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John N. Shive

December 14, 2023

John Northrup Shive (February 22, 1913 – June 1, 1984) was an American physicist and inventor. He made notable contributions in electronic engineering and solid-state physics during the early days of transistor development at Bell Laboratories. In particular, he produced experimental evidence that holes could diffuse through bulk germanium, and not just along the surface as previously thought. This paved the way from Bardeen and Brattain's point-contact transistor to Shockley's more-robust junction transistor. Shive is best known for inventing the phototransistor in 1948 (a device that combines the sensitivity to light of a photodiode and the current gain of a transistor), and for the Shive wave machine in 1959 (an educational apparatus used to illustrate wave motion).

John N. Shive
John N. Shive demonstrates his wave machine in this 1959 educational film Similarities in Wave Behavior aimed at undergraduates[1]
Born
John Northrup Shive

(1913-02-22)February 22, 1913
Baltimore, Maryland, US
DiedJune 1, 1984(1984-06-01) (aged 71)
Lincroft, New Jersey, US
NationalityAmerican
Alma materRutgers University (BS),
Johns Hopkins University (PhD)
Known forTransistor development
Phototransistor
Shive wave machine
SpouseHelen Shive
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsBell Labs

Early life and education edit

John N. Shive was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on February 22, 1913,[2] and grew up in New Jersey.[3] Shive graduated from Rutgers University with a BS in physics and chemistry in 1934. He also earned a PhD from Johns Hopkins University, submitting a dissertation Practice and theory of the modulation of Geiger counters in 1939.[4] Shive became a fellow of the American Physical Society, a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi fraternities.[2]

Scientific career edit

John N. Shive joined Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1939.[2] Shive worked initially on physical research and device development, and later on education and training.[3] After retirement from industry, he worked as an adjunct professor of physics at Georgian Court University.[5] The spherical sundial on campus, in front of the bookstore and next to the library, is dedicated to his memory.[6]

Transistor development edit

On January 30, 1948 Shive discovered that gold-plated tungsten point contacts on a p-type layer of germanium grown on an n-type substrate gave "a terrific triode effect".[7]: 153  On February 13, he also discovered that a transistor consisting of bronze contacts on the surface of an n-type substrate without a p-layer gave "gains up to 40× in power!"[7]: 153  He leveraged this discovery to build a point contact transistor with bronze contacts on the front and back of thin wedge of germanium, proving that holes could diffuse through bulk germanium and not just along the surface as previously thought. This confirmed William Shockley's idea that it should be possible to build a junction transistor, an idea that hitherto he had kept secret from the rest of the team.[7]: 143  [8]: 145 [9] Shockley later admitted that the workings of the team were "mixture of cooperation and competition". He also admitted that he kept some of own work secret until his "hand was forced" by Shive's 1948 advance.[10]

Phototransistor edit

In 1948 Shive invented the phototransistor that used a beam of light, instead of a wire, as the emitter of a point contact transistor, generating holes that flow to the collector.[7]: 205  Bell Labs announced the invention in 1950.[11] The phototransistor was eventually used in the nationwide direct distance dialing system.[3]

Shive wave machine edit

 
This Wave Machine model simulates the wave machine produced by John Shive at Bell Laboratories and made famous by the PSSC Simple Waves film. The machine consists of 64 horizontal rods welded to an axle torsion bar that is perpendicular to the rods. Notice that the wave inverts as it reflects from each non-fixed end.

Shive was a gifted lecturer, and became Director of Education and Training at Bell Telephone Laboratories.[12][13] He was responsible for curriculum and administration of educational programs provided to employees of Bell Laboratories.[3]

In this new role, he invented the Shive wave machine (also known as the Shive wave generator). The wave generator illustrates wave motion using a series of steel rods joined by a thin torsion wire which transmits energy from one rod to the next. The high moment of inertia of each rod ensures the wave takes several seconds to traverse the entire series of rods, making the dynamics easily visible. The motion is analogous to high-frequency waves that are invisible to the human eye, such as electromagnetic waves on a transmission line. The wave generator could illustrate wave reflection, standing waves, resonance, partial reflection, and impedance matching. Shive made two educational films in which he demonstrated the machine, Simple Waves[14] and Similarities in Wave Behavior,[1] and wrote a book with the same name as the latter.[15]

Today, the Exploratorium Exhibit Services manufactures a large-scale version of the machine for use in science museums and schools.[16]

Patents edit

Shive held several patents including Selenium rectifier and method of making it,[17] Directly heated thermocouple,[18] Photoresistive translating device,[19] Selenium rectifier including tellurium and method of making it,[20] Apparatus for and method of treating selenium rectifiers,[21] Semiconductor photoelectric device,[22] Conditioning of semiconductor translators,[23] Semiconductor amplifier,[24] and Alternating gate current.[25]

Books edit

Shive authored three books during his career, beginning with The Properties, Physics, and Design of Semiconductor Devices (1959), a book about semiconductor devices.[26] This was followed by Similarities of Wave Behavior (1961), a book designed to help college professors teach students about waves using the machine he invented.[1] His last book, Similarities in Physics (1982), was coauthored with Robert L. Weber.[15] He was also one of the editors of Transistor Technology, Volume 1.[27]

Honors edit

John N. Shive was a fellow of the American Physical Society and a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He was also a chairman of the Advisory Committee on the Pre-College Physics Project of the American Institute of Physics.[3]

Personal life edit

Shive was married to Helen Conner, and the two were the parents of Peter, Jonathan, and Elaine. From 1974 to 1984 Shive was faculty lecturer in physics at Georgian Court College of Lakewood, New Jersey. He died on 3 June 1984 at the Riverview Medical Center in Red Bank, New Jersey.[28][26]

Selected works edit

  • J. N. Shive, Physical Review, vol. 75, p. 318, 1949.
  • J. N. Shive, Physical Review, vol. 75, p. 689, 1949.
  • J. A. Becker and J. N. Shive, "The Transistor – A New Semiconductor Amplifier," The Electrical Engineer., vol 68, no. 3, pp. 215–221, Mar. 1949. doi:10.1109/JPROC.1999.775422
  • J. N. Shive, "The Properties of Germanium Phototransistors", JOSA, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 239–243, 1953. doi:10.1364/JOSA.43.000239
  • John N. Shive and Robert L. Weber, Similarities in Physics. New York, NY: Wiley, 1982. ISBN 978-0471897958.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Shive, John N. (1959). Similarities of Wave Behavior (video). AT&T Bell Labs.
  2. ^ a b c 1952.
  3. ^ a b c d e (PDF). News Record. University of Cincinnati. February 10, 1966. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2010. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  4. ^ Shive, John N. (1939). Practise and theory of the modulation of Geiger counters (Ph.D.). Johns Hopkins University. OCLC 81863171.
  5. ^ Special lecturer, physics, Georgian Court Coll. Lakewood, N.J. Library of Congress Authority File. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  6. ^ Control Number: IAS NJ000290. Art Inventories Catalog. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d Michael Riordan; Lillian Hoddeson (1998). Crystal Fire: The Invention of the Transistor and the Birth of the Information Age. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393318517.
  8. ^ Hoddeson, Lillian; Daitch, Vicki (2002). True Genius: The Life and Science of John Bardeen : the Only Winner of Two Nobel Prizes in Physics. Joseph Henry Press. p. 145. ISBN 0309084083. Retrieved April 30, 2012. Shockley knew that Bardeen would instantly recognize the implications of Shive's demonstration.
  9. ^ Brittain, James E. (1984). "Becker and Shive on the transistor". Proceedings of the IEEE. 72 (12): 1695. doi:10.1109/PROC.1984.13075. S2CID 1616808. an observation that William Shockley interpreted as confirmation of his concept of that junction transistor
  10. ^ "Inventors of the transistor followed diverse paths after 1947 discovery". Associated press - Bangor Daily new. December 25, 1987. Retrieved May 6, 2012. 'mixture of cooperation and competition' and 'Shockley, eager to make his own contribution, said he kept some of his own work secret until "my hand was forced" in early 1948 by an advance reported by John Shive, another Bell Laboratories researcher'
  11. ^ "The phototransistor". Bell Laboratories Record. May 1950.
  12. ^ John Northrup Shive (Dec 1960). "Characteristics of Electrons in Solids". IRE Transactions on Education. 3 (4): 106–110. Bibcode:1960IRETE...3..106S. doi:10.1109/te.1960.4322150.
  13. ^ Schutzman, Elias; Shive, John N. (December 1968). "Summary Report on the New York University Graduate Center at Bell Telephone Laboratories". IEEE Transactions on Education. 11 (4): 239–243. Bibcode:1968ITEdu..11..239S. doi:10.1109/te.1968.4320414.
  14. ^ The education of a physicist: an account of the International Conference on the Education of Professional Physicists, London, 15–21 July 1965. International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. Commission on Physics Education. 15–21 July 1965. p. 98. The more elementary one 'Simple Waves' is recommended as well.
  15. ^ a b Hurd, David; Jackson, Daphne (1983). "Enhancement for physics students". New Scientist. 98 (1357): 400.
  16. ^ "Wave machine". Archived from the original on 2012-12-12. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
  17. ^ US patent 2339613, BECKER JOSEPH A & SHIVE JOHN N, "Selenium rectifier and method of making it", issued 1944-01-18, assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC. 
  18. ^ US patent 2444027, BECKER JOSEPH A; SHIVE JOHN N & GRIFFITH THOMAS R, "Directly heated thermocouple", issued 1948-06-29, assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC. 
  19. ^ US patent 2560606, SHIVE JOHN N, "Photoresistive translating device", issued 1951-07-17, assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC. 
  20. ^ US patent 2608611, SHIVE JOHN N, "Selenium rectifier including tellurium and method of making it", issued 1952-08-26, assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC. 
  21. ^ US patent 2626448, SHIVE JOHN N, "Apparatus for and method of treating selenium rectifiers", issued 1953-01-27, assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC. 
  22. ^ US patent 2641713, SHIVE JOHN N, "Semiconductor photoelectric device", issued 1953-06-09, assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC. 
  23. ^ US patent 2676228, SHIVE JOHN N, "Conditioning of semiconductor translators", issued 1954-04-20, assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC. 
  24. ^ US patent 2691750, SHIVE JOHN N, "Semiconductor amplifier", issued 1954-10-12, assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC. 
  25. ^ US patent 2790088, SHIVE JOHN N, "Alternating gate current", issued 1957-04-23, assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC. 
  26. ^ a b John Northrup Shive (1959). The Properties, Physics, and Design of Semiconductor Devices. Bell Telephone Laboratories series. D. Van Nostrand Co. p. ix. Finally, to my wife, Helen Shive, go my grateful acknowledgments...
  27. ^ H E Bridgers; J H Scaff; John N Shive, eds. (1958). Transistor Technology. Vol. 1. D. Van Nostrand Co. OCLC 492317508.
  28. ^ "Dr. John N. Shive was retired engineer". The Daily Register (Red Bank, New Jersey). 4 June 1984.

Further reading edit

  • William Shockley, "The path to the conception of the junction transistor", IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 597–620, Jul. 1976. doi:10.1109/T-ED.1976.18463
  • Charles Weiner, "How the transistor emerged", IEEE Spectrum, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 24–33, Jan. 1973. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.1973.5219559

External links edit

  • Diagram of a Shive wave machine 2015-09-14 at the Wayback Machine
  • Movies of a Shive Wave Machine
  • Open Source Physics Shive Wave Machine Model 2019-02-26 at the Wayback Machine

December 14, 2023
john, shive, john, northrup, shive, february, 1913, june, 1984, american, physicist, inventor, made, notable, contributions, electronic, engineering, solid, state, physics, during, early, days, transistor, development, bell, laboratories, particular, produced,. John Northrup Shive February 22 1913 June 1 1984 was an American physicist and inventor He made notable contributions in electronic engineering and solid state physics during the early days of transistor development at Bell Laboratories In particular he produced experimental evidence that holes could diffuse through bulk germanium and not just along the surface as previously thought This paved the way from Bardeen and Brattain s point contact transistor to Shockley s more robust junction transistor Shive is best known for inventing the phototransistor in 1948 a device that combines the sensitivity to light of a photodiode and the current gain of a transistor and for the Shive wave machine in 1959 an educational apparatus used to illustrate wave motion John N ShiveJohn N Shive demonstrates his wave machine in this 1959 educational film Similarities in Wave Behavior aimed at undergraduates 1 BornJohn Northrup Shive 1913 02 22 February 22 1913Baltimore Maryland USDiedJune 1 1984 1984 06 01 aged 71 Lincroft New Jersey USNationalityAmericanAlma materRutgers University BS Johns Hopkins University PhD Known forTransistor developmentPhototransistorShive wave machineSpouseHelen ShiveScientific careerFieldsPhysicsInstitutionsBell Labs Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Scientific career 2 1 Transistor development 2 2 Phototransistor 2 3 Shive wave machine 3 Patents 4 Books 5 Honors 6 Personal life 7 Selected works 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksEarly life and education editJohn N Shive was born in Baltimore Maryland on February 22 1913 2 and grew up in New Jersey 3 Shive graduated from Rutgers University with a BS in physics and chemistry in 1934 He also earned a PhD from Johns Hopkins University submitting a dissertation Practice and theory of the modulation of Geiger counters in 1939 4 Shive became a fellow of the American Physical Society a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi fraternities 2 Scientific career editJohn N Shive joined Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1939 2 Shive worked initially on physical research and device development and later on education and training 3 After retirement from industry he worked as an adjunct professor of physics at Georgian Court University 5 The spherical sundial on campus in front of the bookstore and next to the library is dedicated to his memory 6 Transistor development edit On January 30 1948 Shive discovered that gold plated tungsten point contacts on a p type layer of germanium grown on an n type substrate gave a terrific triode effect 7 153 On February 13 he also discovered that a transistor consisting of bronze contacts on the surface of an n type substrate without a p layer gave gains up to 40 in power 7 153 He leveraged this discovery to build a point contact transistor with bronze contacts on the front and back of thin wedge of germanium proving that holes could diffuse through bulk germanium and not just along the surface as previously thought This confirmed William Shockley s idea that it should be possible to build a junction transistor an idea that hitherto he had kept secret from the rest of the team 7 143 8 145 9 Shockley later admitted that the workings of the team were mixture of cooperation and competition He also admitted that he kept some of own work secret until his hand was forced by Shive s 1948 advance 10 Phototransistor edit In 1948 Shive invented the phototransistor that used a beam of light instead of a wire as the emitter of a point contact transistor generating holes that flow to the collector 7 205 Bell Labs announced the invention in 1950 11 The phototransistor was eventually used in the nationwide direct distance dialing system 3 Shive wave machine edit nbsp This Wave Machine model simulates the wave machine produced by John Shive at Bell Laboratories and made famous by the PSSC Simple Waves film The machine consists of 64 horizontal rods welded to an axle torsion bar that is perpendicular to the rods Notice that the wave inverts as it reflects from each non fixed end Shive was a gifted lecturer and became Director of Education and Training at Bell Telephone Laboratories 12 13 He was responsible for curriculum and administration of educational programs provided to employees of Bell Laboratories 3 In this new role he invented the Shive wave machine also known as the Shive wave generator The wave generator illustrates wave motion using a series of steel rods joined by a thin torsion wire which transmits energy from one rod to the next The high moment of inertia of each rod ensures the wave takes several seconds to traverse the entire series of rods making the dynamics easily visible The motion is analogous to high frequency waves that are invisible to the human eye such as electromagnetic waves on a transmission line The wave generator could illustrate wave reflection standing waves resonance partial reflection and impedance matching Shive made two educational films in which he demonstrated the machine Simple Waves 14 and Similarities in Wave Behavior 1 and wrote a book with the same name as the latter 15 Today the Exploratorium Exhibit Services manufactures a large scale version of the machine for use in science museums and schools 16 Patents editShive held several patents including Selenium rectifier and method of making it 17 Directly heated thermocouple 18 Photoresistive translating device 19 Selenium rectifier including tellurium and method of making it 20 Apparatus for and method of treating selenium rectifiers 21 Semiconductor photoelectric device 22 Conditioning of semiconductor translators 23 Semiconductor amplifier 24 and Alternating gate current 25 Books editShive authored three books during his career beginning with The Properties Physics and Design of Semiconductor Devices 1959 a book about semiconductor devices 26 This was followed by Similarities of Wave Behavior 1961 a book designed to help college professors teach students about waves using the machine he invented 1 His last book Similarities in Physics 1982 was coauthored with Robert L Weber 15 He was also one of the editors of Transistor Technology Volume 1 27 Honors editJohn N Shive was a fellow of the American Physical Society and a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers He was also a chairman of the Advisory Committee on the Pre College Physics Project of the American Institute of Physics 3 Personal life editShive was married to Helen Conner and the two were the parents of Peter Jonathan and Elaine From 1974 to 1984 Shive was faculty lecturer in physics at Georgian Court College of Lakewood New Jersey He died on 3 June 1984 at the Riverview Medical Center in Red Bank New Jersey 28 26 Selected works editJ N Shive Physical Review vol 75 p 318 1949 J N Shive Physical Review vol 75 p 689 1949 J A Becker and J N Shive The Transistor A New Semiconductor Amplifier The Electrical Engineer vol 68 no 3 pp 215 221 Mar 1949 doi 10 1109 JPROC 1999 775422 J N Shive The Properties of Germanium Phototransistors JOSA vol 43 no 4 pp 239 243 1953 doi 10 1364 JOSA 43 000239 John N Shive and Robert L Weber Similarities in Physics New York NY Wiley 1982 ISBN 978 0471897958 References edit a b c Shive John N 1959 Similarities of Wave Behavior video AT amp T Bell Labs a b c Contributors to Proceedings of the I R E 1952 a b c d e Wilson Houses Seminar Science Students Involved PDF News Record University of Cincinnati February 10 1966 p 22 Archived from the original PDF on June 13 2010 Retrieved April 30 2012 Shive John N 1939 Practise and theory of the modulation of Geiger counters Ph D Johns Hopkins University OCLC 81863171 Special lecturer physics Georgian Court Coll Lakewood N J Library of Congress Authority File Retrieved September 13 2019 Control Number IAS NJ000290 Art Inventories Catalog Smithsonian American Art Museum Smithsonian Institution Research Information System Retrieved September 13 2019 a b c d Michael Riordan Lillian Hoddeson 1998 Crystal Fire The Invention of the Transistor and the Birth of the Information Age W W Norton amp Company ISBN 9780393318517 Hoddeson Lillian Daitch Vicki 2002 True Genius The Life and Science of John Bardeen the Only Winner of Two Nobel Prizes in Physics Joseph Henry Press p 145 ISBN 0309084083 Retrieved April 30 2012 Shockley knew that Bardeen would instantly recognize the implications of Shive s demonstration Brittain James E 1984 Becker and Shive on the transistor Proceedings of the IEEE 72 12 1695 doi 10 1109 PROC 1984 13075 S2CID 1616808 an observation that William Shockley interpreted as confirmation of his concept of that junction transistor Inventors of the transistor followed diverse paths after 1947 discovery Associated press Bangor Daily new December 25 1987 Retrieved May 6 2012 mixture of cooperation and competition and Shockley eager to make his own contribution said he kept some of his own work secret until my hand was forced in early 1948 by an advance reported by John Shive another Bell Laboratories researcher The phototransistor Bell Laboratories Record May 1950 John Northrup Shive Dec 1960 Characteristics of Electrons in Solids IRE Transactions on Education 3 4 106 110 Bibcode 1960IRETE 3 106S doi 10 1109 te 1960 4322150 Schutzman Elias Shive John N December 1968 Summary Report on the New York University Graduate Center at Bell Telephone Laboratories IEEE Transactions on Education 11 4 239 243 Bibcode 1968ITEdu 11 239S doi 10 1109 te 1968 4320414 The education of a physicist an account of the International Conference on the Education of Professional Physicists London 15 21 July 1965 International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Commission on Physics Education 15 21 July 1965 p 98 The more elementary one Simple Waves is recommended as well a b Hurd David Jackson Daphne 1983 Enhancement for physics students New Scientist 98 1357 400 Wave machine Archived from the original on 2012 12 12 Retrieved 2012 05 05 US patent 2339613 BECKER JOSEPH A amp SHIVE JOHN N Selenium rectifier and method of making it issued 1944 01 18 assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC US patent 2444027 BECKER JOSEPH A SHIVE JOHN N amp GRIFFITH THOMAS R Directly heated thermocouple issued 1948 06 29 assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC US patent 2560606 SHIVE JOHN N Photoresistive translating device issued 1951 07 17 assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC US patent 2608611 SHIVE JOHN N Selenium rectifier including tellurium and method of making it issued 1952 08 26 assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC US patent 2626448 SHIVE JOHN N Apparatus for and method of treating selenium rectifiers issued 1953 01 27 assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC US patent 2641713 SHIVE JOHN N Semiconductor photoelectric device issued 1953 06 09 assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC US patent 2676228 SHIVE JOHN N Conditioning of semiconductor translators issued 1954 04 20 assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC US patent 2691750 SHIVE JOHN N Semiconductor amplifier issued 1954 10 12 assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC US patent 2790088 SHIVE JOHN N Alternating gate current issued 1957 04 23 assigned to BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES INC a b John Northrup Shive 1959 The Properties Physics and Design of Semiconductor Devices Bell Telephone Laboratories series D Van Nostrand Co p ix Finally to my wife Helen Shive go my grateful acknowledgments H E Bridgers J H Scaff John N Shive eds 1958 Transistor Technology Vol 1 D Van Nostrand Co OCLC 492317508 Dr John N Shive was retired engineer The Daily Register Red Bank New Jersey 4 June 1984 Further reading editWilliam Shockley The path to the conception of the junction transistor IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices vol 23 no 7 pp 597 620 Jul 1976 doi 10 1109 T ED 1976 18463 Charles Weiner How the transistor emerged IEEE Spectrum vol 10 no 1 pp 24 33 Jan 1973 doi 10 1109 MSPEC 1973 5219559External links editDiagram of a Shive wave machine Archived 2015 09 14 at the Wayback Machine Images of a Shive wave machine in various states Movies of a Shive Wave Machine Open Source Physics Shive Wave Machine Model Archived 2019 02 26 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title John N Shive amp oldid 1179840760, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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