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Gravitational metric system

November 28, 2023

The gravitational metric system (original French term Système des Méchaniciens) is a non-standard system of units, which does not comply with the International System of Units (SI). It is built on the three base quantities length, time and force with base units metre, second and kilopond respectively. Internationally used abbreviations of the system are MKpS, MKfS or MKS (from French mètre–kilogramme-poids–seconde or mètre–kilogramme-force–seconde).[1] However, the abbreviation MKS is also used for the MKS system of units, which, like the SI, uses mass in kilogram as a base unit.

Disadvantages edit

Nowadays, the mass as a property of an object and its weight, which depends on the gravity of the earth at its position are strictly distinguished. However historically, the kilopond was also called kilogram, and only later the kilogram-mass (today's kilogram) was separated from the kilogram-force (today's kilopond). A kilopond originally referred to the weight of a mass of one kilogram. Since the gravitational acceleration on the surface of the earth can differ, one gets different values for the unit kilopond and its derived units at different locations. To avoid this, the kilopond was first defined at sea level and a latitude of 45 degrees, since 1902 via the standard gravity of 9.80665 m/s2.[2]

Further disadvantages are inconsistencies in the definition of derived units such as horsepower (1 PS = 75 kp⋅m/s) and the missing link to electric, magnetic or thermodynamic units.[1]

In Germany, the kilopond lost its legal status as a unit of force on 1 January 1978, when for legal purposes the SI unit system was adopted.[3] A kilopond can be converted to the SI unit newton by multiplication with the standard acceleration gn:

1 kp = gn ⋅ 1 kg = 9.80665 kg⋅m⋅s−2 = 9.80665 N

Units edit

Force edit

In English contexts the unit of force is usually formed by simply appending the suffix "force" to the name of the unit of mass, thus gram-force (gf) or kilogram-force (kgf), which follows the tradition of pound-force (lbf). In other, international, contexts the special name pond (p) or kilopond (kp) respectively is more frequent.

1 p = 1 gf
= 1 g ⋅ gn = 9.80665 g⋅m/s2 = 980.665 g⋅cm/s2 = 980.665 dyn
1 kp = 1 kgf
= 1 kg ⋅ gn = 9.80665 kg⋅m/s2 = 980665 g⋅cm/s2

Mass edit

The hyl, metric slug (mug), or TME (German: technische Masseneinheit, lit. 'technical mass unit'), is the mass that accelerates at 1 m/s2 under a force of 1 kgf.[4] The unit, long obsolete,[5] has also been used as the unit of mass in a metre–gram-force–second (mgfs) system.[6]

1 TME
= 1 kp / 1 m/s2 = 1 kp⋅s2/m = 9.80665 kg
1 hyl
= 1 kp⋅s2/m = 9.80665 kg or
1 hyl (alternate definition – mgfs)
= 1 p⋅s2/m = 9.80665 g

Pressure edit

The gravitational unit of pressure is the technical atmosphere (at). It is the gravitational force of one kilogram, i.e. 1 kgf, exerted on an area of one square centimetre.

1 at
= 1 kp/cm2 = 10 000 × gn kg/m2 = 98 066.5 kg/(m⋅s2) = 98.066 5 kPa

Energy edit

There is no dedicated name for the unit of energy, "metre" is simply appended to "kilopond", but usually the symbol of the kilopond-metre is written without the middle dot.

1 kpm
= 1 kp⋅m = gn kg⋅m = 9.806 65 kg⋅m2/s2 = 9.806 65 J

Power edit

In 19th-century France there was as a unit of power, the poncelet, which was defined as the power required to raise a mass of 1 quintal (1 q = 100 kg) at a velocity of 1 m/s. The German or metric horsepower (PS, Pferdestärke) is arbitrarily selected to be three quarters thereof.

1 pq
= 1 qf⋅m/s = 100 kp⋅m/s = 100 × gn kg⋅m/s = 980.665 kg⋅m2/s3 = 0.980 665 kW
1 PS
= 3/4 pq = 75 kp⋅m/s = 75 × gn kg⋅m/s = 735.498 75 kg⋅m2/s3 = 0.735 498 75 kW

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Cardarelli, François (2003). Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins. Springer. p. 19. ISBN 185233682X. OCLC 255196826. from the original on 24 April 2020.
  2. ^ "Resolution of the 3rd CGPM (1901)". BIPM. Retrieved Jan 25, 2021.
  3. ^ Ausführungsverordnung zum Gesetz über Einheiten im Meßwesen von 26. Juni 1970, p. 988
  4. ^ Measurements, Units of Measurement, Weights and Measures – Numericana
  5. ^ Cardarelli, François (1999). Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. Springer. pp. 470, 497. ISBN 1-85233-682-X.
  6. ^ metre–kilogram-force–second systems of units

November 28, 2023
gravitational, metric, system, gravitational, metric, system, original, french, term, système, méchaniciens, standard, system, units, which, does, comply, with, international, system, units, built, three, base, quantities, length, time, force, with, base, unit. The gravitational metric system original French term Systeme des Mechaniciens is a non standard system of units which does not comply with the International System of Units SI It is built on the three base quantities length time and force with base units metre second and kilopond respectively Internationally used abbreviations of the system are MKpS MKfS or MKS from French metre kilogramme poids seconde or metre kilogramme force seconde 1 However the abbreviation MKS is also used for the MKS system of units which like the SI uses mass in kilogram as a base unit Contents 1 Disadvantages 2 Units 2 1 Force 2 2 Mass 2 3 Pressure 2 4 Energy 2 5 Power 3 See also 4 ReferencesDisadvantages editNowadays the mass as a property of an object and its weight which depends on the gravity of the earth at its position are strictly distinguished However historically the kilopond was also called kilogram and only later the kilogram mass today s kilogram was separated from the kilogram force today s kilopond A kilopond originally referred to the weight of a mass of one kilogram Since the gravitational acceleration on the surface of the earth can differ one gets different values for the unit kilopond and its derived units at different locations To avoid this the kilopond was first defined at sea level and a latitude of 45 degrees since 1902 via the standard gravity of 9 80665 m s2 2 Further disadvantages are inconsistencies in the definition of derived units such as horsepower 1 PS 75 kp m s and the missing link to electric magnetic or thermodynamic units 1 In Germany the kilopond lost its legal status as a unit of force on 1 January 1978 when for legal purposes the SI unit system was adopted 3 A kilopond can be converted to the SI unit newton by multiplication with the standard acceleration gn 1 kp gn 1 kg 9 80665 kg m s 2 9 80665 NUnits editForce edit In English contexts the unit of force is usually formed by simply appending the suffix force to the name of the unit of mass thus gram force gf or kilogram force kgf which follows the tradition of pound force lbf In other international contexts the special name pond p or kilopond kp respectively is more frequent 1 p 1 gf 1 g gn 9 80665 g m s2 980 665 g cm s2 980 665 dyn 1 kp 1 kgf 1 kg gn 9 80665 kg m s2 980665 g cm s2Mass edit The hyl metric slug mug or TME German technische Masseneinheit lit technical mass unit is the mass that accelerates at 1 m s2 under a force of 1 kgf 4 The unit long obsolete 5 has also been used as the unit of mass in a metre gram force second mgfs system 6 1 TME 1 kp 1 m s2 1 kp s2 m 9 80665 kg 1 hyl 1 kp s2 m 9 80665 kg or 1 hyl alternate definition mgfs 1 p s2 m 9 80665 gPressure edit The gravitational unit of pressure is the technical atmosphere at It is the gravitational force of one kilogram i e 1 kgf exerted on an area of one square centimetre 1 at 1 kp cm2 10 000 gn kg m2 98 066 5 kg m s2 98 066 5 kPaEnergy edit There is no dedicated name for the unit of energy metre is simply appended to kilopond but usually the symbol of the kilopond metre is written without the middle dot 1 kpm 1 kp m gn kg m 9 806 65 kg m2 s2 9 806 65 JPower edit In 19th century France there was as a unit of power the poncelet which was defined as the power required to raise a mass of 1 quintal 1 q 100 kg at a velocity of 1 m s The German or metric horsepower PS Pferdestarke is arbitrarily selected to be three quarters thereof 1 pq 1 qf m s 100 kp m s 100 gn kg m s 980 665 kg m2 s3 0 980 665 kW 1 PS 3 4 pq 75 kp m s 75 gn kg m s 735 498 75 kg m2 s3 0 735 498 75 kWSee also editList of metric unitsReferences edit a b Cardarelli Francois 2003 Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units Weights and Measures Their SI Equivalences and Origins Springer p 19 ISBN 185233682X OCLC 255196826 Archived from the original on 24 April 2020 Resolution of the 3rd CGPM 1901 BIPM Retrieved Jan 25 2021 Ausfuhrungsverordnung zum Gesetz uber Einheiten im Messwesen von 26 Juni 1970 p 988 Measurements Units of Measurement Weights and Measures Numericana Cardarelli Francois 1999 Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units Weights and Measures Springer pp 470 497 ISBN 1 85233 682 X metre kilogram force second systems of units Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gravitational metric system amp oldid 1145447584, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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