumenter dari Pertumbuhan dan Perdjuangan Negara Republik Indonesia (Documenta Historica: Documentary History from the Growth and Struggle of the Republic of Indonesia) (in Indonesian), Djakarta: Bulan-Bintang
  • Ricklefs, M.C. (2008) [1981]. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 (4th ed.). London: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-54685-1.
  • Soeripto (Ed) (1962), Lahirnya Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 (Birth of the 1945 Constitution) (in Indonesian), Surabaya: Penerbitan Grip
  • Tim Penyusun Naskah Komprehensif Proses dan Hasil Perubahan UUD 1945 (2010) [2008], Naskah Komprehensif Perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945: Latar Belakang, Proses, dan Hasil Pembahasan, 1999-2002. Buku I: Latar Belakang, Proses, dan Hasil Perubahan UUD 1945 [Comprehensive Documentation of the Amendments to the 1945 Indonesian Constitution: Background, Process and Results of Deliberations. Book I: Background, Process and Results of the Amendments] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Secretariat General, Constitutional Court{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

January 01, 1970
preparatory, committee, indonesian, independence, indonesian, panitia, persiapan, kemerdekaan, indonesia, abbreviated, ppki, japanese, 独立準備委員会, romanized, dokuritsu, junbi, iinkai, body, established, august, 1945, prepare, transfer, authority, from, occupying,. The Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence Indonesian Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia abbreviated as PPKI Japanese 独立準備委員会 romanized Dokuritsu Junbi Iinkai was a body established on 7 August 1945 to prepare for the transfer of authority from the occupying Japanese to Indonesia It approved and promulgated the first Indonesian constitution and appointed Sukarno president Preparatory Committee for Indonesian IndependencePanitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia独立準備委員会Dokuritsu Junbi InkaiPPKI meeting on 18 August 1945Agency overviewFormed7 August 1945 1945 08 07 Preceding agencyInvestigating Committee for Preparatory Work for IndependenceDissolved29 August 1945 1945 08 29 Superseding agencyCentral Indonesian National CommitteeAgency executivesSukarno ChairmanMohammad Hatta Vice Chairman Contents 1 Background 2 Membership 2 1 Original 2 2 Later addition 3 Actions of the PPKI 4 See also 5 Notes 6 ReferencesBackground editIn two sessions from May to July 1945 the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence BPUPK decided on Pancasila as the ideological basis of independent Indonesia and produced a draft constitution With the war turning against them the Japanese who were occupying Indonesia decided to grant independence in order to create problems for the returning Dutch colonial authorities The plan was that Java would become independent in early September followed shortly by the rest of the country On 7 August the day after an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima Lt General Hisaichi Terauchi commander of the Japanese Southern Area who was based in Saigon gave permission for the formation of the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence PPKI 1 On 9 August the day of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki the Japanese authorities flew future president Sukarno Mohammad Hatta and BPUPK chairman Radjiman Wediodiningrat to Da Lat French Indochina for a meeting with General Hisaichi Terauchi the commander of the Southern Area He promised Indonesian independence would be granted on 24 August and appointed Sukarno chairman of the PPKI After delaying discussion of the extent of independent Indonesia when setting up the BPUPK the Japanese finally clearly stated it would include the whole of the former Dutch East Indies 2 The three men flew back to Indonesia arriving on 14 August 1 3 The Indonesian underground rejected any independence gifted by the Japanese preferring to win it through force of arms However on 17 August 1945 two days after the Japanese surrender Sukarno declared independence 1 4 Membership editMost of the 21 committee members appointed by the Japanese belonged to the older generation Unlike the BPUPK whose members only came from Java the PPKI had representatives from Eastern Indonesia under the control of the Japanese navy and Sumatra 5 Original edit The membership comprised 1 Sukarno chairman Mohammad Hatta vice chairman K R T Rajiman Wediodiningrat Java R Oto Iskandar di Nata Java Abdul Wahid Hasyim Java Ki Bagus Hadikusuma Java B K P A Soerjohamidjojo Java B P H Poerbojo Java Mas Sutardjo Kertohadikusumo Java R P Suroso Java R Soepomo Java R Abdul Kadir Java Mohammad Amir Sumatra Teuku Muhammad Hasan Sumatra Abdoel Abas Sumatra Rahmah el Yunusiyah Sumatra 6 Sam Ratulangi Celebes Andi Pangerang Pettarani Celebes A A Hamidhan Borneo I Gusti Ketut Pudja Lesser Sunda Islands Johannes Latuharhary the Moluccas Yap Tjwan Bing Chinese community Later addition edit Six additional committee members added without the approval of the Japanese authorities in Indonesia 5 7 Achmad Soebardjo advisor Sayuti Melik Java Ki Hajar Dewantara Java R A A Wiranatakoesoema Sunda Java Kasman Singodimedjo Java Iwa Koesoemasoemantri Sunda Java Actions of the PPKI editThe committee met for the first time on 18 August in the building in Jakarta formerly used by the Council of the Indies It elected Sukarno as president and Hatta as vice president of Indonesia It established a seven member commission including Sukarno Hatta Soepomo and Muhammad Yamin to approve the constitution that had been started by the BPUPK in July and to make other changes One significant change was the removal from the constitution preamble of the obligation for Muslims to abide by Sharia law included in the Jakarta Charter as it was felt this would alienate Christians The changes took less than a week and the constitution was published in the 14 February 1946 edition of Berita Republik Indonesia the government gazette 7 8 In the same meeting the committee also decided that the president would be assisted by a national committee 9 10 On August 19 the committee met again and divided Indonesia into eight provinces West Central and East Java Sumatra Kalimantan Sulawesi Maluku and the Lesser Sundas 11 12 In its third and last meeting held on August 22 the PPKI decided to establish the Central Indonesian National Committee KNIP a state party the Indonesian National Party PNI and the Badan Keamanan Rakyat People s Security Agency the forerunner of the Indonesian National Armed Forces 13 14 The committee was dissolved by Sukarno on 29 August and replaced by the KNIP 15 See also edit nbsp Indonesia portal Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence BPUPK Central Indonesian National Committee KNIP Timeline of the Indonesian National RevolutionNotes edit a b c d Kahin 1961 p 127 Inomata 1997 p 108 Ricklefs 2008 p 339 341 Ricklefs 2008 p 342 a b Elson 2009 p 119 Ahsan Ivan Aulia 26 February 2018 Rahmah El Yunusiyah Memperjuangkan Kesetaraan Muslimah tirto id in Indonesian Retrieved 2022 07 13 a b Kahin 1961 p 138 Tim Penyusun Naskah Komprehensif Proses dan Hasil Perubahan UUD 1945 2010 pp 18 19 Ricklefs 2008 p 345 Heuken 2000 p 209 Kahin 1961 p 140 Raliby 1953 p 14 Kahin 1961 p 148 Raliby 1953 p 16 Kahin 1961 p 139 References editElson R E October 2009 Another Look at the Jakarta Charter Controversy of 1945 PDF Indonesia 88 105 130 Heuken Adolf 2000 Historical Sites of Jakarta 6th ed Jakarta Indonesia Cipta Loka Caraka Inomata Aiko Kurasawa 1997 Indonesia Merdeka Selekas lekasnya Preparations for Independence in the Last Days of Japanese Occupation In Abdullah Taufik ed The Heartbeat of Indonesian Revolution PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama pp 97 113 ISBN 979 605 723 9 Kahin George McTurnan 1961 1952 Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia Ithaca New York Cornell University Press Raliby Osman 1953 Documenta Historica Sedjarah Dokumenter dari Pertumbuhan dan Perdjuangan Negara Republik Indonesia Documenta Historica Documentary History from the Growth and Struggle of the Republic of Indonesia in Indonesian Djakarta Bulan Bintang Ricklefs M C 2008 1981 A History of Modern Indonesia Since c 1300 4th ed London MacMillan ISBN 978 0 230 54685 1 Soeripto Ed 1962 Lahirnya Undang Undang Dasar 1945 Birth of the 1945 Constitution in Indonesian Surabaya Penerbitan Grip Tim Penyusun Naskah Komprehensif Proses dan Hasil Perubahan UUD 1945 2010 2008 Naskah Komprehensif Perubahan Undang Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 Latar Belakang Proses dan Hasil Pembahasan 1999 2002 Buku I Latar Belakang Proses dan Hasil Perubahan UUD 1945 Comprehensive Documentation of the Amendments to the 1945 Indonesian Constitution Background Process and Results of Deliberations Book I Background Process and Results of the Amendments in Indonesian Jakarta Secretariat General Constitutional Court a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence amp oldid 1222095885, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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