A newton is defined as (it is a named derived unit defined in terms of the SI base units).[1]: 137 One newton is, therefore, the force needed to accelerate one kilogram of mass at the rate of one metre per second squared in the direction of the applied force.[2]
The units "metre per second squared" can be understood as measuring a rate of change in velocity per unit of time, i.e. an increase in velocity by 1 metre per second every second.[2]
In 1946, the Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) Resolution 2 standardized the unit of force in the MKS system of units to be the amount needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 metre per second squared. In 1948, the 9th CGPM Resolution 7 adopted the name newton for this force.[3] The MKS system then became the blueprint for today's SI system of units.[4] The newton thus became the standard unit of force in the Système international d'unités (SI), or International System of Units.[3]
The newton is named after Isaac Newton. As with every SI unit named for a person, its symbol starts with an upper case letter (N), but when written in full, it follows the rules for capitalisation of a common noun; i.e., newton becomes capitalised at the beginning of a sentence and in titles but is otherwise in lower case.
The connection to Newton comes from Newton's second law of motion, which states that the force exerted on an object is directly proportional to the acceleration hence acquired by that object, thus:[5]
where m represents the mass of the object undergoing an acceleration a. When using the SI unit of mass, the kilogram (), and SI units for distance metre (), and time, second () we arrive at the SI definition of the newton:
Examplesedit
At average gravity on Earth (conventionally, ), a kilogram mass exerts a force of about 9.8 newtons.
An average-sized apple at 200 g exerts about two newtons of force at Earth's surface, which we measure as the apple's weight on Earth.
An average adult exerts a force of about 608 N on Earth.
A carabiner used in rock climbing, with a safety rating of 26 kN when loaded along the spine with the gate closed, 8 kN when loaded perpendicular to the spine, and 10 kN when loaded along the spine with the gate open.
One kilonewton, 1 kN, is equivalent to 102.0 kgf, or about 100 kg of load under Earth gravity.
.
So, for example, a platform that shows it is rated at 321 kilonewtons (72,000 lbf) will safely support a 32,100-kilogram (70,800 lb) load.[citation needed]
^Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2019). The International System of Units (SI)(PDF) (9 ed.). Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). p. 137. from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
^ ab"Newton | unit of measurement". Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 December 2020. from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
^David B. Newell; Eite Tiesinga, eds. (2019). The International System of Units (SI)(PDF) (NIST Special publication 330, 2019 ed.). Gaithersburg, MD: NIST. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
^Walpole, Sarah Catherine; Prieto-Merino, David; et al. (18 June 2012). "The weight of nations: an estimation of adult human biomass". BMC Public Health. 12 (12): 439. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-439. PMC3408371. PMID 22709383.
^Comings, E. W. (1940). "English Engineering Units and Their Dimensions". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 32 (7): 984–987. doi:10.1021/ie50367a028.
^Klinkenberg, Adrian (1969). "The American Engineering System of Units and Its Dimensional Constant gc". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 61 (4): 53–59. doi:10.1021/ie50712a010.
February 15, 2024
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Newtons redirects here For the snack see Newtons cookie The newton symbol N is the unit of force in the International System of Units SI It is defined as 1 kg m s 2 displaystyle 1 text kg cdot text m s 2 the force which gives a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 metre per second per second It is named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics specifically his second law of motion newtonVisualization of one newton of forceGeneral informationUnit systemSIUnit offorceSymbolNNamed afterSir Isaac NewtonConversions1 N in is equal to SI base units 1 kg m s 2 CGS units 105 dyn Imperial units 0 224809 lbf Contents 1 Definition 2 Examples 3 Kilonewtons 4 Conversion factors 5 See also 6 ReferencesDefinition editA newton is defined as 1 k g m s 2 displaystyle mathrm 1 kg cdot m s 2 nbsp it is a named derived unit defined in terms of the SI base units 1 137 One newton is therefore the force needed to accelerate one kilogram of mass at the rate of one metre per second squared in the direction of the applied force 2 The units metre per second squared can be understood as measuring a rate of change in velocity per unit of time i e an increase in velocity by 1 metre per second every second 2 In 1946 the Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures CGPM Resolution 2 standardized the unit of force in the MKS system of units to be the amount needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 metre per second squared In 1948 the 9th CGPM Resolution 7 adopted the name newton for this force 3 The MKS system then became the blueprint for today s SI system of units 4 The newton thus became the standard unit of force in the Systeme international d unites SI or International System of Units 3 The newton is named after Isaac Newton As with every SI unit named for a person its symbol starts with an upper case letter N but when written in full it follows the rules for capitalisation of a common noun i e newton becomes capitalised at the beginning of a sentence and in titles but is otherwise in lower case The connection to Newton comes from Newton s second law of motion which states that the force exerted on an object is directly proportional to the acceleration hence acquired by that object thus 5 F m a displaystyle F ma nbsp where m represents the mass of the object undergoing an acceleration a When using the SI unit of mass the kilogram kg displaystyle text kg nbsp and SI units for distance metre m displaystyle text m nbsp and time second s displaystyle text s nbsp we arrive at the SI definition of the newton 1 k g m s 2 displaystyle mathrm 1 kg cdot m s 2 nbsp Examples editAt average gravity on Earth conventionally g 9 80665 m s 2 displaystyle g 9 80665 text m s 2 nbsp a kilogram mass exerts a force of about 9 8 newtons An average sized apple at 200 g exerts about two newtons of force at Earth s surface which we measure as the apple s weight on Earth 0 200 kg 9 80665 m s 2 1 961 N displaystyle 0 200 text kg times 9 80665 text m s 2 1 961 text N nbsp An average adult exerts a force of about 608 N on Earth 62 kg 9 80665 m s 2 608 N displaystyle 62 text kg times 9 80665 text m s 2 608 text N nbsp where 62 kg is the world average adult mass 6 Kilonewtons edit nbsp A carabiner used in rock climbing with a safety rating of 26 kN when loaded along the spine with the gate closed 8 kN when loaded perpendicular to the spine and 10 kN when loaded along the spine with the gate open Large forces may be expressed in kilonewtons kN where 1 kN 1000 N For example the tractive effort of a Class Y steam train locomotive and the thrust of an F100 jet engine are both around 130 kN One kilonewton 1 kN is equivalent to 102 0 kgf or about 100 kg of load under Earth gravity 1 kN 102 kg 9 81 m s 2 displaystyle 1 text kN 102 text kg times 9 81 text m s 2 nbsp So for example a platform that shows it is rated at 321 kilonewtons 72 000 lbf will safely support a 32 100 kilogram 70 800 lb load citation needed Conversion factors editUnits of force vte newton dyne kilogram force kilopond pound force poundal1 N 1 kg m s2 105 dyn 0 10197 kp 0 22481 lbf 7 2330 pdl1 dyn 10 5 N 1 g cm s2 1 0197 10 6 kp 2 2481 10 6 lbf 7 2330 10 5 pdl1 kp 9 80665 N 980665 dyn gn 1 kg 2 2046 lbf 70 932 pdl1 lbf 4 448222 N 444822 dyn 0 45359 kp gn 1 lb 32 174 pdl 1 pdl 0 138255 N 13825 dyn 0 014098 kp 0 031081 lbf 1 lb ft s2The value of gn as used in the official definition of the kilogram force 9 80665 m s2 is used here for all gravitational units Three approaches to units of mass and force or weight 7 8 vte Base Force Weight Mass2nd law of motion m F a F W a g F m aSystem BG GM EE M AE CGS MTS SIAcceleration a ft s2 m s2 ft s2 m s2 ft s2 Gal m s2 m s2Mass m slug hyl pound mass kilogram pound gram tonne kilogramForce F weight W pound kilopond pound force kilopond poundal dyne sthene newtonPressure p pound per square inch technical atmosphere pound force per square inch standard atmosphere poundal per square foot barye pieze pascalStandard prefixes for the metric units of measure multiples vte Prefix name N A deca hecto kilo mega giga tera peta exa zetta yotta ronna quettaPrefix symbol da h k M G T P E Z Y R QFactor 100 101 102 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018 1021 1024 1027 1030Standard prefixes for the metric units of measure submultiples vte Prefix name N A deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto ronto quectoPrefix symbol d c m m n p f a z y r qFactor 100 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 6 10 9 10 12 10 15 10 18 10 21 10 24 10 27 10 30See also editForce gauge International System of Units SI Joule SI unit of energy 1 newton exerted over a distance of 1 metre Kilogram force force exerted by Earth s gravity at sea level on one kilogram of mass Kip unit Pascal SI unit of pressure 1 newton acting on an area of 1 square metre Orders of magnitude force Pound force Sthene Newton metre SI unit of torqueReferences edit Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units SI PDF 9 ed Bureau International des Poids et Mesures BIPM p 137 Archived from the original on 30 September 2021 Retrieved 22 September 2021 a b Newton unit of measurement Encyclopaedia Britannica 17 December 2020 Archived from the original on 27 September 2019 Retrieved 27 September 2019 a b The International System of Units SI 1977 ed U S Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards 1977 p 17 ISBN 9282220451 Archived from the original on 11 May 2016 Retrieved 15 November 2015 David B Newell Eite Tiesinga eds 2019 The International System of Units SI PDF NIST Special publication 330 2019 ed Gaithersburg MD NIST Retrieved 30 November 2019 Table 3 Coherent derived units in the SI with special names and symbols The International System of Units SI International Bureau of Weights and Measures 2006 Archived from the original on 18 June 2007 Walpole Sarah Catherine Prieto Merino David et al 18 June 2012 The weight of nations an estimation of adult human biomass BMC Public Health 12 12 439 doi 10 1186 1471 2458 12 439 PMC 3408371 PMID 22709383 Comings E W 1940 English Engineering Units and Their Dimensions Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry 32 7 984 987 doi 10 1021 ie50367a028 Klinkenberg Adrian 1969 The American Engineering System of Units and Its Dimensional Constant gc Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry 61 4 53 59 doi 10 1021 ie50712a010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Newton unit amp oldid 1205861069, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
