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Treaty of St. Peters

December 15, 2023

Treaty of St. Peters may be one of two treaties conducted between the United States and Native American peoples, conducted at the confluence of the Minnesota River (then called "St. Peters River") with the Mississippi River, in what today is Mendota, Minnesota.

1805 Treaty of St. Peters edit

The 1805 Treaty of St. Peters or the Treaty with the Sioux, better known as Pike's Purchase, was a treaty conducted between Lieutenant Zebulon Pike for the United States and Chiefs "Le Petit Carbeau" and Way Aga Enogee on behalf of the Sioux Nation. The treaty conducted on September 23, 1805, purchases two tracts of land: nine-square miles each at the confluence of the St. Croix River about what now is Hastings, Minnesota and confluence of the Minnesota River with Mississippi about what now is Mendota, Minnesota, for the purposes of establishing military posts at each of the two sites. A military post was not established at the confluence of the St. Croix with the Mississippi, but Fort Snelling was established on the bluffs overlooking the confluence of the Minnesota with the Mississippi. Though the treaty was never proclaimed by the President of the United States, it was ratified by the United States Congress on April 16, 1808.

1837 Treaty of St. Peters edit

The 1837 Treaty of St. Peters or the Treaty with the Chippewa (or informally as the White Pine Treaty) was a treaty conducted between Governor Henry Dodge for the United States and representatives from Ojibwa bands located across today's Wisconsin and Minnesota. It was conducted on July 29, 1837, at St. Peters, Wisconsin Territory (known today as Mendota, Minnesota). Signatory tribes commonly call this treaty The Treaty of 1837. The treaty was proclaimed on June 15, 1838, and codified in the United States Statutes at Large as 7 Stat. 536.

 
The Wisconsin portion of the cession
 
The Minnesota portion of the cession

Land Cession Terms edit

In the treaty, the Ojibwa nations ceded to the United States a large tract of land located from the Mississippi River in east-central Minnesota to the Wisconsin River in northern Wisconsin, using as its southern boundaries the "Prairie du Chien Line" as established by the 1825 First Treaty of Prairie du Chien, between the Dakota and the Ojibwa, and using the Lake Superior watershed as its northern boundaries.

The land cession was conducted to guarantee access to the Wisconsin Territory's lumber resources that was needed to help build housing for the growing populations in St. Louis, Missouri and Cleveland, Ohio. In the sale, the United States obligated itself to payments to the signatory Bands for twenty years and additional provisions for the Metis in the territory. In turn, the signatory Ojibwa bands retained usufructuary rights to continue hunting, fishing and gathering within the treaty-ceded territory.

Signatories edit

# Location Recorded Name Name (Translation/"Alias") Title
01 Leech Lake Aish-ke-bo-ge-koshe Eshkibagikoonzhe (Flat Mouth) Chief
02 Leech Lake R-che-o-sau-ya [1] Gichi-osayenh (Elder Brother) Chief
03 Leech Lake Pe-zhe-kins Bizhikiins (Young Buffalo) Warrior
04 Leech Lake Ma-ghe-ga-bo [2] Nayaajigaabaw ("la Trappe") Warrior
05 Leech Lake O-be-gwa-dans (Chief of the Earth) Warrior
06 Leech Lake Wa-bose Waabooz (Rabbit) Warrior
07 Leech Lake Che-a-na-quod Chi-aanakwad (Big Cloud) Warrior
08 Gull Lake and Swan River Pa-goo-na-kee-zhig Bagone-giizhig (Hole in the Day) Chief
09 Gull Lake and Swan River Songa-ko-mig Zoongakamig (Strong Ground) Chief
10 Gull Lake and Swan River Wa-boo-jig Waabojiig (White Fisher) Warrior
11 Gull Lake and Swan River Ma-cou-da Makode' (Bear's Heart) Warrior
12 St. Croix River Pe-zhe-ke Bizhikiinh (Buffalo) Chief
13 St. Croix River Ka-be-ma-be Gaa-bimabi (He that sits to the side/"Wet mouth") Chief
14 St. Croix River Pa-ga-we-we-wetung Bigiiwewewidang (Coming Home Hollering) Warrior
15 St. Croix River Ya-banse Ayaabens (Young Buck) Warrior
16 St. Croix River Kis-ke-ta-wak Giishkitawag (Cut Ear) Warrior
17 Lac Courte Oreilles Band Pa-qua-a-mo Bakwe'aamoo (Woodpecker) Chief
18 Lac du Flambeau Band Pish-ka-ga-ghe Apishkaagaagi (Magpie/"White Crow") Chief
19 Lac du Flambeau Band Na-wa-ge-wa (Knee) Chief
20 Lac du Flambeau Band O-ge-ma-ga Ogimaakaanh (Dandy) Chief
21 Lac du Flambeau Band Pa-se-quam-jis (Commissioner) Chief
22 Lac du Flambeau Band Wa-be-ne-me [3] Waabanimikii (White Thunder) Chief
23 La Pointe Band Pe-zhe-ke Bizhiki (Buffalo) Chief
24 La Pointe Band Ta-qua-ga-na Dagwagaane (Two Lodges Meet) Chief
25 La Pointe Band Cha-che-que-o Jechiikwii'o (Snipe) Chief
26 Mille Lacs Indians Wa-shask-ko-kone Wazhashkokon (Muskrat's Liver) Chief
27 Mille Lacs Indians Wen-ghe-ge-she-guk Wenji-giizhigak (First Day) Chief
28 Mille Lacs Indians Ada-we-ge-shik Edawi-giizhig (Both Ends of the Sky) Warrior
29 Mille Lacs Indians Ka-ka-quap Gekekwab ([Sitting on a] Sparrow[hawk]) Warrior
30 Sandy Lake Band Ka-nan-da-wa-win-zo Gaa-nandawaawinzo (Ripe-Berry Hunter/"le Brocheux") Chief
31 Sandy Lake Band We-we-shan-shis [4] Gwiiwizhenzhish (Bad Boy/"Big Mouth") Chief
32 Sandy Lake Band Ke-che-wa-me-te-go Gichi-wemitigo (Big Frenchman) Chief
33 Sandy Lake Band Na-ta-me-ga-bo Netamigaabaw (Stands First) Warrior
34 Sandy Lake Band Sa-ga-ta-gun Zagataagan (Spunk) Warrior
35 Snake River Naudin Noodin (Wind) Chief
36 Snake River Sha-go-bai Zhaagobe ("Little" Six) Chief
37 Snake River Pay-ajik Bayezhig (Lone Man) Chief
38 Snake River Na-qua-na-bie Negwanebi ([Tallest Quill-]Feather) Chief
39 Snake River Ha-tau-wa [5] Odaawaa (Trader/"Ottawa") Warrior
40 Snake River Wa-me-te-go-zhins Wemitigoozhiins (Little Frenchman) Warrior
41 Snake River Sho-ne-a Zhooniyaa (Silver) Warrior
42 Fond du Lac Band Mang-go-sit Maangozid (Loon's Foot) Chief
43 Fond du Lac Band Shing-go-be Zhingobiinh (Spruce) Chief
44 Red Cedar Lake Mont-so-mo (Murdering Yell)
45 Red Lake Francois Goumean [6] François Gourneau half breed
46 Leech Lake Sha-wa-ghe-zhig[7] Zhinawaagiizhig ([Re]sounding Sky) Warrior
47 Leech Lake Wa-zau-ko-ni-a Wezaawikonaye (Yellow Robe) Warrior

Commissioner:

Recording Secretary:

Indian Agents:

Interpreters:

Army:

  • Martin Scott, Captain, Fifth Regiment Infantry
  • Dr. John Emerson, Assistant Surgeon, US Army

Traders:

Special guests:

Others:

In addition, two other known people were in attendance, but were not signatories:

Establishment of Reservations edit

Together with the 1842 and 1854 treaty-ceded territories in determining the locations of Indian Reservations in the 1854 Treaty of La Pointe and the 1855 Treaty of Washington, the 1837 treaty-ceded territory was divided into five zones. Charles Royce in his 1899 report and accompanying map to the United States Congress designated the territory as "Land Cession Area No. 242," thus the area is often called "Royce Area 242." The five zones each with proposed centralized Indian Reservations of approximately 60,000 acres (240 km2) each were Mille Lacs Lake (242A), St. Croix (242B), Lac Courte Oreilles (242C), Lac du Flambeau (242D) and Mole Lake (242E), with access accommodations made for Fond du Lac, La Pointe and Lac Vieux Desert.

However, with St. Croix and Sokoagon walking out of the negotiations of the 1854 Treaty of La Pointe, they were excluded from further business, losing their federal recognition until 1934, and the proposed St. Croix Indian Reservation was never established in zone 242B and Mole Lake was never established straddling zone 242E and 1842 treaty-ceded territory. In the case of St. Croix, illness overcame the Chief Ayaabens and the United States would not accept a sub-Chief vested with negotiation authority, so St. Croix had no choice but to walk away; oral history of both the St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Minnesota of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe and the St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin both state if it were not for Chief Ayaabens’ illness, the St. Croix Band would have insisted on reaffirmation of treaty rights expressed in both the 1837 Treaty of St. Peters and the 1842 Treaty of La Pointe, so that the Band would not be face with loss of off-Reservation resources access. Shortly afterwards, Chief Ayaabens died from his illness. In the case of Mole Lake, their Chief was barred from the treaty council as the United States firmly believed that the initially proposed four Reservations of about 10,000 acres (40 km2) each would not be an adequate alternative for a single Reservation of about 60,000 acres (240 km2). The Mole Lake Chief sent his sub-Chief to the Treaty council, with full negotiation authority, but like St. Croix, United States would not accept Mole Lake's sub-Chief, even when fully vested with negotiation authority, leaving the Mole Lake delegation no other choice but to walk away from Treaty council. However, Mille Lacs Lake and Lac Courte Oreilles Indian Reservations were established in 242A and 242C respectively, and Lac du Flambeau Indian Reservations was established straddling zone 242D and 1842 treaty-ceded territory.

Treaty area boundary adjustments edit

 
The Wisconsin portion of the treaty area showing the treaty boundary (in red) and the adjusted boundary (in green)

In Wisconsin, for regulatory purposes, the southern boundaries of the 1837 treaty-area have been adjusted to follow distinct landmarks such as roads and streams. However, in Wisconsin with consent of the property-owner and with tribally issued license, all treaty rights of hunting, fishing and gathering may be exercised by the members of the signatory bands.

In Minnesota, no boundary adjustments have been made. However, hunting is limited to public lands located within the 1837 treaty-area and requires tribally issued hunting license. For non-public lands within the 1837 treaty-area, hunting is subjectable to state hunting licensing and rules. For fishing and gathering, tribally issued licenses are required in Minnesota's portion of the 1837 treaty-ceded territory.

1851 Treaty of St. Peters edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ "R-che-o-sau-ya" should be "K-che-o-sau-ya"
  2. ^ "Ma-ghe-ga-bo" should be "Nia-ghe-ga-bo"
  3. ^ "Wa-be-ne-me" should be "Wa-ba-ne-me-ke"
  4. ^ "We-we-shan-shis" should be "Que-we-shan-shis"
  5. ^ "Ha-tau-wa" should be "Au-tau-wa"
  6. ^ "Francois Goumean" should be "François Gourneau"
  7. ^ "Sha-wa-ghe-zhig" should be "She-na-wa-ghe-zhig"

References edit

  • Zapffe, Carl A. Minnesota's Chippewa Treaty of 1837. ISBN 0-910623-08-2

Further reading edit

  • McClurken, James M. (2000). Fish in the Lakes, Wild Rice and Game in abundance. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.

External links edit

  • Digital copy of the 1805 treaty
  • Digital copy of the 1837 treaty
    • Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians v. Minnesota (1994)

December 15, 2023
treaty, peters, been, suggested, that, this, article, should, split, into, article, titled, white, pine, treaty, discuss, november, 2020, treaties, conducted, between, united, states, native, american, peoples, conducted, confluence, minnesota, river, then, ca. It has been suggested that this article should be split into a new article titled White Pine Treaty discuss November 2020 Treaty of St Peters may be one of two treaties conducted between the United States and Native American peoples conducted at the confluence of the Minnesota River then called St Peters River with the Mississippi River in what today is Mendota Minnesota Contents 1 1805 Treaty of St Peters 2 1837 Treaty of St Peters 2 1 Land Cession Terms 2 2 Signatories 2 3 Establishment of Reservations 2 4 Treaty area boundary adjustments 3 1851 Treaty of St Peters 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links1805 Treaty of St Peters editThe 1805 Treaty of St Peters or the Treaty with the Sioux better known as Pike s Purchase was a treaty conducted between Lieutenant Zebulon Pike for the United States and Chiefs Le Petit Carbeau and Way Aga Enogee on behalf of the Sioux Nation The treaty conducted on September 23 1805 purchases two tracts of land nine square miles each at the confluence of the St Croix River about what now is Hastings Minnesota and confluence of the Minnesota River with Mississippi about what now is Mendota Minnesota for the purposes of establishing military posts at each of the two sites A military post was not established at the confluence of the St Croix with the Mississippi but Fort Snelling was established on the bluffs overlooking the confluence of the Minnesota with the Mississippi Though the treaty was never proclaimed by the President of the United States it was ratified by the United States Congress on April 16 1808 1837 Treaty of St Peters editThe 1837 Treaty of St Peters or the Treaty with the Chippewa or informally as the White Pine Treaty was a treaty conducted between Governor Henry Dodge for the United States and representatives from Ojibwa bands located across today s Wisconsin and Minnesota It was conducted on July 29 1837 at St Peters Wisconsin Territory known today as Mendota Minnesota Signatory tribes commonly call this treaty The Treaty of 1837 The treaty was proclaimed on June 15 1838 and codified in the United States Statutes at Large as 7 Stat 536 nbsp The Wisconsin portion of the cession nbsp The Minnesota portion of the cessionLand Cession Terms edit In the treaty the Ojibwa nations ceded to the United States a large tract of land located from the Mississippi River in east central Minnesota to the Wisconsin River in northern Wisconsin using as its southern boundaries the Prairie du Chien Line as established by the 1825 First Treaty of Prairie du Chien between the Dakota and the Ojibwa and using the Lake Superior watershed as its northern boundaries The land cession was conducted to guarantee access to the Wisconsin Territory s lumber resources that was needed to help build housing for the growing populations in St Louis Missouri and Cleveland Ohio In the sale the United States obligated itself to payments to the signatory Bands for twenty years and additional provisions for the Metis in the territory In turn the signatory Ojibwa bands retained usufructuary rights to continue hunting fishing and gathering within the treaty ceded territory Signatories edit Location Recorded Name Name Translation Alias Title01 Leech Lake Aish ke bo ge koshe Eshkibagikoonzhe Flat Mouth Chief02 Leech Lake R che o sau ya 1 Gichi osayenh Elder Brother Chief03 Leech Lake Pe zhe kins Bizhikiins Young Buffalo Warrior04 Leech Lake Ma ghe ga bo 2 Nayaajigaabaw la Trappe Warrior05 Leech Lake O be gwa dans Chief of the Earth Warrior06 Leech Lake Wa bose Waabooz Rabbit Warrior07 Leech Lake Che a na quod Chi aanakwad Big Cloud Warrior08 Gull Lake and Swan River Pa goo na kee zhig Bagone giizhig Hole in the Day Chief09 Gull Lake and Swan River Songa ko mig Zoongakamig Strong Ground Chief10 Gull Lake and Swan River Wa boo jig Waabojiig White Fisher Warrior11 Gull Lake and Swan River Ma cou da Makode Bear s Heart Warrior12 St Croix River Pe zhe ke Bizhikiinh Buffalo Chief13 St Croix River Ka be ma be Gaa bimabi He that sits to the side Wet mouth Chief14 St Croix River Pa ga we we wetung Bigiiwewewidang Coming Home Hollering Warrior15 St Croix River Ya banse Ayaabens Young Buck Warrior16 St Croix River Kis ke ta wak Giishkitawag Cut Ear Warrior17 Lac Courte Oreilles Band Pa qua a mo Bakwe aamoo Woodpecker Chief18 Lac du Flambeau Band Pish ka ga ghe Apishkaagaagi Magpie White Crow Chief19 Lac du Flambeau Band Na wa ge wa Knee Chief20 Lac du Flambeau Band O ge ma ga Ogimaakaanh Dandy Chief21 Lac du Flambeau Band Pa se quam jis Commissioner Chief22 Lac du Flambeau Band Wa be ne me 3 Waabanimikii White Thunder Chief23 La Pointe Band Pe zhe ke Bizhiki Buffalo Chief24 La Pointe Band Ta qua ga na Dagwagaane Two Lodges Meet Chief25 La Pointe Band Cha che que o Jechiikwii o Snipe Chief26 Mille Lacs Indians Wa shask ko kone Wazhashkokon Muskrat s Liver Chief27 Mille Lacs Indians Wen ghe ge she guk Wenji giizhigak First Day Chief28 Mille Lacs Indians Ada we ge shik Edawi giizhig Both Ends of the Sky Warrior29 Mille Lacs Indians Ka ka quap Gekekwab Sitting on a Sparrow hawk Warrior30 Sandy Lake Band Ka nan da wa win zo Gaa nandawaawinzo Ripe Berry Hunter le Brocheux Chief31 Sandy Lake Band We we shan shis 4 Gwiiwizhenzhish Bad Boy Big Mouth Chief32 Sandy Lake Band Ke che wa me te go Gichi wemitigo Big Frenchman Chief33 Sandy Lake Band Na ta me ga bo Netamigaabaw Stands First Warrior34 Sandy Lake Band Sa ga ta gun Zagataagan Spunk Warrior35 Snake River Naudin Noodin Wind Chief36 Snake River Sha go bai Zhaagobe Little Six Chief37 Snake River Pay ajik Bayezhig Lone Man Chief38 Snake River Na qua na bie Negwanebi Tallest Quill Feather Chief39 Snake River Ha tau wa 5 Odaawaa Trader Ottawa Warrior40 Snake River Wa me te go zhins Wemitigoozhiins Little Frenchman Warrior41 Snake River Sho ne a Zhooniyaa Silver Warrior42 Fond du Lac Band Mang go sit Maangozid Loon s Foot Chief43 Fond du Lac Band Shing go be Zhingobiinh Spruce Chief44 Red Cedar Lake Mont so mo Murdering Yell 45 Red Lake Francois Goumean 6 Francois Gourneau half breed46 Leech Lake Sha wa ghe zhig 7 Zhinawaagiizhig Re sounding Sky Warrior47 Leech Lake Wa zau ko ni a Wezaawikonaye Yellow Robe WarriorCommissioner Henry Dodge CommissionerRecording Secretary Verplanck Van Antwerp Secretary to the CommissionerIndian Agents Lawrence Taliaferro US Indian Agent at St Peters Miles M Vineyard US Sub Indian Agent at Crow Wing Minnesota Daniel P Bushnell US Sub Indian Agent at La Pointe WisconsinInterpreters John Baptiste DuBay Peter Quinn Scott Campbell Stephen BongaArmy Martin Scott Captain Fifth Regiment Infantry Dr John Emerson Assistant Surgeon US ArmyTraders Hercules L Dousman Henry Hastings Sibley Lyman Marquis Warren of La Pointe WisconsinSpecial guests Jean Nicholas NicolletOthers Harmen Van Antwerp William W Coriell William H Forbes Ezekiel Lockwood of Prairie du Chien Wisconsin Samuel C Stambaugh of Green Bay WisconsinIn addition two other known people were in attendance but were not signatories William A Aitken Allan MorrisonEstablishment of Reservations edit Together with the 1842 and 1854 treaty ceded territories in determining the locations of Indian Reservations in the 1854 Treaty of La Pointe and the 1855 Treaty of Washington the 1837 treaty ceded territory was divided into five zones Charles Royce in his 1899 report and accompanying map to the United States Congress designated the territory as Land Cession Area No 242 thus the area is often called Royce Area 242 The five zones each with proposed centralized Indian Reservations of approximately 60 000 acres 240 km2 each were Mille Lacs Lake 242A St Croix 242B Lac Courte Oreilles 242C Lac du Flambeau 242D and Mole Lake 242E with access accommodations made for Fond du Lac La Pointe and Lac Vieux Desert However with St Croix and Sokoagon walking out of the negotiations of the 1854 Treaty of La Pointe they were excluded from further business losing their federal recognition until 1934 and the proposed St Croix Indian Reservation was never established in zone 242B and Mole Lake was never established straddling zone 242E and 1842 treaty ceded territory In the case of St Croix illness overcame the Chief Ayaabens and the United States would not accept a sub Chief vested with negotiation authority so St Croix had no choice but to walk away oral history of both the St Croix Chippewa Indians of Minnesota of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe and the St Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin both state if it were not for Chief Ayaabens illness the St Croix Band would have insisted on reaffirmation of treaty rights expressed in both the 1837 Treaty of St Peters and the 1842 Treaty of La Pointe so that the Band would not be face with loss of off Reservation resources access Shortly afterwards Chief Ayaabens died from his illness In the case of Mole Lake their Chief was barred from the treaty council as the United States firmly believed that the initially proposed four Reservations of about 10 000 acres 40 km2 each would not be an adequate alternative for a single Reservation of about 60 000 acres 240 km2 The Mole Lake Chief sent his sub Chief to the Treaty council with full negotiation authority but like St Croix United States would not accept Mole Lake s sub Chief even when fully vested with negotiation authority leaving the Mole Lake delegation no other choice but to walk away from Treaty council However Mille Lacs Lake and Lac Courte Oreilles Indian Reservations were established in 242A and 242C respectively and Lac du Flambeau Indian Reservations was established straddling zone 242D and 1842 treaty ceded territory Treaty area boundary adjustments edit nbsp The Wisconsin portion of the treaty area showing the treaty boundary in red and the adjusted boundary in green In Wisconsin for regulatory purposes the southern boundaries of the 1837 treaty area have been adjusted to follow distinct landmarks such as roads and streams However in Wisconsin with consent of the property owner and with tribally issued license all treaty rights of hunting fishing and gathering may be exercised by the members of the signatory bands In Minnesota no boundary adjustments have been made However hunting is limited to public lands located within the 1837 treaty area and requires tribally issued hunting license For non public lands within the 1837 treaty area hunting is subjectable to state hunting licensing and rules For fishing and gathering tribally issued licenses are required in Minnesota s portion of the 1837 treaty ceded territory 1851 Treaty of St Peters editSee Treaty of MendotaSee also editLac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians v Wisconsin Minnesota v Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians 526 U S 127 1999 Notes edit R che o sau ya should be K che o sau ya Ma ghe ga bo should be Nia ghe ga bo Wa be ne me should be Wa ba ne me ke We we shan shis should be Que we shan shis Ha tau wa should be Au tau wa Francois Goumean should be Francois Gourneau Sha wa ghe zhig should be She na wa ghe zhig References editZapffe Carl A Minnesota s Chippewa Treaty of 1837 ISBN 0 910623 08 2Further reading editMcClurken James M 2000 Fish in the Lakes Wild Rice and Game in abundance East Lansing Michigan State University Press External links editDigital copy of the 1805 treaty Digital copy of the 1837 treaty Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians v Minnesota 1994 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Treaty of St Peters amp oldid 1064244513, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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