A plastic bottle is a bottle constructed from high-density or low density plastic. Plastic bottles are typically used to store liquids such as water, soft drinks, motor oil, cooking oil, medicine, shampoo, milk, and ink. The size ranges from very small bottles to large carboys. Consumer blow molded containers often have integral handles or are shaped to facilitate grasping.[2][3]
A water bottle. Worldwide, 480 billions of plastic drinking bottles were sold in 2017 (and fewer than half were recycled).[1]A plastic bottle of antifreezeLarge plastic bottles of water
Plastic was invented in the 19th century and was originally used to replace common materials such as ivory, rubber, and shellac.[4] Plastic bottles were first used commercially in 1947, but remained relatively expensive until the early 1950s when high-density polyethylene was introduced.[5] They quickly became popular with both manufacturers and customers because compared to glass bottles, plastic bottles are lighter, cheaper and easier to transport.[6][7][8] However, the biggest advantage plastic bottles have over their glass counterparts is their superior resistance to breakage, in both production and transportation. Except for wine and beer, the food industry has largely replaced glass bottles with plastic bottles.
HDPE is the most widely used resin for plastic bottles. This material is economical, impact resistant, and provides a good moisture barrier. HDPE is compatible with a wide range of products including acids and caustics but is not compatible with solvents. It is supplied in FDA-approved food grade. HDPE is naturally translucent and flexible. The addition of color will make HDPE opaque, but not glossy. HDPE lends itself to silk screen decoration. While HDPE provides good protection at below freezing temperatures, it cannot be used with products filled above 190 °F (88 °C) or products requiring a hermetic (vacuum) seal.
Fluorine-treated HDPE
These bottles are exposed to fluorine gas in a secondary operation, are similar in appearance to HDPE, and serve as a barrier to hydrocarbons and aromatic solvents. Fluorine-treated bottles may contain insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, photographic chemicals, agricultural chemicals, household and industrial cleaners, electronic chemicals, medical cleaners and solvents, citrus products, d-limonene, flavors, fragrances, essential oils, surfactants, polishes, additives, graffiti cleaning products, pre-emergents, stone and tile care products, waxes, paint thinner, gasoline, biodiesel, xylene, acetone, kerosene and more.
LDPE is similar in composition to HDPE. It is less rigid and generally less chemically resistant than HDPE, but is more translucent. LDPE is used primarily for squeeze applications. LDPE is significantly more expensive than HDPE.
This resin is commonly used for carbonated beverages, water bottles, and food packaging. PET provides very good alcohol and essential oil barrier properties, generally good chemical resistance (although acetones and ketones will attack PET), and a high degree of impact resistance and tensile strength. The orienting process serves to improve gas and moisture barrier properties and impact strength. This material is not resistant at high temperature. Its maximum temperature is 200 °F (93 °C).
PP is used primarily for jars and closures. It is rigid and is a barrier to moisture. Polypropylene is stable at temperatures up to 220 °F (104 °C). It is autoclavable and offers the potential for steam sterilization. The compatibility of PP with high filling temperatures is responsible for its use with hot fill products. PP has excellent chemical resistance, but provides poor impact resistance in cold temperatures.
PS is transparent and rigid. It is commonly used with dry products, including vitamins, petroleum jellies, and spices. Polystyrene does not provide good barrier properties, and exhibits poor impact resistance.
PVC is naturally clear. It has high resistance to oils, and has transmits very little oxygen. It provides a strong barrier to most gases, and its drop-impact resistance is also very good. This material is chemically resistant, but it is vulnerable to some solvents. PVC has poor resistance to high temperatures and will distort at 160 °F (71 °C), making it incompatible with hot-filled products. It has attained notoriety in recent years due to potential health risks.
Post-consumer resin (PCR)
PCR is a blend of reclaimed natural HDPE (primarily from milk and water containers) and virgin resin. The recycled material is cleaned, ground and recompounded into uniform pellets along with prime virgin material especially designed to build up environmental stress crack resistance. PCR has no odor but exhibits a slight yellow tint in its natural state. This tint can be hidden by the addition of color. PCR is easily processed and inexpensive. However, it cannot come into direct contact with food or pharmaceutical products. PCR can be produced in a variety of recycled content percentages up to 100%.
K-Resin (SBC)
SBC is a highly transparent, high-gloss, impact-resistance resin. K-Resin, a styrene derivative, is processed on polyethylene equipment. It is specifically incompatible with fats and unsaturated oils or solvents. This material is frequently used for display and point-of-purchase packaging.
A bioplastic is a polymer structure based on processed biological materials rather than petrochemicals. Bioplastics are commonly made from renewable sources like starch, vegetable oil, and less commonly, chicken feathers. The idea behind bioplastic is to create a plastic that has the ability to biodegrade.[9]
BPA is a synthetic compound that serves as a raw material in the manufacturing of such plastics as polycarbonates and epoxy resins. It is commonly found in reusable drink containers, food storage containers, canned foods, children's toys and cash register receipts. BPA can seep into food or beverages from containers that are made with BPA.[10]
There is ongoing concern as to the use of plastics in consumer food packaging solutions, environmental impact of the disposal of these products, as well as concerns regarding consumer safety. Karin Michaels, Associate Professor at Harvard Medical School, suggests that toxins leaching from plastics might be related to disorders in humans such as endocrine disruption.[11] Aluminum and cyanide were found as trace elements in the examined samples but they are considered to be toxic elements according to the United States food and drug administration FDA. In the United States, plastic water bottles are regulated by the FDA which also inspects and samples bottled water plants periodically. Plastic water bottle plants hold a low priority for inspection due to a continuously good safety record.[12] In the past, the FDA maintained that there was a lack of human data showing plastics pose health problems. However, in January 2010, the FDA reversed its opinion saying they now have concerns about health risks.[11]
It is a common misconception that drinking from plastic water bottles increases cancer risk; there is no such risk.[13]
An article published on 6 November 2017 in Water Research reported on the content of microplastics in mineral waters packed in plastic or glass bottles, or beverage cartons.[14] In 2018, research conducted by Sherri Mason from the State University of New York in Fredonia revealed the presence of polypropylene, polystyrene, nylon and polyethylene terephthalate microparticles in plastic bottles. Polypropylene was hereby found to be the most common polymeric material (54%) and nylon the second most abundant (16%) polymeric material. The study also mentioned that polypropylene and polyethylene are polymers that are often used to make plastic bottle caps. Also, 4% of retrieved plastic particles were found to have signatures of industrial lubricants coating the polymer.[15] The research was reviewed by Andrew Mayes of the University of East Anglia (UEA) School of Chemistry[16] The European Food Safety Authority suggested most microplastics are excreted by the body, however the UN Food and Agriculture Organization warned that it is possible that the smallest particles (< 1.5 μm) could enter the bloodstream and organs, via the intestinal wall.[17][18]
Product labels are attached with adhesive or are shrunk to fit. In-mould labelling is a process of building the label into the bottle during molding.
Speciality typesedit
Collapsible bottleedit
An accordion bottle or collapsible bottle is a plastic bottle designed to store darkroom chemicals or any other chemical that is highly susceptible to oxidation. They work by being able to squeeze down to remove excess air from the bottle to extend the life of the product.[20] An alternate benefit is minimizing storage, transportation, or disposal space when the bottle is empty or as the content is being dispersed, for example with water bottles used by hikers. Collapsing can also keep foods fresher.[21]
^Sandra Laville and Matthew Taylor, "A million bottles a minute: world's plastic binge 'a climate change'", TheGuardian.com, 28 June 2017 (page visited on 20 July 2017).
^Birkby, David (May 2014). "PET bottle handle—N.A. success story". Canadian Packaging. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
^Widiyati, Khusnun (2013). "The Ease of Grasping to Evaluate Aesthetically Pleasing PET Bottle Design". Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing. 7 (5): 849–861. Bibcode:2013JAMDS...7..849W. doi:10.1299/jamdsm.7.849. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
^"The History of soft drink Timeline". Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
^"Plastic vs. Glass – Why Plastic Containers Are Better". Packaging of the World. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
^"The Advantages of Plastic Bottles". Seattle Pi. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
^"Benefits of Plastic Packaging". Plastic Packaging. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
^"Bioplastics and biodegradability | plasticisrubbish".
^"Tips to reduce your exposure to BPA". Mayo Clinic. 11 March 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
^ ab"Plastic packaging is injurious to health". thehindubusiness.com. 3 May 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
^. www.fda.gov. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013.
^"Does using plastic bottles and containers cause cancer?". Cancer Research UK. 23 December 2021.
^Schymanski, Darena; Goldbeck, Christophe; Humpf, Hans-Ulrich; Fürst, Peter (2018). "Analysis of microplastics in water by micro-Raman spectroscopy: Release of plastic particles from different packaging into mineral water". Water Research. 129: 154–162. Bibcode:2018WatRe.129..154S. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.11.011. ISSN 0043-1354. PMID 29145085.
^(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
^. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
^"Full Presence of microplastics and nanoplastics in food, with particular focus on seafood". doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4501. hdl:2164/6217. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^Wright, Stephanie L.; Kelly, Frank J. (2017). "Plastic and Human Health: A Micro Issue?". Environmental Science & Technology. 51 (12): 6634–6647. Bibcode:2017EnST...51.6634W. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b00423. PMID 28531345.
^"°Cs Collapsible Air Reduction Accordion Storage Bottle, 1000ml". CineStill Film. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
^Rosato, Marlene G.; Rosato, D. V. (2000). Concise Encyclopedia of Plastics. Springer. p. 195. ISBN9781461370680.
^ abAdomaitis, Domas; Norton, Donald F.; Szekely, George E.; Kerwin, Joseph E.; Dittmann, William A. "United States Patent 3,598,270" (PDF). Patentimages.storage.googleapis.com. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
^"Domas Adomaitis (1909 – 2010)". Geni.com. 29 July 1909. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
Booksedit
Soroka, W. (2002). Fundamentals of Packaging Technology. IoPP. ISBN1-930268-25-4
Yam, K. L. (2009). Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology. 978-0-470-0870
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plastic bottles.
plastic, bottle, plastic, bottle, bottle, constructed, from, high, density, density, plastic, typically, used, store, liquids, such, water, soft, drinks, motor, cooking, medicine, shampoo, milk, size, ranges, from, very, small, bottles, large, carboys, consume. A plastic bottle is a bottle constructed from high density or low density plastic Plastic bottles are typically used to store liquids such as water soft drinks motor oil cooking oil medicine shampoo milk and ink The size ranges from very small bottles to large carboys Consumer blow molded containers often have integral handles or are shaped to facilitate grasping 2 3 A water bottle Worldwide 480 billions of plastic drinking bottles were sold in 2017 and fewer than half were recycled 1 A plastic bottle of antifreezeLarge plastic bottles of waterPlastic was invented in the 19th century and was originally used to replace common materials such as ivory rubber and shellac 4 Plastic bottles were first used commercially in 1947 but remained relatively expensive until the early 1950s when high density polyethylene was introduced 5 They quickly became popular with both manufacturers and customers because compared to glass bottles plastic bottles are lighter cheaper and easier to transport 6 7 8 However the biggest advantage plastic bottles have over their glass counterparts is their superior resistance to breakage in both production and transportation Except for wine and beer the food industry has largely replaced glass bottles with plastic bottles Contents 1 Production 1 1 Petrochemical resins 1 2 Other materials 2 Concerns 3 Labelling 4 Speciality types 4 1 Collapsible bottle 4 2 Carbonated drinks bottles 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Books 7 External linksProduction editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Main article Blow molding nbsp A polypropylene bottle cap nbsp Plastic bottle of milk HDPE Recycling Code 2 nbsp PET bottle preform before blow molding filling and labelingThe materials used in the manufacture of plastic bottles vary by application Petrochemical resins edit High density polyethylene HDPE HDPE is the most widely used resin for plastic bottles This material is economical impact resistant and provides a good moisture barrier HDPE is compatible with a wide range of products including acids and caustics but is not compatible with solvents It is supplied in FDA approved food grade HDPE is naturally translucent and flexible The addition of color will make HDPE opaque but not glossy HDPE lends itself to silk screen decoration While HDPE provides good protection at below freezing temperatures it cannot be used with products filled above 190 F 88 C or products requiring a hermetic vacuum seal Fluorine treated HDPE These bottles are exposed to fluorine gas in a secondary operation are similar in appearance to HDPE and serve as a barrier to hydrocarbons and aromatic solvents Fluorine treated bottles may contain insecticides pesticides herbicides photographic chemicals agricultural chemicals household and industrial cleaners electronic chemicals medical cleaners and solvents citrus products d limonene flavors fragrances essential oils surfactants polishes additives graffiti cleaning products pre emergents stone and tile care products waxes paint thinner gasoline biodiesel xylene acetone kerosene and more Low density polyethylene LDPE LDPE is similar in composition to HDPE It is less rigid and generally less chemically resistant than HDPE but is more translucent LDPE is used primarily for squeeze applications LDPE is significantly more expensive than HDPE Polyethylene terephthalate PET PETE Polyester This resin is commonly used for carbonated beverages water bottles and food packaging PET provides very good alcohol and essential oil barrier properties generally good chemical resistance although acetones and ketones will attack PET and a high degree of impact resistance and tensile strength The orienting process serves to improve gas and moisture barrier properties and impact strength This material is not resistant at high temperature Its maximum temperature is 200 F 93 C Polycarbonate PC PC is a clear plastic used to make bottles for milk and water Five gallon water bottles are a common application of PC Polypropylene PP PP is used primarily for jars and closures It is rigid and is a barrier to moisture Polypropylene is stable at temperatures up to 220 F 104 C It is autoclavable and offers the potential for steam sterilization The compatibility of PP with high filling temperatures is responsible for its use with hot fill products PP has excellent chemical resistance but provides poor impact resistance in cold temperatures Polystyrene PS PS is transparent and rigid It is commonly used with dry products including vitamins petroleum jellies and spices Polystyrene does not provide good barrier properties and exhibits poor impact resistance Polyvinyl chloride PVC PVC is naturally clear It has high resistance to oils and has transmits very little oxygen It provides a strong barrier to most gases and its drop impact resistance is also very good This material is chemically resistant but it is vulnerable to some solvents PVC has poor resistance to high temperatures and will distort at 160 F 71 C making it incompatible with hot filled products It has attained notoriety in recent years due to potential health risks Post consumer resin PCR PCR is a blend of reclaimed natural HDPE primarily from milk and water containers and virgin resin The recycled material is cleaned ground and recompounded into uniform pellets along with prime virgin material especially designed to build up environmental stress crack resistance PCR has no odor but exhibits a slight yellow tint in its natural state This tint can be hidden by the addition of color PCR is easily processed and inexpensive However it cannot come into direct contact with food or pharmaceutical products PCR can be produced in a variety of recycled content percentages up to 100 K Resin SBC SBC is a highly transparent high gloss impact resistance resin K Resin a styrene derivative is processed on polyethylene equipment It is specifically incompatible with fats and unsaturated oils or solvents This material is frequently used for display and point of purchase packaging Other materials edit Bioplastic A bioplastic is a polymer structure based on processed biological materials rather than petrochemicals Bioplastics are commonly made from renewable sources like starch vegetable oil and less commonly chicken feathers The idea behind bioplastic is to create a plastic that has the ability to biodegrade 9 Bisphenol A BPA BPA is a synthetic compound that serves as a raw material in the manufacturing of such plastics as polycarbonates and epoxy resins It is commonly found in reusable drink containers food storage containers canned foods children s toys and cash register receipts BPA can seep into food or beverages from containers that are made with BPA 10 Concerns editSee also Plastic pollution Plastics toxicity Plastic environmental issues and Bottled water ban There is ongoing concern as to the use of plastics in consumer food packaging solutions environmental impact of the disposal of these products as well as concerns regarding consumer safety Karin Michaels Associate Professor at Harvard Medical School suggests that toxins leaching from plastics might be related to disorders in humans such as endocrine disruption 11 Aluminum and cyanide were found as trace elements in the examined samples but they are considered to be toxic elements according to the United States food and drug administration FDA In the United States plastic water bottles are regulated by the FDA which also inspects and samples bottled water plants periodically Plastic water bottle plants hold a low priority for inspection due to a continuously good safety record 12 In the past the FDA maintained that there was a lack of human data showing plastics pose health problems However in January 2010 the FDA reversed its opinion saying they now have concerns about health risks 11 It is a common misconception that drinking from plastic water bottles increases cancer risk there is no such risk 13 An article published on 6 November 2017 in Water Research reported on the content of microplastics in mineral waters packed in plastic or glass bottles or beverage cartons 14 In 2018 research conducted by Sherri Mason from the State University of New York in Fredonia revealed the presence of polypropylene polystyrene nylon and polyethylene terephthalate microparticles in plastic bottles Polypropylene was hereby found to be the most common polymeric material 54 and nylon the second most abundant 16 polymeric material The study also mentioned that polypropylene and polyethylene are polymers that are often used to make plastic bottle caps Also 4 of retrieved plastic particles were found to have signatures of industrial lubricants coating the polymer 15 The research was reviewed by Andrew Mayes of the University of East Anglia UEA School of Chemistry 16 The European Food Safety Authority suggested most microplastics are excreted by the body however the UN Food and Agriculture Organization warned that it is possible that the smallest particles lt 1 5 mm could enter the bloodstream and organs via the intestinal wall 17 18 Labelling edit nbsp The resin identification code for PET plastic products Plastic bottles are marked at their base with the resin identification code to indicate the material used 19 self published source Product labels are attached with adhesive or are shrunk to fit In mould labelling is a process of building the label into the bottle during molding Speciality types editCollapsible bottle edit An accordion bottle or collapsible bottle is a plastic bottle designed to store darkroom chemicals or any other chemical that is highly susceptible to oxidation They work by being able to squeeze down to remove excess air from the bottle to extend the life of the product 20 An alternate benefit is minimizing storage transportation or disposal space when the bottle is empty or as the content is being dispersed for example with water bottles used by hikers Collapsing can also keep foods fresher 21 Carbonated drinks bottles edit Bottles used for storing carbonated water and soft drinks has an uneven bottom for stability reasons 22 The technology was developed and patented by Lithuanian Domas Adomaitis in 1971 22 23 See also editBottle wall Boil in bag Drink can Glass bottle In mould labelling List of bottle types brands and companies Packaging Plastic pollution PET bottle recycling Society of the Plastics Industry Squeeze bottle Tetra Brik Wash bottle Windowfarm History of bottle recycling in the United StatesReferences edit Sandra Laville and Matthew Taylor A million bottles a minute world s plastic binge a climate change TheGuardian com 28 June 2017 page visited on 20 July 2017 Birkby David May 2014 PET bottle handle N A success story Canadian Packaging Retrieved 29 May 2018 Widiyati Khusnun 2013 The Ease of Grasping to Evaluate Aesthetically Pleasing PET Bottle Design Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design Systems and Manufacturing 7 5 849 861 Bibcode 2013JAMDS 7 849W doi 10 1299 jamdsm 7 849 Retrieved 1 April 2019 The History of Plastic Bottles The History of soft drink Timeline Archived from the original on 13 July 2012 Retrieved 23 April 2008 Plastic vs Glass Why Plastic Containers Are Better Packaging of the World 29 April 2014 Retrieved 22 October 2015 The Advantages of Plastic Bottles Seattle Pi Retrieved 22 October 2015 Benefits of Plastic Packaging Plastic Packaging Retrieved 22 October 2015 Bioplastics and biodegradability plasticisrubbish Tips to reduce your exposure to BPA Mayo Clinic 11 March 2016 Retrieved 26 February 2018 a b Plastic packaging is injurious to health thehindubusiness com 3 May 2015 Retrieved 3 May 2015 February March 2002 Ask the Regulators Bottled Water Regulation and the FDA www fda gov Archived from the original on 26 April 2013 Does using plastic bottles and containers cause cancer Cancer Research UK 23 December 2021 Schymanski Darena Goldbeck Christophe Humpf Hans Ulrich Furst Peter 2018 Analysis of microplastics in water by micro Raman spectroscopy Release of plastic particles from different packaging into mineral water Water Research 129 154 162 Bibcode 2018WatRe 129 154S doi 10 1016 j watres 2017 11 011 ISSN 0043 1354 PMID 29145085 SYNTHETIC POLYMER CONTAMINATION IN BOTTLED WATER PDF Archived from the original PDF on 6 July 2021 Retrieved 15 March 2018 Plus Plastic MICROPLASTICS FOUND IN GLOBAL BOTTLED WATER Archived from the original on 15 July 2021 Retrieved 15 March 2018 Full Presence of microplastics and nanoplastics in food with particular focus on seafood doi 10 2903 j efsa 2016 4501 hdl 2164 6217 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Wright Stephanie L Kelly Frank J 2017 Plastic and Human Health A Micro Issue Environmental Science amp Technology 51 12 6634 6647 Bibcode 2017EnST 51 6634W doi 10 1021 acs est 7b00423 PMID 28531345 Esomba Steve 6 June 2012 TWENTY FIRST CENTURY S FUEL SUFFICIENCY ROADMAP Lulu com ISBN 9781471734311 unreliable source self published source Cs Collapsible Air Reduction Accordion Storage Bottle 1000ml CineStill Film Retrieved 18 March 2020 Rosato Marlene G Rosato D V 2000 Concise Encyclopedia of Plastics Springer p 195 ISBN 9781461370680 a b Adomaitis Domas Norton Donald F Szekely George E Kerwin Joseph E Dittmann William A United States Patent 3 598 270 PDF Patentimages storage googleapis com United States Patent and Trademark Office Retrieved 25 September 2021 Domas Adomaitis 1909 2010 Geni com 29 July 1909 Retrieved 25 September 2021 Books edit Soroka W 2002 Fundamentals of Packaging Technology IoPP ISBN 1 930268 25 4 Yam K L 2009 Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology 978 0 470 0870External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plastic bottles A guide to UPC label use on plastic bottles including printing archived PET Plastic Recycling Portal nbsp Chemistry Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Plastic bottle amp oldid 1197872704, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
