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Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital

November 30, 2023

Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital (French: Hôpital universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, IPA: [opital ynivɛʁsitɛːʁ də la pitje salpɛtʁijɛʁ]) is a charitable hospital in the 13th arrondissement of Paris.[1] It is part of the Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris and a teaching hospital of Sorbonne University.

Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital
Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris
The Mazarin entrance to the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital
Location of Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital within Paris
Geography
Location47–83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
Organisation
Care systemPublic, Charitable
TypeTeaching
Services
Emergency departmentYes
Links
WebsiteHôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière
Paris Brain Institute
ListsHospitals in France

History edit

 
Engraving of the Hospital made around 1660 by Adam Pérelle

The Salpêtrière was originally a gunpowder factory (saltpetre being a constituent of gunpowder), but in 1656 at the direction of Louis XIV, it was converted into a hospice for the poor women of Paris as part of the General Hospital of Paris. This main hospice was for women who were learning disabled, mentally ill or epileptic, as well as poor. In 1657 it was incorporated with the hospice of the Pitié designed specifically for beggars' children and orphans. Sheets for hospice and military clothing were produced there by the children. Between 1663 and 1673, 240 of the women at the Pitié-Salpêtrière hospice were sent on a mission to populate the Americas and help build New France. They were in the total number of 768 young women recruited during the ten-year period to become known as the "King's Daughters". The Salpêtrière was much admired for the architectural designs of Libéral Bruant with the support of Louis Le Vau. Its conversion was completed in 1669. In 1684 a women's prison was added to the site with a total capacity of 300 convicted prostitutes. It provided wretched living conditions for its inmates.[2]

On the eve of the Revolution, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospice had become the world's largest hospice, with a capacity of 10,000 "patients" and over 300 prisoners. Until the French Revolution, the Salpêtrière had no medical function: the sick were sent to the Hôtel-Dieu hospital.

During the September massacres of 1792, the Salpêtrière was stormed on the night of 3/4 September by a mob from the impoverished working-class district of the Faubourg Saint-Marcel, with the avowed intention of releasing the detained prisoners: 134 of the prostitutes were released; twenty-five madwomen were less fortunate and were dragged, some still in their chains, into the streets and murdered.[3]

 
1857 lithograph by Armand Gautier, showing personifications of dementia, megalomania, acute mania, melancholia, idiocy, hallucination, erotomania and paralysis in the gardens of the Hospice de la Salpêtrière
 
Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital chapel

At the very end of the 18th century, the early humanitarian reforms in the treatment of the mentally ill were initiated here by Philippe Pinel (1745–1826), friend of the Encyclopédistes. The iconic image of Pinel as the liberator of the insane was created in 1876 by Tony Robert-Fleury and Pinel's sculptural monument stands before the main entrance in Place Marie-Curie, Boulevard de L'Hôpital. Pinel was the chief physician of the Salpêtrière by 1794, in charge of a 200-bed infirmary[4] which housed a tiny proportion of the huge indigent female population. He was succeeded by his assistant Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol (1772–1840) who, from 1817, delivered the first systematic lectures on psychiatry in France and was the chief architect of the lunacy legislation of 30 June 1838. Esquirol was followed by Étienne Pariset; and from 1831 till 1867 the chef d'hospice was Jean-Pierre Falret (1794–1870) who contributed much to our understanding of bipolar disorder and folie à deux.

A regular visitor to the Salpêtrière from 1842 till his death more than thirty years later was Guillaume-Benjamin Duchenne de Boulogne (1806–1875). From humble provincial origins, a long line of seafarers from Boulogne, Duchenne became one of the outstanding medical scientists of the nineteenth century. Though he never held a senior appointment in the hospital, Duchenne nevertheless made meticulous observations on neurological patients, employing a wide range of innovative diagnostic techniques. Duchenne's clinical science stood at the technical junction of electricity, photography and psychology, as recorded in his much admired De l'électrisation localisée with its associated atlas Album de photographies pathologiques (1855, 1862). His name is commemorated in the myopathies which he described, as well as in his 1862 masterpiece, the Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine, much consulted by Charles Darwin in the preparation of his Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872).[5] Duchenne's last major work (published in 1867) was a study of animal locomotion. He was never elected to the Academy of Sciences.

Later, when Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893) took over the department, the Salpêtrière became celebrated as a neuropsychiatric teaching centre, represented on canvas in 1887 by A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière by André Brouillet. In his lectures and demonstrations, the leçons du mardi, Charcot systematised the neurological examination, did much to map out the territory of modern clinical neurology and, in a personal enthusiasm, explored its interface with psychological distress as represented in hysteria. Although Charcot insisted that hysteria could be a male disorder ("traumatic hysteria"), he is popularly remembered for his demonstrations with Louise Augustine Gleizes and Marie Wittman.[6][7][8][9] Charcot had also absorbed much from Duchenne (to whom he often referred as "mon maître, Duchenne") and his teaching activities on the Salpêtrière's wards helped to elucidate the natural history of many diseases including neurosyphilis, epilepsy, and stroke.[10] In his discussion of paralysis agitans, Charcot drew attention to the 1817 description by James Parkinson, and suggested it be renamed Parkinson's disease. In 1882, with Charcot's encouragement, Albert Londe created a photographic department in the Salpêtriėre, producing, in collaboration with Georges Gilles de la Tourette, the Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpêtrière of 1888.[11][12]

Students came from across the world to witness Charcot's clinical demonstrations: among them – in 1885 – was the 29-year old Sigmund Freud who translated Charcot's lectures into German and whose deconstruction of the lectures on hysteria formed the foundations of psychoanalysis. The first English translations of Charcot's Clinical Lectures (1877, 1881) were published by the Irish physician and politician George Sigerson. Public health physician and advocate of breastfeeding Truby King travelled from New Zealand to witness Charcot, and reported his clinical demonstrations to be a life-changing experience. A rather negative portrait of Charcot's clinical style emerges in the 1929 autobiographical memoir – The Story of San Michele – by the Swedish physician Axel Munthe, whose early idolatry of Charcot gave way to a kind of obsessive antagonism.

The Hôpital de la Pitié, founded about 1612, was moved next to the Salpêtrière in 1911 and fused with it in 1964 to form the Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière. The Pitié-Salpêtrière is now a general teaching hospital with departments focusing on most major medical specialities.

Numerous personalities have been treated at the Salpêtrière, including Michael Schumacher,[13] Ronaldo,[13] Prince Rainier of Monaco,[14] Alain Delon, Gérard Depardieu, and Valérie Trierweiler.[15] Former president Jacques Chirac had a pacemaker fitted at the Salpêtrière in 2008.[16] Celebrities have also died at the Pitié-Salpêtrière, including the singer Josephine Baker in 1975, following a cerebral haemorrhage; philosopher Michel Foucault in 1984 due to AIDS-related complications; Diana, Princess of Wales following a car crash in 1997;[17] and French bicycle racer Laurent Fignon in 2010, from the metastatic spread of lung cancer (which coincidentally happened exactly thirteen years after Diana’s death in the same hospital).

The Brain and Spine Institute (now called Institut du Cerveau – ICM or Paris Brain Institute) has been located in the hospital since it was established in September 2010.

Buildings edit

Hospital Chapel edit

Chapelle de la Salpêtrière (Hospital Chapel), at n° 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital is one of the masterpieces of Libéral Bruant, architect of Les Invalides. It was built around 1675, on the model of a Greek cross and has four central chapels each capable of holding a congregation of some 1,000 people. Its central octagonal cupola is illuminated by picture windows in circular arcs.

Philippe Pinel monument edit

In the place in front of the main entrance to the hospital, there is a large bronze monument to Philippe Pinel, who was chief physician of the Hospice from 1795 to his death in 1826. The Salpêtrière was, at the time, like a large village, with seven thousand elderly indigent and ailing women, an entrenched bureaucracy, a teeming market and huge infirmaries. Pinel created an inoculation clinic in his service at the Salpêtrière in 1799 and the first vaccination in Paris was given there in April 1800.

 
Pinel's monument at La Salpêtrière by Ludowig Durand, sculptor, 1885[18]

Notable doctors edit

Through its history, the Pitié-Salpétrière hosted notable doctors, among others:

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Pitié-Salpêtrière." Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris. Retrieved on 21 October 2018. "47–83 boulevard de l'Hôpital 75013 Paris"
  2. ^ González Velasco, Pedro (2013). "La Salpêtrière Hospital before Charcot". Neurologia. 28 (1): 52–6. doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2012.03.017. PMID 22704980.
  3. ^ This episode is discussed in detail by Mary Bosworth, "Anatomy of a Massacre: Gender, Power, and Punishment in Revolutionary Paris", Violence Against Women, 7:10, (2001:1101–1121).
  4. ^ Risse, Guenter (1999-04-15). Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 311. ISBN 0-19-505523-3.
  5. ^ Duchenne (de Boulogne), G.-B. (1990) The mechanism of human facial expression, edited and translated by R. Andrew Cuthbertson, Cambridge University Press and Paris: Éditions de la Maison des Sciences de L'homme. Definitive edition of Duchenne's masterpiece.
  6. ^ Hustvedt, Asti (2011) Medical Muses: Hysteria in Nineteenth-Century Paris London, Berlin etc.: Bloomsbury Publishing. A biographical reconstruction of Charcot's clinical science.
  7. ^ Esther Inglis-Arkell (August 14, 2014). "Meet the "Queen of Hysterics" Who Was Freud's Early Muse". io9. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  8. ^ . Atelje Galerija. Archived from the original on 2017-08-27. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  9. ^ Entertainment (2014-06-14). "Medical history's mystery woman finds her voice". Smh.com.au. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  10. ^ Charcot, Jean-Martin (1991) Clinical Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System edited and introduced by Ruth Harris. London and New York: Tavistock/Routledge Tavistock Classics in the History of Psychiatry.
  11. ^ Didi-Huberman, Georges (1982) The Invention of Hysteria: Charcot and the Photographic Iconography of the Salpêtrière, translated (2003) by Alisa Hartz. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: MIT Press. A scholarly art-historical reworking of Charcot's iconographic neurology.
  12. ^ Gordon, Rae Beth (2009) Dances with Darwin: Vernacular Modernity in France 1875-1910 London: Ashgate Publishing. A scholarly survey of the interaction of Darwinism with Charcot's neurology and the popular café culture of the day.
  13. ^ a b . Fia.com. Archived from the original on November 18, 2008. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
  14. ^ "Prince Rainier health "worrying"". BBC News. 2005-03-25. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
  15. ^ "A Survivor of the Painful Road to Hell and Back". The Guardian. 30 August 2002. Retrieved 2018-10-21.
  16. ^ "Europe | France's Chirac gets pacemaker". BBC News. 2008-04-11. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
  17. ^ Series of Real-Time Reports involving the tragic death of Diana, Princess of Wales October 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ N. Mclntyre, "The Medical Statues of Paris"
  19. ^ Lamberty (2007). Understanding Somatization in the Practice of Clinical Neuropsychology. Minneapolis Oxford University. p. 5. ISBN 9780195328271.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ^ "Freud, Sigmund | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". www.iep.utm.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-17.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière.
  • Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital (in French)
  • Salpêtrière Hospital records, 1859–1942 (inclusive), 1900–1919 (bulk), HMS c30. Harvard Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, , Harvard Medical School

48°50′13″N 2°21′54″E / 48.837°N 2.365°E / 48.837; 2.365

November 30, 2023
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French April 2020 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the French article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 5 876 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr Hopital de la Salpetriere see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated fr Hopital de la Salpetriere to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Pitie Salpetriere University Hospital French Hopital universitaire de la Pitie Salpetriere IPA opital ynivɛʁsitɛːʁ de la pitje salpɛtʁijɛʁ is a charitable hospital in the 13th arrondissement of Paris 1 It is part of the Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris and a teaching hospital of Sorbonne University Pitie Salpetriere HospitalAssistance Publique Hopitaux de ParisThe Mazarin entrance to the Pitie Salpetriere HospitalLocation of Pitie Salpetriere Hospital within ParisGeographyLocation47 83 Boulevard de l Hopital 75013 Paris FranceOrganisationCare systemPublic CharitableTypeTeachingServicesEmergency departmentYesLinksWebsiteHopitaux Universitaires Pitie Salpetriere Paris Brain InstituteListsHospitals in France Contents 1 History 2 Buildings 2 1 Hospital Chapel 2 2 Philippe Pinel monument 3 Notable doctors 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksHistory edit nbsp Engraving of the Hospital made around 1660 by Adam PerelleThe Salpetriere was originally a gunpowder factory saltpetre being a constituent of gunpowder but in 1656 at the direction of Louis XIV it was converted into a hospice for the poor women of Paris as part of the General Hospital of Paris This main hospice was for women who were learning disabled mentally ill or epileptic as well as poor In 1657 it was incorporated with the hospice of the Pitie designed specifically for beggars children and orphans Sheets for hospice and military clothing were produced there by the children Between 1663 and 1673 240 of the women at the Pitie Salpetriere hospice were sent on a mission to populate the Americas and help build New France They were in the total number of 768 young women recruited during the ten year period to become known as the King s Daughters The Salpetriere was much admired for the architectural designs of Liberal Bruant with the support of Louis Le Vau Its conversion was completed in 1669 In 1684 a women s prison was added to the site with a total capacity of 300 convicted prostitutes It provided wretched living conditions for its inmates 2 On the eve of the Revolution Pitie Salpetriere Hospice had become the world s largest hospice with a capacity of 10 000 patients and over 300 prisoners Until the French Revolution the Salpetriere had no medical function the sick were sent to the Hotel Dieu hospital During the September massacres of 1792 the Salpetriere was stormed on the night of 3 4 September by a mob from the impoverished working class district of the Faubourg Saint Marcel with the avowed intention of releasing the detained prisoners 134 of the prostitutes were released twenty five madwomen were less fortunate and were dragged some still in their chains into the streets and murdered 3 nbsp 1857 lithograph by Armand Gautier showing personifications of dementia megalomania acute mania melancholia idiocy hallucination erotomania and paralysis in the gardens of the Hospice de la Salpetriere nbsp Pitie Salpetriere Hospital chapelAt the very end of the 18th century the early humanitarian reforms in the treatment of the mentally ill were initiated here by Philippe Pinel 1745 1826 friend of the Encyclopedistes The iconic image of Pinel as the liberator of the insane was created in 1876 by Tony Robert Fleury and Pinel s sculptural monument stands before the main entrance in Place Marie Curie Boulevard de L Hopital Pinel was the chief physician of the Salpetriere by 1794 in charge of a 200 bed infirmary 4 which housed a tiny proportion of the huge indigent female population He was succeeded by his assistant Jean Etienne Dominique Esquirol 1772 1840 who from 1817 delivered the first systematic lectures on psychiatry in France and was the chief architect of the lunacy legislation of 30 June 1838 Esquirol was followed by Etienne Pariset and from 1831 till 1867 the chef d hospice was Jean Pierre Falret 1794 1870 who contributed much to our understanding of bipolar disorder and folie a deux A regular visitor to the Salpetriere from 1842 till his death more than thirty years later was Guillaume Benjamin Duchenne de Boulogne 1806 1875 From humble provincial origins a long line of seafarers from Boulogne Duchenne became one of the outstanding medical scientists of the nineteenth century Though he never held a senior appointment in the hospital Duchenne nevertheless made meticulous observations on neurological patients employing a wide range of innovative diagnostic techniques Duchenne s clinical science stood at the technical junction of electricity photography and psychology as recorded in his much admired De l electrisation localisee with its associated atlas Album de photographies pathologiques 1855 1862 His name is commemorated in the myopathies which he described as well as in his 1862 masterpiece the Mecanisme de la physionomie humaine much consulted by Charles Darwin in the preparation of his Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals 1872 5 Duchenne s last major work published in 1867 was a study of animal locomotion He was never elected to the Academy of Sciences Later when Jean Martin Charcot 1825 1893 took over the department the Salpetriere became celebrated as a neuropsychiatric teaching centre represented on canvas in 1887 by A Clinical Lesson at the Salpetriere by Andre Brouillet In his lectures and demonstrations the lecons du mardi Charcot systematised the neurological examination did much to map out the territory of modern clinical neurology and in a personal enthusiasm explored its interface with psychological distress as represented in hysteria Although Charcot insisted that hysteria could be a male disorder traumatic hysteria he is popularly remembered for his demonstrations with Louise Augustine Gleizes and Marie Wittman 6 7 8 9 Charcot had also absorbed much from Duchenne to whom he often referred as mon maitre Duchenne and his teaching activities on the Salpetriere s wards helped to elucidate the natural history of many diseases including neurosyphilis epilepsy and stroke 10 In his discussion of paralysis agitans Charcot drew attention to the 1817 description by James Parkinson and suggested it be renamed Parkinson s disease In 1882 with Charcot s encouragement Albert Londe created a photographic department in the Salpetriere producing in collaboration with Georges Gilles de la Tourette the Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpetriere of 1888 11 12 Students came from across the world to witness Charcot s clinical demonstrations among them in 1885 was the 29 year old Sigmund Freud who translated Charcot s lectures into German and whose deconstruction of the lectures on hysteria formed the foundations of psychoanalysis The first English translations of Charcot s Clinical Lectures 1877 1881 were published by the Irish physician and politician George Sigerson Public health physician and advocate of breastfeeding Truby King travelled from New Zealand to witness Charcot and reported his clinical demonstrations to be a life changing experience A rather negative portrait of Charcot s clinical style emerges in the 1929 autobiographical memoir The Story of San Michele by the Swedish physician Axel Munthe whose early idolatry of Charcot gave way to a kind of obsessive antagonism The Hopital de la Pitie founded about 1612 was moved next to the Salpetriere in 1911 and fused with it in 1964 to form the Groupe Hospitalier Pitie Salpetriere The Pitie Salpetriere is now a general teaching hospital with departments focusing on most major medical specialities Numerous personalities have been treated at the Salpetriere including Michael Schumacher 13 Ronaldo 13 Prince Rainier of Monaco 14 Alain Delon Gerard Depardieu and Valerie Trierweiler 15 Former president Jacques Chirac had a pacemaker fitted at the Salpetriere in 2008 16 Celebrities have also died at the Pitie Salpetriere including the singer Josephine Baker in 1975 following a cerebral haemorrhage philosopher Michel Foucault in 1984 due to AIDS related complications Diana Princess of Wales following a car crash in 1997 17 and French bicycle racer Laurent Fignon in 2010 from the metastatic spread of lung cancer which coincidentally happened exactly thirteen years after Diana s death in the same hospital The Brain and Spine Institute now called Institut du Cerveau ICM or Paris Brain Institute has been located in the hospital since it was established in September 2010 Buildings editHospital Chapel edit Chapelle de la Salpetriere Hospital Chapel at n 47 Boulevard de l Hopital is one of the masterpieces of Liberal Bruant architect of Les Invalides It was built around 1675 on the model of a Greek cross and has four central chapels each capable of holding a congregation of some 1 000 people Its central octagonal cupola is illuminated by picture windows in circular arcs Philippe Pinel monument edit In the place in front of the main entrance to the hospital there is a large bronze monument to Philippe Pinel who was chief physician of the Hospice from 1795 to his death in 1826 The Salpetriere was at the time like a large village with seven thousand elderly indigent and ailing women an entrenched bureaucracy a teeming market and huge infirmaries Pinel created an inoculation clinic in his service at the Salpetriere in 1799 and the first vaccination in Paris was given there in April 1800 nbsp Pinel s monument at La Salpetriere by Ludowig Durand sculptor 1885 18 Notable doctors editThrough its history the Pitie Salpetriere hosted notable doctors among others Philippe Pinel 1745 1826 Jean Etienne Esquirol 1772 1840 Etienne Jean Georget 1795 1828 William A F Browne 1805 1885 Benedict Morel 1809 1873 Duchenne de Boulogne 1806 1875 teacher of Charcot Ernest Charles Lasegue 1816 1883 Jean Martin Charcot 1825 1893 founder of modern neurology 19 Alfred Vulpian 1826 1893 Physician and neurologist Jules Bernard Luys 1828 1897 neurologist Paul Richer 1849 1933 anatomist collaborator of Charcot Sigmund Freud 1856 1939 Charcot s student in Paris and father of psychoanalysis 20 Joseph Babinski 1857 1932 another Charcot s student Georges Gilles de la Tourette 1857 1904 neurologist Axel Munthe 1857 1940 Swedish psychiatrist author Pierre Janet 1859 1947 psychologist Abel Ayerza 1861 1918 Argentinian cardiologist Gerard Encausse 1865 1916 physician Maria Montessori 1870 1952 pioneer in education Jacques Lacan 1901 1981 psychoanalyst Christian Cabrol 1925 2017 cardiac surgeon performed Europe s first heart transplantation on 27 April 1968 Iradj Gandjbakhch b 1941 cardiac surgeon performed Europe s first heart transplantation on 27 April 1968 along with Dr Cabrol fitted a pacemaker on former president Jacques Chirac in 2008 See also editBicetre Hospital A Clinical Lesson at the Salpetriere General Hospital of ParisReferences edit Pitie Salpetriere Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris Retrieved on 21 October 2018 47 83 boulevard de l Hopital 75013 Paris Gonzalez Velasco Pedro 2013 La Salpetriere Hospital before Charcot Neurologia 28 1 52 6 doi 10 1016 j nrl 2012 03 017 PMID 22704980 This episode is discussed in detail by Mary Bosworth Anatomy of a Massacre Gender Power and Punishment in Revolutionary Paris Violence Against Women 7 10 2001 1101 1121 Risse Guenter 1999 04 15 Mending Bodies Saving Souls A History of Hospitals Oxford University Press USA p 311 ISBN 0 19 505523 3 Duchenne de Boulogne G B 1990 The mechanism of human facial expression edited and translated by R Andrew Cuthbertson Cambridge University Press and Paris Editions de la Maison des Sciences de L homme Definitive edition of Duchenne s masterpiece Hustvedt Asti 2011 Medical Muses Hysteria in Nineteenth Century Paris London Berlin etc Bloomsbury Publishing A biographical reconstruction of Charcot s clinical science Esther Inglis Arkell August 14 2014 Meet the Queen of Hysterics Who Was Freud s Early Muse io9 Retrieved 2017 08 26 BLANCHE IMAGINARNA DZUNGLA Atelje Galerija Archived from the original on 2017 08 27 Retrieved 2017 08 26 Entertainment 2014 06 14 Medical history s mystery woman finds her voice Smh com au Retrieved 2017 08 26 Charcot Jean Martin 1991 Clinical Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System edited and introduced by Ruth Harris London and New York Tavistock Routledge Tavistock Classics in the History of Psychiatry Didi Huberman Georges 1982 The Invention of Hysteria Charcot and the Photographic Iconography of the Salpetriere translated 2003 by Alisa Hartz Cambridge Massachusetts and London England MIT Press A scholarly art historical reworking of Charcot s iconographic neurology Gordon Rae Beth 2009 Dances with Darwin Vernacular Modernity in France 1875 1910 London Ashgate Publishing A scholarly survey of the interaction of Darwinism with Charcot s neurology and the popular cafe culture of the day a b Interview with Professor Gerard Saillant Fia com Archived from the original on November 18 2008 Retrieved 2011 12 21 Prince Rainier health worrying BBC News 2005 03 25 Retrieved 2011 12 21 A Survivor of the Painful Road to Hell and Back The Guardian 30 August 2002 Retrieved 2018 10 21 Europe France s Chirac gets pacemaker BBC News 2008 04 11 Retrieved 2011 12 21 Series of Real Time Reports involving the tragic death of Diana Princess of Wales Archived October 7 2006 at the Wayback Machine N Mclntyre The Medical Statues of Paris Lamberty 2007 Understanding Somatization in the Practice of Clinical Neuropsychology Minneapolis Oxford University p 5 ISBN 9780195328271 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Freud Sigmund Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy www iep utm edu Retrieved 2017 02 17 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hopital de la Pitie Salpetriere Pitie Salpetriere Hospital in French History of La Salpetriere Salpetriere Hospital records 1859 1942 inclusive 1900 1919 bulk HMS c30 Harvard Medical Library Francis A Countway Library of Medicine Center for the History of Medicine Harvard Medical School 48 50 13 N 2 21 54 E 48 837 N 2 365 E 48 837 2 365 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pitie Salpetriere Hospital amp oldid 1183290781, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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