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Pierre Vallières

December 14, 2023

Pierre Vallières ((1938-02-22)22 February 1938 – (1998-12-23)23 December 1998) was a Québécois journalist and writer, known as an intellectual leader of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ). He was the author of the essay Nègres blancs d'Amérique, translated as White Niggers of America, which likened the struggles of French-Canadians to those of African-Americans.

Pierre Vallières
Pierre Vallières in Ottawa (1989)
Born(1938-02-22)22 February 1938
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Died23 December 1998(1998-12-23) (aged 60)
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
OccupationJournalist, writer, publisher
NationalityCanadian

Biography edit

Early life edit

Pierre Vallières was born on 22 February 1938, in Montreal, Quebec into a French-Canadian family. Vallières grew up in Ville Jacques-Cartier (now part of Longueuil) in the South Shore region, considered one of the most deprived areas of the Montreal metropolitan area. He entered the Franciscan Order, but left after a couple of years.[1] He worked in a bookstore before becoming a journalist, first for Le Devoir, and then for Cité Libre, for which he later became the director.[2] He then went to cover international news for La Presse.[3]

FLQ and White Niggers of America edit

Vallières had been working for La Presse for two years when he was fired for taking part in "subversive activities", having become a left-wing political activist at a young age. In September 1964, Vallières and Charles Gagnon published of the first issue of left-wing Révolution québécoise magazine. In July 1965, Vallières and Gagnon led the "Fourth Wave" of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ), a separatist and Marxist-Leninist paramilitary group in Quebec, when they combined the remains of the "Third Wave" with their Popular Liberation Movement. Vallières published the group's newspaper, La Cognée ("The Hit"), and was involved in militant activities. The FLQ's bombing campaign prompted a quick clampdown by Canadian authorities, and by August 1966, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) had arrested many FLQ members.

Vallières escaped the arrests and fled to the United States with Gagnon, where they conducted a hunger strike at the United Nations headquarters in New York City to protest what was considered to be Quebec's plight in Canada. While in New York, Vallières was held in the Manhattan House of Detention for Men before being extradited back to Canada, where he was immediately arrested in connection with the robbery of a Montreal cinema on 27 August 1966.[4] Vallières, along with Charles Gagnon and five other people, was convicted of the manslaughter of Thérèse Morin, a 64-year-old secretary who died in the explosion of a bomb that was delivered to the H.B. La Grenade shoe manufacturer in Montreal on 5 May 1966, and of Jean Corbo, a 16-year-old FLQ member who died on 14 July 1966 in the explosion of the bomb he had placed himself at the Dominion Textile factory in Montreal.[5] Vallières received a life sentence for the deaths but the conviction was overturned[6] by the court of appeal, and in a second trial held in 1969, he was convicted again and this time sentenced to 30 months in prison. He was paroled on 26 May 1970 after spending 44 months in prison.[7]

Vallières wrote a number of works during his four-month imprisonment in New York in 1967, the most famous of which was Nègres blancs d'Amérique (1968), translated into English as White Niggers of America. The book compared the historical situation of French-Canadians to that of African-Americans at the height of the latter's civil rights struggles, where Vallières argued the parallels between the two peoples as an exploited lower class, and called for armed struggle of liberation against their common aristocratic oppressors.

Later life and death edit

In 1970, during the October Crisis, the FLQ abducted and murdered Pierre Laporte, the Vice-Premier of Quebec. The following year, Vallières renounced violence as a means to achieve Quebec independence, and on 4 October 1972, under a plea bargain agreement, received a one-year suspended sentence on three charges of counselling kidnapping for political purposes. Vallières then resumed his career as a journalist, writer, and publisher.

Vallières died from heart failure on 23 December 1998, at the Jacques-Viger Hospital in Montreal.

Works edit

  • Nègres blancs d'Amérique, autobiographie précoce d'un " terroriste " québécois. Montréal : Éditions Parti pris, 1967 (translated as White Niggers of America: The Precocious Autobiography of a Quebec Terrorist by Joan Pinkham, Monthly Review Press, 1971 and McClelland & Stewart, 1972)
  • Vivre sans temps morts, jouir sans entraves! Paris, 1970
  • L'urgence de choisir. Montréal Parti-Pris, 1971; (translated as Choose!, New Press, 1972 )
  • Pour un front commun multinational de libération. with Charles Gagnon. S.l. : Front de libération du Québec, 1971
  • Un Québec impossible. Montréal : Éditions Québec/Amérique, 1977 (translated as The Impossible Quebec: Illusions of Sovereignty Association, 1980)
  • L'exécution de Pierre Laporte : les dessous de l'Opération. Montréal : Éditions Québec/Amérique, 1977 (translated as The Assassination of Pierre Laporte by Ralph Wells, Lorimer, 1977)
  • Les scorpions associés. with René Lévesque. Montréal : Éditions Québec-Amérique, 1978
  • La démocratie ingouvernable. Montréal : Québec/Amérique, 1979
  • La liberté en friche. Montréal : Éditions Québec/Amérique, 1979
  • Changer de société. with Serge Proulx. Montréal : Québec/Amérique, 1982
  • Les héritiers de Papineau : itinéraire politique d'un "nègre blanc" (1960–1985). Montréal, Québec : Québec/Amérique, 1986
  • Noces obscures. Montréal : L'Hexagone, 1986
  • Le devoir de résistance. Montréal : VLB, 1994
  • Paroles d'un nègre blanc. with Jacques Jourdain and Mélanie Mailhot. Montréal : VLB éditeur, 2002

Film edit

Bibliography edit

  • Antaya, Felipe, Pierre Vallières ou le danger d'occulter le passé, master's thesis, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, 2011, 108 p.
  • Baillargeon, Constantin, Pierre Vallières vu par son "professeur de philosophie", Médiaspaul, Montréal, 2002, 128 p. ISBN 978-2-8942-0503-7
  • Binamé, Charles, and Thériault, Normand, Pierre Vallières, television broadcast, Radio-Québec, 1974, 60 minutes
  • Gignac, Benoit, Québec 68 : l'année révolution, Éditions La Presse, Montréal, 2008, 272 p. ISBN 978-2-9231-9481-3
  • Jourdain, Jacques, De Cité Libre à L'urgence de choisir : Pierre Vallières et les palinodies de la gauche québécoise, master's thesis, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, 1995, 115 p.
  • Jourdain, Jacques, and Mailhot, Mélanie, Vallières : Paroles d'un nègre blanc, VLB éditeur, Montréal, 2002, 286 p. ISBN 978-2-8900-5735-7
  • Samson-Legault, Daniel, Dissident : Pierre Vallières (1938–1998), Éditions Québec Amérique, Montréal, 2018, 497 p., ISBN 978-2-7644-3641-7
  • Tétreault, Paul, A suggested framework for the study of perceptions of violence and its application to the writings of Pierre Trudeau and Pierre Vallières, master's thesis, McGill University, Montréal, 1971, 106 p.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Laurier L. Lapierre (11 April 1971). "White Niggers Of America: The Precocious autobiography of a Quebec "terrorist"". The New York Times. pp. BR1, BR10. from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  2. ^ "La troisième solitude". Montreal Labor Council. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) as cited in Vallières, White Niggers of America, p. 120.
  3. ^ "Notice Biographique de Pierre Vallières". L'Île: L'Infocentre littéraire des écrivains québécois. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  4. ^ "Bilan du Siècle". University of Sherbrooke. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  5. ^ "Instantannés: La vitrine des archives de BAnQ". Bibliothèque des Archives Nationales du Québec. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  6. ^ "Regina v. Vallières, 1969 CanLII 1000 (QC CA)". Canadian Legal Information Institute.
  7. ^ . Unité Ouvrière. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.

External links edit

  • "Does the FLQ Exist?" by Pierre Vallières
  • A brief essay on The Execution of Pierre Laporte

December 14, 2023
pierre, vallières, 1938, february, 1938, 1998, december, 1998, québécois, journalist, writer, known, intellectual, leader, front, libération, québec, author, essay, nègres, blancs, amérique, translated, white, niggers, america, which, likened, struggles, frenc. Pierre Vallieres 1938 02 22 22 February 1938 1998 12 23 23 December 1998 was a Quebecois journalist and writer known as an intellectual leader of the Front de liberation du Quebec FLQ He was the author of the essay Negres blancs d Amerique translated as White Niggers of America which likened the struggles of French Canadians to those of African Americans Pierre VallieresPierre Vallieres in Ottawa 1989 Born 1938 02 22 22 February 1938Montreal Quebec CanadaDied23 December 1998 1998 12 23 aged 60 Montreal Quebec CanadaOccupationJournalist writer publisherNationalityCanadian Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Early life 1 2 FLQ and White Niggers of America 1 3 Later life and death 2 Works 3 Film 4 Bibliography 5 Notes 6 External linksBiography editEarly life edit Pierre Vallieres was born on 22 February 1938 in Montreal Quebec into a French Canadian family Vallieres grew up in Ville Jacques Cartier now part of Longueuil in the South Shore region considered one of the most deprived areas of the Montreal metropolitan area He entered the Franciscan Order but left after a couple of years 1 He worked in a bookstore before becoming a journalist first for Le Devoir and then for Cite Libre for which he later became the director 2 He then went to cover international news for La Presse 3 FLQ and White Niggers of America edit Vallieres had been working for La Presse for two years when he was fired for taking part in subversive activities having become a left wing political activist at a young age In September 1964 Vallieres and Charles Gagnon published of the first issue of left wing Revolution quebecoise magazine In July 1965 Vallieres and Gagnon led the Fourth Wave of the Front de liberation du Quebec FLQ a separatist and Marxist Leninist paramilitary group in Quebec when they combined the remains of the Third Wave with their Popular Liberation Movement Vallieres published the group s newspaper La Cognee The Hit and was involved in militant activities The FLQ s bombing campaign prompted a quick clampdown by Canadian authorities and by August 1966 the Royal Canadian Mounted Police RCMP had arrested many FLQ members Vallieres escaped the arrests and fled to the United States with Gagnon where they conducted a hunger strike at the United Nations headquarters in New York City to protest what was considered to be Quebec s plight in Canada While in New York Vallieres was held in the Manhattan House of Detention for Men before being extradited back to Canada where he was immediately arrested in connection with the robbery of a Montreal cinema on 27 August 1966 4 Vallieres along with Charles Gagnon and five other people was convicted of the manslaughter of Therese Morin a 64 year old secretary who died in the explosion of a bomb that was delivered to the H B La Grenade shoe manufacturer in Montreal on 5 May 1966 and of Jean Corbo a 16 year old FLQ member who died on 14 July 1966 in the explosion of the bomb he had placed himself at the Dominion Textile factory in Montreal 5 Vallieres received a life sentence for the deaths but the conviction was overturned 6 by the court of appeal and in a second trial held in 1969 he was convicted again and this time sentenced to 30 months in prison He was paroled on 26 May 1970 after spending 44 months in prison 7 Vallieres wrote a number of works during his four month imprisonment in New York in 1967 the most famous of which was Negres blancs d Amerique 1968 translated into English as White Niggers of America The book compared the historical situation of French Canadians to that of African Americans at the height of the latter s civil rights struggles where Vallieres argued the parallels between the two peoples as an exploited lower class and called for armed struggle of liberation against their common aristocratic oppressors Later life and death edit In 1970 during the October Crisis the FLQ abducted and murdered Pierre Laporte the Vice Premier of Quebec The following year Vallieres renounced violence as a means to achieve Quebec independence and on 4 October 1972 under a plea bargain agreement received a one year suspended sentence on three charges of counselling kidnapping for political purposes Vallieres then resumed his career as a journalist writer and publisher Vallieres died from heart failure on 23 December 1998 at the Jacques Viger Hospital in Montreal Works editNegres blancs d Amerique autobiographie precoce d un terroriste quebecois Montreal Editions Parti pris 1967 translated as White Niggers of America The Precocious Autobiography of a Quebec Terrorist by Joan Pinkham Monthly Review Press 1971 and McClelland amp Stewart 1972 Vivre sans temps morts jouir sans entraves Paris 1970 L urgence de choisir Montreal Parti Pris 1971 translated as Choose New Press 1972 Pour un front commun multinational de liberation with Charles Gagnon S l Front de liberation du Quebec 1971 Un Quebec impossible Montreal Editions Quebec Amerique 1977 translated as The Impossible Quebec Illusions of Sovereignty Association 1980 L execution de Pierre Laporte les dessous de l Operation Montreal Editions Quebec Amerique 1977 translated as The Assassination of Pierre Laporte by Ralph Wells Lorimer 1977 Les scorpions associes with Rene Levesque Montreal Editions Quebec Amerique 1978 La democratie ingouvernable Montreal Quebec Amerique 1979 La liberte en friche Montreal Editions Quebec Amerique 1979 Changer de societe with Serge Proulx Montreal Quebec Amerique 1982 Les heritiers de Papineau itineraire politique d un negre blanc 1960 1985 Montreal Quebec Quebec Amerique 1986 Noces obscures Montreal L Hexagone 1986 Le devoir de resistance Montreal VLB 1994 Paroles d un negre blanc with Jacques Jourdain and Melanie Mailhot Montreal VLB editeur 2002Film editFreedom Outraged Vallieres plays himself in a documentary by the National Film Board of Canada directed by Jean Daniel Lafond A 16 mm medium length color 1994 Bibliography editAntaya Felipe Pierre Vallieres ou le danger d occulter le passe master s thesis Universite du Quebec a Trois Rivieres Trois Rivieres 2011 108 p Baillargeon Constantin Pierre Vallieres vu par son professeur de philosophie Mediaspaul Montreal 2002 128 p ISBN 978 2 8942 0503 7 Biname Charles and Theriault Normand Pierre Vallieres television broadcast Radio Quebec 1974 60 minutes Gignac Benoit Quebec 68 l annee revolution Editions La Presse Montreal 2008 272 p ISBN 978 2 9231 9481 3 Jourdain Jacques DeCite LibreaL urgence de choisir Pierre Vallieres et les palinodies de la gauche quebecoise master s thesis Universite du Quebec a Montreal Montreal 1995 115 p Jourdain Jacques and Mailhot Melanie Vallieres Paroles d un negre blanc VLB editeur Montreal 2002 286 p ISBN 978 2 8900 5735 7 Samson Legault Daniel Dissident Pierre Vallieres 1938 1998 Editions Quebec Amerique Montreal 2018 497 p ISBN 978 2 7644 3641 7 Tetreault Paul A suggested framework for the study of perceptions of violence and its application to the writings of Pierre Trudeau and Pierre Vallieres master s thesis McGill University Montreal 1971 106 p Notes edit Laurier L Lapierre 11 April 1971 White Niggers Of America The Precocious autobiography of a Quebec terrorist The New York Times pp BR1 BR10 Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 Retrieved 24 November 2019 La troisieme solitude Montreal Labor Council a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help as cited in Vallieres White Niggers of America p 120 Notice Biographique de Pierre Vallieres L Ile L Infocentre litteraire des ecrivains quebecois Retrieved 1 December 2015 Bilan du Siecle University of Sherbrooke Retrieved 1 December 2015 Instantannes La vitrine des archives de BAnQ Bibliotheque des Archives Nationales du Quebec Retrieved 1 December 2015 Regina v Vallieres 1969 CanLII 1000 QC CA Canadian Legal Information Institute FLQ Chronologie d un mouvement clandestin Unite Ouvriere Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 1 December 2015 External links edit Does the FLQ Exist by Pierre Vallieres A brief essay on The Execution of Pierre Laporte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pierre Vallieres amp oldid 1158443030, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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