Polytonality

Polytonality (also polyharmony^[1]) is the musical use of more than one key simultaneously. Bitonality is the use of only two different keys at the same time. Polyvalence or polyvalency is the use of more than one harmonic function, from the same key, at the same time.^[2]

Example of C- and F-sharp major chords together in Stravinsky's Petrushka (see: Petrushka chord)

Some examples of bitonality superimpose fully harmonized sections of music in different keys.

History

 

Mozart used polytonality in his A Musical Joke for comic effect.

In traditional music

Lithuanian traditional singing style sutartines is based on polytonality. A typical sutartines song is based on a six-bar melody, where the first three bars contains melody based on the notes of the triad of a major key (for example, in G major), and the next three bars is based on another key, always a major second higher or lower (for example, in A major). This six-bar melody is performed as a canon, and repetition starts from the fourth bar. As a result, parts are constantly singing in different tonality (key) simultaneously (in G and in A).^[3][4] As a traditional style, sutartines disappeared in Lithuanian villages by the first decades of the 20th century, but later became a national musical symbol of Lithuanian music.^[5]

Tribes throughout India—including the Kuravan of Kerala, the Jaunsari of Uttar Pradesh, the Gond, the Santal, and the Munda—also use bitonality, in responsorial song.^[6]

In classical music

 

Duetto II from Clavier-Übung III by J. S. Bach

In J. S. Bach's Clavier-Übung III, there is a two-part passage where, according to Scholes: "It will be seen that this is a canon at the fourth below; as it is a strict canon, all the intervals of the leading 'voice' are exactly imitated by the following 'voice', and since the key of the leading part is D minor modulating to G minor, that of the following part is necessarily A minor modulating to D minor. Here, then, we have a case of polytonality, but Bach has so adjusted his progressions (by the choice at the critical moment of notes common to two keys) that while the right hand is doubtless quite under the impression that the piece is in D minor, etc., and the left hand that it is in A minor, etc., the listener feels that the whole thing is homogeneous in key, though rather fluctuating from moment to moment. In other words, Bach is trying to make the best of both worlds—the homotonal one of his own day and (prophetically) the polytonal one of a couple of centuries later."^[7]

Another early use of polytonality occurs in the classical period in the finale of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's composition A Musical Joke, which he deliberately ends with the violins, violas and horns playing in four discordant keys simultaneously. However, it was not featured prominently in non-programmatic contexts until the twentieth century, particularly in the work of Charles Ives (Psalm 67, c. 1898–1902), Béla Bartók (Fourteen Bagatelles, Op. 6, 1908), and Stravinsky (Petrushka, 1911).^[8] Ives claimed that he learned the technique of polytonality from his father, who taught him to sing popular songs in one key while harmonizing them in another.^[9]

Although it is only used in one section and intended to represent drunken soldiers, there is an early example of polytonality in Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber's short composition Battalia, written in 1673.^[10]

Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring is widely credited with popularizing bitonality, and contemporary writers such as Casella (1924) describe him as progenitor of the technique: "the first work presenting polytonality in typical completeness—not merely in the guise of a more or less happy 'experiment', but responding throughout to the demands of expression—is beyond all question the grandiose Le Sacre du Printemps of Stravinsky (1913)".^[11]

Bartók's "Playsong" demonstrates easily perceivable bitonality through "the harmonic motion of each key ... [being] relatively uncomplicated and very diatonic".^[12] Here, the "duality of key" featured is A minor and C♯ minor.

 

Example of polytonality or extended tonality from Milhaud's Saudades do Brasil (1920), right hand in B major and left hand in G major, or both hands in extended G major^[2]

Other polytonal composers influenced by Stravinsky include those in the French group, Les Six, particularly Darius Milhaud, as well as Americans such as Aaron Copland.^{[13][page needed]}

Benjamin Britten used bi- and polytonality in his operas, as well as enharmonic relationships, for example to signify the conflict between Claggart (F minor) and Billy (E major) in Billy Budd (note the shared enharmonically equivalent G♯/A♭)^[14] or to express the main character's "maladjustment" in Peter Grimes.^[15]

Polytonality and polychords

Polytonality requires the presentation of simultaneous key-centers. The term "polychord" describes chords that can be constructed by superimposing multiple familiar tonal sonorities. For example, familiar ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth chords can be built from or decomposed into separate chords:

 

Separate chords within an extended chord^[16]

Thus polychords do not necessarily suggest polytonality, but they may not be explained as a single tertian chord. The Petrushka chord is an example of a polychord.^[17] This is the norm in jazz, for example, which makes frequent use of "extended" and polychordal harmonies without any intended suggestion of "multiple keys."^{[citation needed]}

Polyvalency

The following passage, taken from Beethoven's Piano Sonata in E♭, Op. 81a (Les Adieux), suggests clashes between tonic and dominant harmonies in the same key.^[18]

 

Polyvalency suggested in Beethoven^[16]

Leeuw points to Beethoven's use of the clash between tonic and dominant, such as in his Third Symphony, as polyvalency rather than bitonality, with polyvalency being, "the telescoping of diverse functions that should really occur in succession to one another".^[2]

 

Polyvalency in Beethoven^[19]

 

Polyvalency in Stravinsky's Mass(Leeuw 2005, 88)

Polymodality

Passages of music, such as Poulenc's Trois mouvements perpétuels, I., may be misinterpreted as polytonal rather than polymodal. In this case, two scales^{[clarification needed]} are recognizable but are assimilated through the common tonic (B♭).^[20]

Polyscalarity

Polyscalarity is defined as "the simultaneous use of musical objects which clearly suggest different source-collections.^[21] Specifically in reference to Stravinsky's music, Tymoczko uses the term polyscalarity out of deference to terminological sensibilities.^[22] In other words, the term is meant to avoid any implication that the listener can perceive two keys at once. Though Tymoczko believes that polytonality is perceivable, he believes polyscalarity is better suited to describe Stravinsky's music. This term is also used as a response to Van den Toorn's analysis against polytonality. Van den Toorn, in an attempt to dismiss polytonal analysis used a monoscalar approach to analyze the music with the octatonic scale. However, Tymoczko states that this was problematic in that it does not resolve all instances of multiple interactions between scales and chords. Moreover, Tymoczko quotes Stravinsky's claim that the music of Petrouchka's second tableau was conceived "in two keys".^[22]. Polyscalarity is then a term encompassing multiscalar superimpositions and cases which give a different explanation than the octatonic scale.

Challenges

Some music theorists, including Milton Babbitt and Paul Hindemith have questioned whether polytonality is a useful or meaningful notion or "viable auditory possibility".^[23] Babbitt called polytonality a "self-contradictory expression which, if it is to possess any meaning at all, can only be used as a label to designate a certain degree of expansion of the individual elements of a well-defined harmonic or voice-leading unit".^[24]. Other theorists to question or reject polytonality include Allen Forte and Benjamin Boretz, who hold that the notion involves logical incoherence.^[25]

Other theorists, such as Dmitri Tymoczko, respond that the notion of "tonality" is a psychological, not a logical notion.^[25] Furthermore, Tymoczko argues that two separate key-areas can, at least at a rudimentary level, be heard at one and the same time: for example, when listening to two different pieces played by two different instruments in two areas of a room.^[25]

Octatonicism

Some critics of the notion of polytonality, such as Pieter van den Toorn, argue that the octatonic scale accounts in concrete pitch-relational terms for the qualities of "clashing", "opposition", "stasis", "polarity", and "superimposition" found in Stravinsky's music and, far from negating them, explains these qualities on a deeper level.^[26] For example, the passage from Petrushka, cited above, uses only notes drawn from the C octatonic collection C–C♯–D♯–E–F♯–G–A–A♯.

See also

• List of polytonal pieces
• Bimodality
• Polymodal chromaticism
• Elektra chord
• Bridge chord
• Woody Shaw

References

1. Cole and Schwartz 2012.
2. Leeuw 2005, 87.
3. Jordania 2006, 119–120.
4. Račiūnaitė-Vyčinienė 2006.
5. Anon. 2010.
6. Babiracki 1991, 76.
7. Scholes 1970, 448–449.
8. Whittall 2001.
9. Crawford 2001, 503.
10. Ryker 2005.
11. Casella 1924, 164.
12. Kostka and Payne 1995, 495.
13. Marquis 1964.
14. Seymour 2007, 141–142.
15. White 1970, 119.
16. Marquis 1964,^{[page needed]}.
17. Ellenberger 2005, 20.
18. Marquis 1964,^{[page needed]}.
19. Leeuw 2005, 88.
20. Vincent 1951, 272.
21. Tymoczko 2002, 83.
22. Tymoczko 2002, 85.
23. Baker 1993, 35.
24. Babbitt 1949, 380.
25. Tymoczko 2002, 84.
26. Van den Toorn and Tymoczko 2003, 179.

Sources

• Anon. 2010. "Sutartinės, Lithuanian Multipart Songs". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage website (accessed 29 January 2016).
• Babbitt, Milton (1949). "The String Quartets of Bartók". The Musical Quarterly 35, no. 3 (July): 377–85.
• Babiracki, Carol M. (1991). "Tribal Music in the Study of Great and Little Traditions of Indian Music". In Bruno Nettl; Philip V. Bohlman (eds.). Comparative Musicology and Anthropology of Music: Essays on the History of Ethnomusicology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-57409-7.
• Baker, James (1993). "Post-Tonal Voice-Leading". In Jonathan Dunsby (ed.). Models of Musical Analysis: Early Twentieth-Century Music. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. 20–41. ISBN 9780631143352.
• Casella, Alfred (1924). "Tone Problems of Today". The Musical Quarterly 10:159–171.
• Cole, Richard, and Ed Schwartz (eds.) (2012). "Polyharmony". Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Virginia Tech. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
• Crawford, Richard (2001). America's Musical Life: A History. New York: W. W. Norton.
• Ellenberger, Kurt (2005). Materials and Concepts in Jazz Improvisation (fifth ed.). Grand Rapids: Keytone. ISBN 0-9709811-3-9.
• Jordania, Joseph (2006). Who Asked the First Question?. Logos.
• Kostka, Stefan M., and Dorothy Payne (1995). Tonal Harmony, with an Introduction to Twentieth-Century Music, third edition, consulting editor in music, Allan W. Schindler. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-035874-4.
• Leeuw, Ton de (2005). Music of the Twentieth Century: A Study of Its Elements and Structure, foreword by Rokus De Groot, translated by Stephen Taylor. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-765-4. Translated from Muziek van de twintigste eeuw: een onderzoek naar haar elementen en structuur, met 111 muziekvoorbeelden en 7 figuren. Utrecht: A. Oosthoek's Uitg. Mij., 1964 (third printing, Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, 1977, ISBN 9789031302444).
• Marquis, G. Welton (1964). Twentieth Century Music Idioms. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
• Račiūnaitė-Vyčinienė, Daiva (2006). "The Lithuanian Archaic Polyphonic Chant Sutartinė", translated by E. Novickas. Lituanus 52, no. 2: 26–39. ISSN 0024-5089.
• Ryker, Harrison (2005). Invited paper no. 5, Soft and Sweet, Loud and Sour: Looking Back on Polytonality. In New Music in China and The C.C. Liu Collection at the University of Hong Kong, 47–48. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-96-2209-772-8.
• Scholes, Percy A. (1970). "Harmony". The Oxford Companion to Music. London: Oxford University Press.
• Seymour, Claire (2007). The Operas of Benjamin Britten Expression and Evasion. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-314-7.
• Tymoczko, Dmitri (2002). "Stravinsky and the Octatonic: A Reconsideration". Music Theory Spectrum 24, no. 1:68–102.
• Van den Toorn, Pieter C., and Dmitri Tymoczko (2003). "Colloquy: Stravinsky and the Octatonic: The Sounds of Stravinsky". Music Theory Spectrum 25, no. 1 (Spring): 167–202.
• Vincent, John (1951). The Diatonic Modes in Modern Music. University of California Publications in Music 4. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• White, Eric Walter (1970). Benjamin Britten His Life and Operas. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-01679-8.
• Whittall, Arnold (2001). "Bitonality". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan.

Further reading

• Beach, David (1983). Aspects of Schenkerian Theory. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-02800-3.
• Hindemith, Paul (1941–42). The Craft of Musical Composition, vols. 1 and 2, translated by Arthur Mendel and Otto Ortmann. New York: Associated Music Publishers; London: Schott. Original German edition as Unterweisung im Tonsatz. 3 vols. Mainz, B. Schott's Söhne, 1937–70.
• Reti, Rudolph (1978). Tonality, Atonality, Pantonality A Study of Some Trends in Twentieth Century Music. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-20478-4.
• Wilson, Carl (1997). "Comments by Carl Wilson". The Pet Sounds Sessions (Booklet). The Beach Boys. Capitol Records.
• Wilson, Paul (1992). The Music of Béla Bartók. ISBN 978-0-300-05111-7.