The plasmodiophores[1] (also known as plasmophorids[2] or plasmodiophorids[3]) are a group of obligateendoparasiticprotists belonging to the subphylum Endomyxa in Cercozoa.[4] Taxonomically, they are united under a single family Plasmodiophoridae, order Plasmodiophorida, sister to the phagomyxids.[5]
The plasmodiophores have historically been regarded as Fungi. The first description of plasmodiophores as a taxonomic group was in 1885 by Zopf, who united two genera Plasmodiophora and Tetramyxa in a common family “Plasmodiophoreæ”, inside the group “Monadineæ”, as part of the division Myxomycetes. The family was renamed “Plasmodiophoraceae” in 1888 by Berlese.[9] In 1892, Engler placed the family in its own class “Plasmodiophorales”, later renamed “Plasmodiophoromycetes” to fit nomenclature standards.[10]
In 1969 Whittaker, in his five-kingdom system, elevated the group to a separate phylum “Plasmodiophoromycota”, acknowledging them as protists instead of fungi.[1]
In 1993 Cavalier-Smith included the plasmodiophores and their sister group Phagomyxida in their current class, Phytomyxea, as part of a polyphyletic phylum called Opalozoa, which at the time contained a diverse assemblage of unrelated zooflagellates, opalines and proteomyxids.[11] Eventually this phylum was discarded, and the name Opalozoa was modified to label a group inside the phylum Bigyra containing the opalines, bicosoecids and related organisms.[12]
The number of genera varies between sources. There are three accepted genera in the group according to the WoRMS register: Plasmodiophora, Spongospora and Tetramyxa.[15] Below is a complete list with genera that are not included in the register but appear in relevant sources:[3][16][17]
^ abWhittaker RH (10 January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms". Science. 163 (3863): 150–60. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760.
^Stjelja S, Fogelqvist J, Tellgren-Roth C, et al. (2019). "The architecture of the Plasmodiophora brassicae nuclear and mitochondrial genomes". Sci Rep. 9 (15753): 15753. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52274-7. PMC6823432. PMID 31673019.
^ abNeuhauser S, Kirchmair M, Bulman S, et al. (23 February 2014). "Cross-kingdom host shifts of phytomyxid parasites". BMC Evol Biol. 14 (33): 33. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-33. PMC4016497. PMID 24559266.
^Irwin, Nicholas A.T.; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Burki, Fabien; Keeling, Patrick J. (2019-01-01). "Phylogenomics supports the monophyly of the Cercozoa". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 130: 416–423. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.004. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 30318266. S2CID 52982396.
^Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.; Lewis, Rhodri (April 2018). "Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom Rhizaria: contrasting cell organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria". Protoplasma. 255 (5): 1517–1574. doi:10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1. PMC6133090. PMID 29666938.
^Braselton JP (2001). "Plasmodiophoromycota". In McLaughlin DJ, McLaughlin EG, Lemke PA (eds.). The Mycota. Vol. VII: Systematics and Evolution Part A. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 81–91. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-10376-0_4. ISBN978-3-662-10376-0.
^Schwelm A, Badstöber J, Bulman S, Desoignies N, Etemadi M, Falloon RE, Gachon CMM, Legreve A, Lukeš J, Merz U, Nenarokova A, Strittmatter M, Sullivan BK, Neuhauser S (April 2018). "Not in your usual Top 10: protists that infect plants and algae". Mol Plant Pathol. 19 (4): 1029–1044. doi:10.1111/mpp.12580. PMC5772912. PMID 29024322.
^Neuhauser, Sigrid; Kirchmair, Martin; Gleason, Frank H. (28 April 2011). "Ecological roles of the parasitic phytomyxids (plasmodiophorids) in marine ecosystems – a review". Marine and Freshwater Research. 62 (4): 365–371. doi:10.1071/MF10282. PMC3272469. PMID 22319023.
^Saccardo PA, Traverso GB, Trotter A (1882). Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Vol. 1. p. 323. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5371. LCCN agr12002244. OCLC 2472326.
^Engler A (1903). Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (3rd ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.22956.
^Cavalier-Smith T (September 1993). "The Protozoan Phylum Opalozoa". Eukaryotic Microbiology. 40 (5): 609–615. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb06117.x. S2CID 84129692.
^Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine Margaret (2012). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes". European Journal of Protistology. 49 (3): 328–353. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002. PMID 23219323.
^Cavalier-Smith T (1 March 2002). "The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 52 (2): 297–354. doi:10.1099/00207713-52-2-297. PMID 11931142.
^Cavalier-Smith E, Chao EE (2003). "Phylogeny and Classification of Phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist. 154 (3–4): 341–358. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 14658494.
^Sparrow FK (1960). Aquatic Phycomycetes. University of Michigan studies, Scientific series, v. 15. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5685. LCCN 59011269. OCLC 1362167.
^ abDick, Michael W. (2001). Straminipilous Fungi: Systematics of the Peronosporomycetes Including Accounts of the Marine Straminipilous Protists, the Plasmodiophorids and Similar Organisms (1 ed.). Springer Dordrecht. doi:10.1007/978-94-015-9733-3. ISBN978-94-015-9733-3. S2CID 28755980.
^Neuhauser, Sigrid; Kirchmair, Martin (18 August 2011). "Sorosphaerula nom. n. for the Plasmodiophorid Genus Sorosphaera J. Schröter 1886 (Rhizaria: Endomyxa: Phytomyxea: Plasmodiophorida)". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 58 (5): 469–470. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00571.x. PMC3245851. PMID 21851471.
^Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:10481/76378. S2CID 249054641.
February 16, 2024
plasmodiophore, plasmodiophores, also, known, plasmophorids, plasmodiophorids, group, obligate, endoparasitic, protists, belonging, subphylum, endomyxa, cercozoa, taxonomically, they, united, under, single, family, plasmodiophoridae, order, plasmodiophorida, s. The plasmodiophores 1 also known as plasmophorids 2 or plasmodiophorids 3 are a group of obligate endoparasitic protists belonging to the subphylum Endomyxa in Cercozoa 4 Taxonomically they are united under a single family Plasmodiophoridae order Plasmodiophorida sister to the phagomyxids 5 Plasmodiophores Plasmodiophoraceae 1960 illustration Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaClade DiaphoretickesClade SARClade RhizariaPhylum EndomyxaClass PhytomyxeaOrder PlasmodiophoridaCook 1928Family PlasmodiophoridaeZopf 1884Type genusPlasmodiophoraM Woronin 1877GeneraLigniera Membranosorus Octomyxa Polymyxa Plasmodiophora Sorodiscus Sorosphaerula Spongospora Tetramyxa WoroninaSynonymsPlasmodiophoromycota Whittaker 1969 Plasmodiophoromycetes K Cejp 1957 Plasmodiophorales Engl 1892 Plasmodiophorales F L Stevens 1913 Woroninales A A Jaczewski amp P A Jaczewski 1931 Plasmodiophoraceae Zopf ex Berl 1888 Woroninaceae M von Minden 1911 Contents 1 Ecology and pathology 2 Taxonomy 2 1 History 2 2 Classification 3 ReferencesEcology and pathology editPlasmodiophores are pathogenic for a wide range of organisms but mainly green plants The more commonly recognized are agents of plant diseases such as clubroot powdery scab and crook root of watercress 6 or vectors for viruses that infect beets peanut monocots and potatoes such as the potato mop top virus or the beet necrotic yellow vein virus 7 8 Taxonomy editHistory edit The plasmodiophores have historically been regarded as Fungi The first description of plasmodiophores as a taxonomic group was in 1885 by Zopf who united two genera Plasmodiophora and Tetramyxa in a common family Plasmodiophoreae inside the group Monadineae as part of the division Myxomycetes The family was renamed Plasmodiophoraceae in 1888 by Berlese 9 In 1892 Engler placed the family in its own class Plasmodiophorales later renamed Plasmodiophoromycetes to fit nomenclature standards 10 In 1969 Whittaker in his five kingdom system elevated the group to a separate phylum Plasmodiophoromycota acknowledging them as protists instead of fungi 1 In 1993 Cavalier Smith included the plasmodiophores and their sister group Phagomyxida in their current class Phytomyxea as part of a polyphyletic phylum called Opalozoa which at the time contained a diverse assemblage of unrelated zooflagellates opalines and proteomyxids 11 Eventually this phylum was discarded and the name Opalozoa was modified to label a group inside the phylum Bigyra containing the opalines bicosoecids and related organisms 12 Finally after phylogenetic analyses in 2002 Cavalier Smith placed all Phytomyxea including plasmodiophores in the subphylum Endomyxa inside the rhizarian phylum Cercozoa 13 14 Classification edit The number of genera varies between sources There are three accepted genera in the group according to the WoRMS register Plasmodiophora Spongospora and Tetramyxa 15 Below is a complete list with genera that are not included in the register but appear in relevant sources 3 16 17 Ligniera R Maire amp A Tison 1911 Anisomyxa Nemec 1913 Rhizomyxa Borzi 1884 Sorolpidium B Nĕmec 1911 Membranosorus C H Ostenfeld amp H E Petersen 1930 Octomyxa J N Couch J Leitner amp A Whiffen 1939 Polymyxa G A Ledingham 1939 Plasmodiophora Woronin 1877 Ostenfeldiella Ferdinandsen amp Winge 1914 Sorodiscus G Lagerheim amp O Winge 1912 Sorosphaerula J Schrot 1886 as Sorosphaera nom nov Neuhauser amp Kirchmair 2011 18 Tuburcinia E M Fries Sorosporium F Rudolphi 1829 Spongospora Brunch 1887 Clathrosorus C Ferdinandson amp O Winge 1920 Tetramyxa K Goebel 1884 Molliardia R Maire amp A Tison 1911 Thecaphora W A Setchell 1924 Woronina Cornu 1872These genera were once considered plasmodiophores 19 until they were excluded 17 Cystospora J E Elliott 1916 possibly a physiological symptom Frankiella Maire amp A Tison 1909 synonym of the bacteria Frankia Peltomyces L Leger 1909 excluded as unclassifiable Pyrrhosorus H O Juel 1901 considered Labyrinthulida incertae sedis 20 Sporomyxa L Leger 1907 excluded as unclassifiable Trematophlyctis Patouillard 1918 a chytrid fungus 21 References edit a b Whittaker RH 10 January 1969 New concepts of kingdoms or organisms Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms Science 163 3863 150 60 doi 10 1126 science 163 3863 150 PMID 5762760 Stjelja S Fogelqvist J Tellgren Roth C et al 2019 The architecture of the Plasmodiophora brassicae nuclear and mitochondrial genomes Sci Rep 9 15753 15753 doi 10 1038 s41598 019 52274 7 PMC 6823432 PMID 31673019 a b Neuhauser S Kirchmair M Bulman S et al 23 February 2014 Cross kingdom host shifts of phytomyxid parasites BMC Evol Biol 14 33 33 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 14 33 PMC 4016497 PMID 24559266 Irwin Nicholas A T Tikhonenkov Denis V Hehenberger Elisabeth Mylnikov Alexander P Burki Fabien Keeling Patrick J 2019 01 01 Phylogenomics supports the monophyly of the Cercozoa Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 130 416 423 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2018 09 004 ISSN 1055 7903 PMID 30318266 S2CID 52982396 Cavalier Smith Thomas Chao Ema E Lewis Rhodri April 2018 Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom Rhizaria contrasting cell organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria Protoplasma 255 5 1517 1574 doi 10 1007 s00709 018 1241 1 PMC 6133090 PMID 29666938 Braselton JP 2001 Plasmodiophoromycota In McLaughlin DJ McLaughlin EG Lemke PA eds The Mycota Vol VII Systematics and Evolution Part A Springer Berlin Heidelberg pp 81 91 doi 10 1007 978 3 662 10376 0 4 ISBN 978 3 662 10376 0 Schwelm A Badstober J Bulman S Desoignies N Etemadi M Falloon RE Gachon CMM Legreve A Lukes J Merz U Nenarokova A Strittmatter M Sullivan BK Neuhauser S April 2018 Not in your usual Top 10 protists that infect plants and algae Mol Plant Pathol 19 4 1029 1044 doi 10 1111 mpp 12580 PMC 5772912 PMID 29024322 Neuhauser Sigrid Kirchmair Martin Gleason Frank H 28 April 2011 Ecological roles of the parasitic phytomyxids plasmodiophorids in marine ecosystems a review Marine and Freshwater Research 62 4 365 371 doi 10 1071 MF10282 PMC 3272469 PMID 22319023 Saccardo PA Traverso GB Trotter A 1882 Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum Vol 1 p 323 doi 10 5962 bhl title 5371 LCCN agr12002244 OCLC 2472326 Engler A 1903 Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien eine Ubersicht uber das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berucksichtigung der Medicinal und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Ubersicht uber die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien uber specielle und medicinisch pharmaceutische Botanik 3rd ed Berlin Borntraeger doi 10 5962 bhl title 22956 Cavalier Smith T September 1993 The Protozoan Phylum Opalozoa Eukaryotic Microbiology 40 5 609 615 doi 10 1111 j 1550 7408 1993 tb06117 x S2CID 84129692 Cavalier Smith Thomas Scoble Josephine Margaret 2012 Phylogeny of Heterokonta Incisomonas marina a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola Nanomonadea and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes European Journal of Protistology 49 3 328 353 doi 10 1016 j ejop 2012 09 002 PMID 23219323 Cavalier Smith T 1 March 2002 The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52 2 297 354 doi 10 1099 00207713 52 2 297 PMID 11931142 Cavalier Smith E Chao EE 2003 Phylogeny and Classification of Phylum Cercozoa Protozoa Protist 154 3 4 341 358 doi 10 1078 143446103322454112 ISSN 1434 4610 PMID 14658494 Plasmodiophoridae WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Retrieved 19 October 2022 Sparrow FK 1960 Aquatic Phycomycetes University of Michigan studies Scientific series v 15 Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press doi 10 5962 bhl title 5685 LCCN 59011269 OCLC 1362167 a b Dick Michael W 2001 Straminipilous Fungi Systematics of the Peronosporomycetes Including Accounts of the Marine Straminipilous Protists the Plasmodiophorids and Similar Organisms 1 ed Springer Dordrecht doi 10 1007 978 94 015 9733 3 ISBN 978 94 015 9733 3 S2CID 28755980 Neuhauser Sigrid Kirchmair Martin 18 August 2011 Sorosphaerula nom n for the Plasmodiophorid Genus Sorosphaera J Schroter 1886 Rhizaria Endomyxa Phytomyxea Plasmodiophorida Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 58 5 469 470 doi 10 1111 j 1550 7408 2011 00571 x PMC 3245851 PMID 21851471 Plasmodiophoraceae www mycobank org Juel Pyrrhosorus WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Wijayawardene N N Hyde K D Dai D Q Sanchez Garcia M Goto B T Saxena R K et al 2022 Outline of Fungi and fungus like taxa 2021 Mycosphere 13 1 53 453 doi 10 5943 mycosphere 13 1 2 hdl 10481 76378 S2CID 249054641 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Plasmodiophore amp oldid 1193800382, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
