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Physical Science Study Committee

January 01, 1970

The Physical Science Study Committee (PSSC) was inaugurated at a 1956 conference at MIT to review introductory physics education and to design, implement, and monitor improvements. It produced major new physics textbooks, instructional movies, and classroom laboratory materials, which were used by high schools around the world during the 1960s and 1970s and beyond.[1]

Original members edit

Development edit

In 1956, MIT professors Jerrold Zacharias and Francis Friedman organized a group of university and high school physics educators to reform the teaching of this fundamental science at the secondary level.[4] There was concern that traditional teaching failed to convey a sense of excitement and inquiry, and a way of thinking about physics beyond rote memorization of equations. After the launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957, the US National Science Foundation greatly increased funding, to radically improve the teaching of science in the country's response to Cold War rivalries.[5] Eventually, several hundred physicists, high school teachers, apparatus designers, writers, and editors would become involved with the project.[4]

There was a concern that traditional high school physics had devolved to a hodge-podge of Newtonian mechanics and other topics that was poorly integrated, with increasing emphasis on the peculiarities of current technology. In contrast, the PSSC approach emphasized the unity of physical inquiry, organized around broad principles such as the conservation laws, rather than a series of disparate equations to be memorized. Details of current technology would be deemphasized, and fewer topics would be covered, to highlight a deep understanding of fundamental principles and the spirit and culture of scientific investigation.[6]: 14–18  Hands-on laboratory work was regarded as an integral part of the course, including open-ended explorations and discovery of new concepts, rather than simple verification of received knowledge.[6]: 18–19 

Photographer Berenice Abbott and filmmaker Richard Leacock were recruited to make visual aids to understanding complex phenomena such as wave propagation, kinematics, and electrical charge. They brought an esthetic sense of visual beauty to illustrations of elegant physical concepts. More than 50 educational movies were made of physical phenomena, including some which were too expensive, dangerous, or infeasible to demonstrate directly in a classroom.[1][5][6]: 20  Stroboscopic photos made with the assistance of MIT professor Doc Edgerton were used to illustrate Newton's laws of motion, including what would become an iconic image of a bouncing ball on the front cover of the textbook.[5]

In 1960, the textbook and course materials were first published by D. C. Heath and Company (which became a division of Raytheon during 1966–1995), and a series of coordinating laboratory equipment and an experimental handbook was also released. The otherwise-unrelated Heathkit company marketed a series of its standard electronic instruments (e.g. oscilloscopes and signal generators), specially modified in some cases, to coordinate with the laboratory handbook. Another company marketed a small table-top water-filled tray which could project an image of wave phenomena, which became an influential educational aid used at both the high school and college levels. Doubleday published a "Science Studies Series" of over 50 small paperback books on related scientific subjects at a high school level, covering topics such as crystal growing, waves and beaches, subatomic particles, the universe, and biographies of notable scientists.[1][6]: 17  The non-profit Educational Service Incorporated, which became Education Development Center, was created to continue the work of PSSC.

By the 1964–1965 school year, about half the US students enrolled in high school physics (200,000 students, 5000 teachers) were reportedly using the PSSC course materials.[6] However, considerable resistance developed among some teachers to the disruption of traditional methods of teaching. Criticisms ranged from complaints about an informal tone in the text, deferring the use of technical terms, to an attempt to cover too many concepts at too deep an intellectual level for average students.[6]: 25–33 

Legacy edit

From the beginning, there was an interest in assessing student progress and the overall effectiveness of the new curriculum through a series of 10 tests, to be administered throughout the year.[6]: 35 

Books edit

  • PSSC. Physics. 1st Edition 1960. D.C. Heath
  • Judson B. Cross, John H. Dodge, James A. Walter, Uri Haber-Schaim. PSSC Physics. 3rd edition 1971. D.C. Heath
  • Haber-Schaim, Uri; Dodge, John H.; Gardner, Robert; Shore, Edward A.; Walter, Felicie (1991). PSSC Physics (7th ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 978-0840360250.

Films edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c "PSSC: 50 Years Later". www.compadre.org. American Association of Physics Teachers. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
  2. ^ MIT Museum. "MIT Museum Collections - People". Webmuseum.mit.edu. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
  3. ^ "TECH_V082_S0503_P001.pdf" (PDF). Tech.mit.edu. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
  4. ^ a b "High School Reform Projects: Physics". artofteachingscience.org. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
  5. ^ a b c . libraries.mit.edu. MIT Libraries. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Daeschner, Stephen W. (January 1, 1965). "Review of the physical science study committee high school physics course". Kansas State University. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
  7. ^ "Coulomb's Law : Richard Leacock : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Archive.org. Retrieved April 6, 2014.

External links edit

January 01, 1970
physical, science, study, committee, pssc, inaugurated, 1956, conference, review, introductory, physics, education, design, implement, monitor, improvements, produced, major, physics, textbooks, instructional, movies, classroom, laboratory, materials, which, w. The Physical Science Study Committee PSSC was inaugurated at a 1956 conference at MIT to review introductory physics education and to design implement and monitor improvements It produced major new physics textbooks instructional movies and classroom laboratory materials which were used by high schools around the world during the 1960s and 1970s and beyond 1 Contents 1 Original members 2 Development 3 Legacy 4 Books 5 Films 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksOriginal members editProfessor Jerrold Zacharias chairman Professor Eric Rogers Professor Francis L Friedman 2 Professor George Gamow Professor Sanford C Brown 3 Professor Victor WeisskopfDevelopment editIn 1956 MIT professors Jerrold Zacharias and Francis Friedman organized a group of university and high school physics educators to reform the teaching of this fundamental science at the secondary level 4 There was concern that traditional teaching failed to convey a sense of excitement and inquiry and a way of thinking about physics beyond rote memorization of equations After the launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957 the US National Science Foundation greatly increased funding to radically improve the teaching of science in the country s response to Cold War rivalries 5 Eventually several hundred physicists high school teachers apparatus designers writers and editors would become involved with the project 4 There was a concern that traditional high school physics had devolved to a hodge podge of Newtonian mechanics and other topics that was poorly integrated with increasing emphasis on the peculiarities of current technology In contrast the PSSC approach emphasized the unity of physical inquiry organized around broad principles such as the conservation laws rather than a series of disparate equations to be memorized Details of current technology would be deemphasized and fewer topics would be covered to highlight a deep understanding of fundamental principles and the spirit and culture of scientific investigation 6 14 18 Hands on laboratory work was regarded as an integral part of the course including open ended explorations and discovery of new concepts rather than simple verification of received knowledge 6 18 19 Photographer Berenice Abbott and filmmaker Richard Leacock were recruited to make visual aids to understanding complex phenomena such as wave propagation kinematics and electrical charge They brought an esthetic sense of visual beauty to illustrations of elegant physical concepts More than 50 educational movies were made of physical phenomena including some which were too expensive dangerous or infeasible to demonstrate directly in a classroom 1 5 6 20 Stroboscopic photos made with the assistance of MIT professor Doc Edgerton were used to illustrate Newton s laws of motion including what would become an iconic image of a bouncing ball on the front cover of the textbook 5 In 1960 the textbook and course materials were first published by D C Heath and Company which became a division of Raytheon during 1966 1995 and a series of coordinating laboratory equipment and an experimental handbook was also released The otherwise unrelated Heathkit company marketed a series of its standard electronic instruments e g oscilloscopes and signal generators specially modified in some cases to coordinate with the laboratory handbook Another company marketed a small table top water filled tray which could project an image of wave phenomena which became an influential educational aid used at both the high school and college levels Doubleday published a Science Studies Series of over 50 small paperback books on related scientific subjects at a high school level covering topics such as crystal growing waves and beaches subatomic particles the universe and biographies of notable scientists 1 6 17 The non profit Educational Service Incorporated which became Education Development Center was created to continue the work of PSSC By the 1964 1965 school year about half the US students enrolled in high school physics 200 000 students 5000 teachers were reportedly using the PSSC course materials 6 However considerable resistance developed among some teachers to the disruption of traditional methods of teaching Criticisms ranged from complaints about an informal tone in the text deferring the use of technical terms to an attempt to cover too many concepts at too deep an intellectual level for average students 6 25 33 Legacy editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it February 2017 From the beginning there was an interest in assessing student progress and the overall effectiveness of the new curriculum through a series of 10 tests to be administered throughout the year 6 35 Books editPSSC Physics 1st Edition 1960 D C Heath Judson B Cross John H Dodge James A Walter Uri Haber Schaim PSSC Physics 3rd edition 1971 D C Heath Haber Schaim Uri Dodge John H Gardner Robert Shore Edward A Walter Felicie 1991 PSSC Physics 7th ed Dubuque Iowa Kendall Hunt ISBN 978 0840360250 Films editRichard Leacock director amp producer Eric M Rogers lecturer Coulomb s Law 7 Abraham Morochnik Donald Ivey and Patterson Hume Frames of Reference Elbert Little Random Events John N Shive Simple WavesSee also editHarvard Project Physics a later alternative approach to teaching physics at the high school level Biological Sciences Curriculum Study BSCS a contemporaneous program to reform biology teaching at the high school level Berkeley Physics CourseReferences edit a b c PSSC 50 Years Later www compadre org American Association of Physics Teachers Retrieved February 22 2017 MIT Museum MIT Museum Collections People Webmuseum mit edu Retrieved April 6 2014 TECH V082 S0503 P001 pdf PDF Tech mit edu Retrieved April 6 2014 a b High School Reform Projects Physics artofteachingscience org Retrieved February 11 2017 a b c Physical Science Study Committee 1956 Exhibits Institute Archives amp Special Collections MIT libraries mit edu MIT Libraries Archived from the original on May 13 2019 Retrieved February 22 2017 a b c d e f g Daeschner Stephen W January 1 1965 Review of the physical science study committee high school physics course Kansas State University Retrieved February 22 2017 Coulomb s Law Richard Leacock Free Download amp Streaming Internet Archive Archive org Retrieved April 6 2014 External links editAAPT Celebrates PSSC s 50th Birthday Links to more than twenty articles written by instructors of physics Physical Science Study Committee 1956 MIT Institute Archives amp Special Collections summary of fonds 1959 film Coulomb s Law by Richard Leacock on the Internet Archive 1959 film Time and Clocks by John G King on the Internet Archive 1959 film Simple Waves by John Shive on the Internet Archive 1959 film Introduction to Optics by Norton Bloom on the Internet Archive 1959 film Mechanical Energy and Thermal Energy by Norton Bloom on the Internet Archive 1960 film Frames of Reference produced by Richard Leacock on the Internet Archive 1961 film Speed of Light in Water by William M Siebert on the Internet Archive 1961 film Elastic Collision and Stored Energy produced by Norton Bloom on the Internet Archive 1961 film Sound Waves in Air by Richard H Bolt on the Internet Archive 1961 film Random Events by John Friedman on the Internet Archive 1961 film Rutherford Atom by Robert I Hulsizer on the Internet Archive Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Physical Science Study Committee amp oldid 1221076107, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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