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Prehistory of Iran

January 01, 1970

The prehistory of the Iranian plateau, and the wider region now known as Greater Iran, as part of the prehistory of the Near East is conventionally divided into the Paleolithic, Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age periods, spanning the time from the first settlement by archaic humans about a million years ago until the beginning of the historical record during the Neo-Assyrian Empire, in the 8th century BC.

Paleolithic edit

 
Biface (trihedral) Amar Merdeg, Mehran, Lower Paleolithic, National Museum of Iran

One of the potential routes for early human migrations toward southern and eastern Asia is Iran, a country characterized by a wide range of geographic variation and resources, which could support early groups of hominins who wandered into the region. Evidence for the presence of these early populations in Iran includes some stone artifacts discovered from gravel deposits along the Kashafrud River Basin in eastern Iran, the Mashkid and Ladiz Rivers in the southeast, the Sefidrud River in the north, the Mahabad River in the northwest, and some surface occurrences and isolated finds from the west and northwestern parts of the country. The main known early human occupation sites in Iran are: Kashafrud in Khorasan, Mashkid and Ladiz in Sistan, Shiwatoo in Kurdistan, Ganj Par in Gilan, Darband Cave in Gilan, Khaleseh in Zanjan, Tepe Gakia (34°13′N 47°13′E / 34.217°N 47.217°E / 34.217; 47.217) 14 km (8.7 mi) due east of Kermanshah,[1] Pal Barik in Ilam. These sites fall between one million years ago to 200,000 years ago.[citation needed] Mousterian Stone tools made by Neanderthal man have also been found in various parts of the country. There are more cultural remains of Neanderthal man dating back to the Middle Paleolithic period, which mainly have been found in the Zagros region and fewer in central Iran at sites such as Kobeh, Kaldar, Bisetun, Qaleh Bozi, Tamtama, Warwasi. In 1949 a Neanderthal radius was discovered by CS Coon in Bisitun Cave.[2]

Evidence for Upper Paleolithic and Epipaleolithic periods are known mainly from the Zagros region in the caves of Kermanshah and Khoramabad such as Yafteh Cave and a few number of sites in the Alborz range and Central Iran. In October 2018 a tooth belonging to a Neanderthal child has been discovered in Iran for the first time. The tooth belongs to a six-year-old child that was found along with some rocky tools of the middle Paleolithic period in the mountains of Kermanshah province.[3]

Epipaleolithic edit

Main article: Epipalaeolithic Near East

The end of the Palaeolithic, called Epipalaeolithic, is in a period of about 7000 years from c. 18,000 to 11,000 BC. In those days groups of hunter-gatherers were mostly living in the caves of the Zagros Mountains. Compared to earlier groups of game hunters, a tendency towards increasing the number of the kinds of plants and animals, which were collected and hunted, can be observed. Not only smaller vertebrates were hunted but also pistachios and wild fruit were collected. Finally, consuming snails and smaller aquatic animals like crabs is new (Flannery 1973).

 
Map showing location of Ganj Dareh and other early Neolithic sites in western Zagros.

Neolithic to Chalcolithic edit

Almost nothing is known about the 2500 years which followed the Epipalaeolithic after 11,000 BC. Only when discovering the place of Asiab (c. 8500–8000) in the Kermanshah area are we in better known periods. Asiab was a small camp of hunter-gatherers, only seasonally inhabited. Besides the fact that wild goats and sheep were hunted, great numbers of snail shells were found. These finds were interpreted in the way that from time to time the hunting activities of the inhabitants of Asiab were unsuccessful and that then they were forced to consume food which they usually did not like.

 
Clay human figurine (Fertility goddess) Tappeh Sarab, Kermanshah ca. 7000–6100 BC, Neolithic period, National Museum of Iran

Some nearby and more constantly occupied settlements in the Zagros date from a short time after Asiab, from the time between 8,000 and 6,800 BC. Still the material culture of Tappeh Ganj Dareh and Tappeh Abdul Hosein does not include any pottery. Thus this period is often called “aceramic Neolithic”. This is also true for the oldest levels of Tappeh Guran, located in Luristan, as well as for the sites of Ali Kosh and Chogha Sefid in the plain of Deh Luran, west of the Zagros Mountains. There, flocks of sheep and herds of goats were kept for the first time. Managing animals meant a fundamentally new orientation of the Neolithic inhabitants of Iran and must be understood to be connected with a whole number of other innovations, particularly the architecture of houses. We do not definitely know if in those days there was any cultivation of cereals. Tools for harvesting and for making cereal products are there, but remnants of burned grain are extremely rare.

 
Neolithic sites in Iran
 
Pottery vessel, fourth millennium B.C. Zagros National Museum of Iran.

In the eighth millennium BC, agricultural communities such as Chogha Bonut (the earliest village in Susiana)[4] started to form in western Iran, either as a result of indigenous development or of outside influences. Around about the same time the earliest known clay vessels and modeled human and animal terracotta figurines were produced at Ganj Dareh and Teppe Sarab, also in western Iran.[5][6] The south-western part of Iran was part of the Fertile Crescent. Some of the oldest agricultural ground has been discovered in Susa (now a city still existing since 7000 BC)[7][8] and settlements such as Chogha Mish, dating back to 6800 BC;[9][10] there are 7,000-year-old jars of wine excavated in the Zagros Mountains[11] (now on display at The University of Pennsylvania) and ruins of 7,000-year-old settlements such as Sialk are further testament to that.

Early agricultural communities such as Chogha Golan in 10,000 BC[12][13] along with settlements such as Chogha Bonut (the earliest village in Elam) in 8000 BC,[14][15] began to flourish in and around the Zagros Mountains region in western Iran.[5] Around about the same time, the earliest-known clay vessels and modeled human and animal terracotta figurines were produced at Ganj Dareh, also in western Iran.[5] There are also 10,000-year-old human and animal figurines from Tepe Sarab in Kermanshah Province among many other ancient artifacts.[6]

The south-western part of Iran was part of the Fertile Crescent where most of humanity's first major crops were grown, in villages such as Susa (where a settlement was first founded possibly as early as 4395 cal BC)[16] and settlements such as Chogha Mish, dating back to 6800 BC;[9][17] there are 7,000-year-old jars of wine excavated in the Zagros Mountains[18] (now on display at the University of Pennsylvania) and ruins of 7000-year-old settlements such as Tepe Sialk are further testament to that.

Bronze Age edit

Further information: Tepe Sialk, Jiroft culture, Elam, Kura–Araxes culture, Akkadian Empire, Kassites, and Mannaeans
 
Chogha Zanbil is one of the few extant ziggurats outside of Mesopotamia and is considered to be the best preserved example in the world.

Parts of what is modern-day northwestern Iran was part of the Kura–Araxes culture (circa 3400 BC—ca. 2000 BC), that stretched up into the neighboring regions of the Caucasus and Anatolia.[19][20]

Susa is one of the oldest-known settlements of Iran and the world. Based on C14 dating, the time of foundation of the city is as early as 4395 BC,[21] a time that goes beyond the age of civilization in Mesopotamia. The general perception among archeologists is that Susa was an extension of the Sumerian city state of Uruk.[22][23] In its later history, Susa became the capital of Elam, which emerged as a state found 4000 BC.[21] There are also dozens of prehistoric sites across the Iranian plateau pointing to the existence of ancient cultures and urban settlements in the fourth millennium BC,[9]

One of the earliest civilizations in Iranian plateau was the Jiroft culture in southeastern Iran in the province of Kerman. It is one of the most artifact-rich archaeological sites in the Middle East. Archaeological excavations in Jiroft led to the discovery of several objects belonging to the 4th millennium BC.[24] There is a large quantity of objects decorated with highly distinctive engravings of animals, mythological figures, and architectural motifs. The objects and their iconography are unlike anything ever seen before by archeologists. Many are made from chlorite, a gray-green soft stone; others are in copper, bronze, terracotta, and even lapis lazuli. Some Iranian archeologists believe the discovered inscription is the most ancient script found so far, predating these others, and that the Elamite written language originated in Jiroft, where the writing system developed first and was then spread across the country.

There are records of numerous other ancient civilizations on the Iranian Plateau before the emergence of Iranian peoples during the Early Iron Age. The Early Bronze Age saw the rise of urbanization into organized city states and the invention of writing (the Uruk period) in the Near East. While Bronze Age Elam made use of writing from an early time, the Proto-Elamite script remains undeciphered, and records from Sumer pertaining to Elam are scarce.

Russian historian Igor M. Diakonoff stated that the modern inhabitants of Iran are descendants of mainly non-Indo-European groups, more specifically of pre-Iranic inhabitants of the Iranian Plateau: "It is the autochthones of the Iranian plateau, and not the Proto-Indo-European tribes of Europe, which are, in the main, the ancestors, in the physical sense of the word, of the present-day Iranians."[25]

Early Iron Age edit

See also: Neo-Assyrian Empire and Urartu
 
A gold cup at the National Museum of Iran, dating from the first half of 1st millennium BC

Records become more tangible with the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and its records of incursions from the Iranian plateau. As early as the 20th century BC, tribes came to the Iranian Plateau from the Pontic–Caspian steppe. The arrival of Iranians on the Iranian plateau forced the Elamites to relinquish one area of their empire after another and to take refuge in Elam, Khuzestan and the nearby area, which only then became coterminous with Elam.[26] Bahman Firuzmandi say that the southern Iranians might be intermixed with the Elamite peoples living in the plateau.[27] By the mid-first millennium BC, Medes, Persians, and Parthians populated the Iranian plateau. Until the rise of the Medes, they all remained under Assyrian domination, like the rest of the Near East. In the first half of the first millennium BC, parts of what is now Iranian Azerbaijan were incorporated into Urartu.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Freeman, Leslie G., ed. (1978). Views of the Past: Essays in Old World Prehistory and Paleanthropology. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 15. ISBN 978-3111769974. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  2. ^ Trinkaus, E & Biglari, F. (2006). "Middle Paleolithic Human Remains from Bisitun Cave, Iran". Paléorient. 32 (2): 105–111. doi:10.3406/paleo.2006.5192.
  3. ^ "First Neanderthal Human Tooth Discovered in Iran". 21 October 2018.
  4. ^ EXCAVATIONS AT CHOGHA BONUT: THE EARLIEST VILLAGE IN SUSIANA, IRAN 2013-07-25 at the Wayback Machine, by Abbas Alizadeh – The Oriental Institute and the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations The University of Chicago
  5. ^ a b c "Iran, 8000–2000 BC". The Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. October 2000. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  6. ^ a b retrieved PERSIA the ANCIENT IRAN . ANCIENT IRAN MUSEUM
  7. ^ Iranian official urges approval of Susa demarcation 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine. payvand.com. 2 September 2008
  8. ^ Ancient Near Eastern art by Dominique Collon
  9. ^ a b c , xinhuanet.com, 10 August 2007
  10. ^ Hirst, K. Kris Chogha Mish (Iran) 2013-11-06 at the Wayback Machine. archaeology.about.com
  11. ^ . museum.upenn.edu
  12. ^ "Early humans in Iran were growing wheat 12,000 years ago". NBC.news. July 5, 2013.
  13. ^ Riehl, Simone. "Emergence of Agriculture in the Foothills of the Zagros Mountains of Iran (Supplement)". www.researchgate.net. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  14. ^ . Oi.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 25 July 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  15. ^ Hole, Frank (20 July 2004). . Encyclopedia Iranica. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  16. ^ The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State – by D. T. Potts, Cambridge University Press, 1999-07-29 – page 46–47 – ISBN 0521563585 hardback
  17. ^ K. Kris Hirst. . Archived from the original on 2013-11-06. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
  18. ^ . Archived from the original on 2008-12-16.
  19. ^ Kushnareva, K. Kh. (1997). The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory: Stages of Cultural and Socioeconomic Development from the Eighth to the Second Millennium B.C. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. ISBN 978-0-924171-50-5., page 44
  20. ^ Sagona, Antonio; Zimansky, Paul (24 February 2015). Ancient Turkey. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-44027-6., page 163
  21. ^ a b The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State – by D. T. Potts, Cambridge University Press, 29/07/1999 – pp. 45–46 – ISBN 0521563585 hardback
  22. ^ Algaze, Guillermo. 2005. The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization
  23. ^ http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/saoc63.pdf 2014-03-21 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL PDF]
  24. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-05-11.
  25. ^ Diakonoff, I., M., "Media", Cambridge History of Iran, II, Cambridge, 1985, p.43 [within the pp.36–148]. This paper is cited in the Journal of Eurasian Studies on page 51.
  26. ^ Lackenbacher, Sylvie. "Elam". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
  27. ^ ^ Bahman Firuzmandi "Mad, Hakhamanishi, Ashkani, Sasani" pp. 20

Further reading edit

  • Bernbeck, R. (2004) Iran in the Neolithic, in T. Stöllner, R. Slotta and A. Vatandoust (eds) Persiens. Antike Pracht. Bochum: Bochum Museum, 140–147
  • Biglari, F. and S. Shidrang, 2006 "The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran", Near Eastern Archaeology 69 (3–4): 160–168
  • Smith, P. E. L. (1986) – Paleolithic archaeology In Iran, Philadelphia (PA): University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.

January 01, 1970
prehistory, iran, prehistory, iranian, plateau, wider, region, known, greater, iran, part, prehistory, near, east, conventionally, divided, into, paleolithic, epipaleolithic, neolithic, chalcolithic, bronze, iron, periods, spanning, time, from, first, settleme. The prehistory of the Iranian plateau and the wider region now known as Greater Iran as part of the prehistory of the Near East is conventionally divided into the Paleolithic Epipaleolithic Neolithic Chalcolithic Bronze Age and Iron Age periods spanning the time from the first settlement by archaic humans about a million years ago until the beginning of the historical record during the Neo Assyrian Empire in the 8th century BC Contents 1 Paleolithic 2 Epipaleolithic 3 Neolithic to Chalcolithic 4 Bronze Age 5 Early Iron Age 6 See also 7 References 8 Further readingPaleolithic edit nbsp Biface trihedral Amar Merdeg Mehran Lower Paleolithic National Museum of Iran One of the potential routes for early human migrations toward southern and eastern Asia is Iran a country characterized by a wide range of geographic variation and resources which could support early groups of hominins who wandered into the region Evidence for the presence of these early populations in Iran includes some stone artifacts discovered from gravel deposits along the Kashafrud River Basin in eastern Iran the Mashkid and Ladiz Rivers in the southeast the Sefidrud River in the north the Mahabad River in the northwest and some surface occurrences and isolated finds from the west and northwestern parts of the country The main known early human occupation sites in Iran are Kashafrud in Khorasan Mashkid and Ladiz in Sistan Shiwatoo in Kurdistan Ganj Par in Gilan Darband Cave in Gilan Khaleseh in Zanjan Tepe Gakia 34 13 N 47 13 E 34 217 N 47 217 E 34 217 47 217 14 km 8 7 mi due east of Kermanshah 1 Pal Barik in Ilam These sites fall between one million years ago to 200 000 years ago citation needed Mousterian Stone tools made by Neanderthal man have also been found in various parts of the country There are more cultural remains of Neanderthal man dating back to the Middle Paleolithic period which mainly have been found in the Zagros region and fewer in central Iran at sites such as Kobeh Kaldar Bisetun Qaleh Bozi Tamtama Warwasi In 1949 a Neanderthal radius was discovered by CS Coon in Bisitun Cave 2 Evidence for Upper Paleolithic and Epipaleolithic periods are known mainly from the Zagros region in the caves of Kermanshah and Khoramabad such as Yafteh Cave and a few number of sites in the Alborz range and Central Iran In October 2018 a tooth belonging to a Neanderthal child has been discovered in Iran for the first time The tooth belongs to a six year old child that was found along with some rocky tools of the middle Paleolithic period in the mountains of Kermanshah province 3 Epipaleolithic editMain article Epipalaeolithic Near East The end of the Palaeolithic called Epipalaeolithic is in a period of about 7000 years from c 18 000 to 11 000 BC In those days groups of hunter gatherers were mostly living in the caves of the Zagros Mountains Compared to earlier groups of game hunters a tendency towards increasing the number of the kinds of plants and animals which were collected and hunted can be observed Not only smaller vertebrates were hunted but also pistachios and wild fruit were collected Finally consuming snails and smaller aquatic animals like crabs is new Flannery 1973 nbsp Map showing location of Ganj Dareh and other early Neolithic sites in western Zagros Neolithic to Chalcolithic editAlmost nothing is known about the 2500 years which followed the Epipalaeolithic after 11 000 BC Only when discovering the place of Asiab c 8500 8000 in the Kermanshah area are we in better known periods Asiab was a small camp of hunter gatherers only seasonally inhabited Besides the fact that wild goats and sheep were hunted great numbers of snail shells were found These finds were interpreted in the way that from time to time the hunting activities of the inhabitants of Asiab were unsuccessful and that then they were forced to consume food which they usually did not like nbsp Clay human figurine Fertility goddess Tappeh Sarab Kermanshah ca 7000 6100 BC Neolithic period National Museum of Iran Some nearby and more constantly occupied settlements in the Zagros date from a short time after Asiab from the time between 8 000 and 6 800 BC Still the material culture of Tappeh Ganj Dareh and Tappeh Abdul Hosein does not include any pottery Thus this period is often called aceramic Neolithic This is also true for the oldest levels of Tappeh Guran located in Luristan as well as for the sites of Ali Kosh and Chogha Sefid in the plain of Deh Luran west of the Zagros Mountains There flocks of sheep and herds of goats were kept for the first time Managing animals meant a fundamentally new orientation of the Neolithic inhabitants of Iran and must be understood to be connected with a whole number of other innovations particularly the architecture of houses We do not definitely know if in those days there was any cultivation of cereals Tools for harvesting and for making cereal products are there but remnants of burned grain are extremely rare nbsp Neolithic sites in Iran nbsp Pottery vessel fourth millennium B C Zagros National Museum of Iran In the eighth millennium BC agricultural communities such as Chogha Bonut the earliest village in Susiana 4 started to form in western Iran either as a result of indigenous development or of outside influences Around about the same time the earliest known clay vessels and modeled human and animal terracotta figurines were produced at Ganj Dareh and Teppe Sarab also in western Iran 5 6 The south western part of Iran was part of the Fertile Crescent Some of the oldest agricultural ground has been discovered in Susa now a city still existing since 7000 BC 7 8 and settlements such as Chogha Mish dating back to 6800 BC 9 10 there are 7 000 year old jars of wine excavated in the Zagros Mountains 11 now on display at The University of Pennsylvania and ruins of 7 000 year old settlements such as Sialk are further testament to that Early agricultural communities such as Chogha Golan in 10 000 BC 12 13 along with settlements such as Chogha Bonut the earliest village in Elam in 8000 BC 14 15 began to flourish in and around the Zagros Mountains region in western Iran 5 Around about the same time the earliest known clay vessels and modeled human and animal terracotta figurines were produced at Ganj Dareh also in western Iran 5 There are also 10 000 year old human and animal figurines from Tepe Sarab in Kermanshah Province among many other ancient artifacts 6 The south western part of Iran was part of the Fertile Crescent where most of humanity s first major crops were grown in villages such as Susa where a settlement was first founded possibly as early as 4395 cal BC 16 and settlements such as Chogha Mish dating back to 6800 BC 9 17 there are 7 000 year old jars of wine excavated in the Zagros Mountains 18 now on display at the University of Pennsylvania and ruins of 7000 year old settlements such as Tepe Sialk are further testament to that Bronze Age editFurther information Tepe Sialk Jiroft culture Elam Kura Araxes culture Akkadian Empire Kassites and Mannaeans nbsp Chogha Zanbil is one of the few extant ziggurats outside of Mesopotamia and is considered to be the best preserved example in the world Parts of what is modern day northwestern Iran was part of the Kura Araxes culture circa 3400 BC ca 2000 BC that stretched up into the neighboring regions of the Caucasus and Anatolia 19 20 Susa is one of the oldest known settlements of Iran and the world Based on C14 dating the time of foundation of the city is as early as 4395 BC 21 a time that goes beyond the age of civilization in Mesopotamia The general perception among archeologists is that Susa was an extension of the Sumerian city state of Uruk 22 23 In its later history Susa became the capital of Elam which emerged as a state found 4000 BC 21 There are also dozens of prehistoric sites across the Iranian plateau pointing to the existence of ancient cultures and urban settlements in the fourth millennium BC 9 One of the earliest civilizations in Iranian plateau was the Jiroft culture in southeastern Iran in the province of Kerman It is one of the most artifact rich archaeological sites in the Middle East Archaeological excavations in Jiroft led to the discovery of several objects belonging to the 4th millennium BC 24 There is a large quantity of objects decorated with highly distinctive engravings of animals mythological figures and architectural motifs The objects and their iconography are unlike anything ever seen before by archeologists Many are made from chlorite a gray green soft stone others are in copper bronze terracotta and even lapis lazuli Some Iranian archeologists believe the discovered inscription is the most ancient script found so far predating these others and that the Elamite written language originated in Jiroft where the writing system developed first and was then spread across the country There are records of numerous other ancient civilizations on the Iranian Plateau before the emergence of Iranian peoples during the Early Iron Age The Early Bronze Age saw the rise of urbanization into organized city states and the invention of writing the Uruk period in the Near East While Bronze Age Elam made use of writing from an early time the Proto Elamite script remains undeciphered and records from Sumer pertaining to Elam are scarce Russian historian Igor M Diakonoff stated that the modern inhabitants of Iran are descendants of mainly non Indo European groups more specifically of pre Iranic inhabitants of the Iranian Plateau It is the autochthones of the Iranian plateau and not the Proto Indo European tribes of Europe which are in the main the ancestors in the physical sense of the word of the present day Iranians 25 Early Iron Age editSee also Neo Assyrian Empire and Urartu nbsp A gold cup at the National Museum of Iran dating from the first half of 1st millennium BC Records become more tangible with the rise of the Neo Assyrian Empire and its records of incursions from the Iranian plateau As early as the 20th century BC tribes came to the Iranian Plateau from the Pontic Caspian steppe The arrival of Iranians on the Iranian plateau forced the Elamites to relinquish one area of their empire after another and to take refuge in Elam Khuzestan and the nearby area which only then became coterminous with Elam 26 Bahman Firuzmandi say that the southern Iranians might be intermixed with the Elamite peoples living in the plateau 27 By the mid first millennium BC Medes Persians and Parthians populated the Iranian plateau Until the rise of the Medes they all remained under Assyrian domination like the rest of the Near East In the first half of the first millennium BC parts of what is now Iranian Azerbaijan were incorporated into Urartu See also editPrehistoric Asia Rock art in IranReferences edit Freeman Leslie G ed 1978 Views of the Past Essays in Old World Prehistory and Paleanthropology Mouton de Gruyter p 15 ISBN 978 3111769974 Retrieved 31 October 2017 Trinkaus E amp Biglari F 2006 Middle Paleolithic Human Remains from Bisitun Cave Iran Paleorient 32 2 105 111 doi 10 3406 paleo 2006 5192 First Neanderthal Human Tooth Discovered in Iran 21 October 2018 EXCAVATIONS AT CHOGHA BONUT THE EARLIEST VILLAGE IN SUSIANA IRAN Archived 2013 07 25 at the Wayback Machine by Abbas Alizadeh The Oriental Institute and the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations The University of Chicago a b c Iran 8000 2000 BC The Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art October 2000 Retrieved 2008 08 09 a b retrieved PERSIA the ANCIENT IRAN ANCIENT IRAN MUSEUM Iranian official urges approval of Susa demarcation Archived 2011 06 29 at the Wayback Machine payvand com 2 September 2008 Ancient Near Eastern art by Dominique Collon a b c Xinhua New evidence modern civilization began in Iran xinhuanet com 10 August 2007 Hirst K Kris Chogha Mish Iran Archived 2013 11 06 at the Wayback Machine archaeology about com Research museum upenn edu Early humans in Iran were growing wheat 12 000 years ago NBC news July 5 2013 Riehl Simone Emergence of Agriculture in the Foothills of the Zagros Mountains of Iran Supplement www researchgate net Retrieved 1 March 2015 Excavations at Chogha Bonut The earliest village in Susiana Oi uchicago edu Archived from the original on 25 July 2013 Retrieved 21 June 2013 Hole Frank 20 July 2004 NEOLITHIC AGE IN IRAN Encyclopedia Iranica Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 Retrieved 9 August 2012 The Archaeology of Elam Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State by D T Potts Cambridge University Press 1999 07 29 page 46 47 ISBN 0521563585 hardback K Kris Hirst Chogha Mish Iran Archived from the original on 2013 11 06 Retrieved 2012 08 23 Penn Museum University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Archived from the original on 2008 12 16 Kushnareva K Kh 1997 The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory Stages of Cultural and Socioeconomic Development from the Eighth to the Second Millennium B C UPenn Museum of Archaeology ISBN 978 0 924171 50 5 page 44 Sagona Antonio Zimansky Paul 24 February 2015 Ancient Turkey Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 44027 6 page 163 a b The Archaeology of Elam Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State by D T Potts Cambridge University Press 29 07 1999 pp 45 46 ISBN 0521563585 hardback Algaze Guillermo 2005 The Uruk World System The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization http oi uchicago edu pdf saoc63 pdf Archived 2014 03 21 at the Wayback Machine bare URL PDF 5000 Y Old Inscribed Tablets Discovered in Jiroft Archived from the original on 2011 05 11 Diakonoff I M Media Cambridge History of Iran II Cambridge 1985 p 43 within the pp 36 148 This paper is cited in the Journal of Eurasian Studies on page 51 Lackenbacher Sylvie Elam Encyclopaedia Iranica Retrieved 2008 06 23 Bahman Firuzmandi Mad Hakhamanishi Ashkani Sasani pp 20Further reading editBernbeck R 2004 Iran in the Neolithic in T Stollner R Slotta and A Vatandoust eds Persiens Antike Pracht Bochum Bochum Museum 140 147 Biglari F and S Shidrang 2006 The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran Near Eastern Archaeology 69 3 4 160 168 Smith P E L 1986 Paleolithic archaeology In Iran Philadelphia PA University Museum University of Pennsylvania Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Prehistory of Iran amp oldid 1221392858, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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