Philippe Henriot
Philippe Henriot (7 January 1889 – 28 June 1944) was a French poet, journalist, politician, and Nazi collaborator who served as a minister in the French government at Vichy, where he directed propaganda broadcasts. He was assassinated by the Résistance in 1944.
Philippe Henriot | |
|---|---|
| Vichy Secretary of State for Information and Propaganda | |
| In office 6 January 1944 – 28 June 1944 (5 months and 22 days) | |
| Member of Parliament for Gironde | |
| In office 27 September 1932 – 31 May 1942 (10 years and 23 days) | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 7 January 1889 Reims |
| Died | 28 June 1944 (aged 55) Paris |
| Cause of death | Killed by the French Resistance |
| Resting place | Saint-André-et-Appelles |
| Nationality | French |
| Political party | |
| Parent |
|
| Alma mater | Institut Catholique de Paris |
| Profession | Literature teacher Winemaker |
Career edit
Philippe Henriot, a devout Roman Catholic, and poet who had written several books of poetry during the early 1920s,[1] became politically active during the Republican Federation, and was elected to the Third Republic's Chamber of Deputies for the Gironde department in 1932 and 1936. He became "a committed member of the Catholic nationalist right".[2] By the mid-1930s his anti-republican prejudices made him a natural opponent of the Popular Front and his speeches showed him to be anti-communist, antisemitic, anti-Freemasonry, and against the parliamentary system. In 1936 General de Castelnau, the aristocratic leader of the National Catholic Federation, described Henriot as "an ardent defender of religion, the family and society."[3] At the beginning of World War II, he was strongly anti-German. However, in 1941 Henriot began to support Nazi Germany after it invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa, as he hoped for the defeat of communism, believing that Bolshevism was the enemy of Christianity.[4]
Propagandist edit
In 1940, after the surrender of France to Germany, Henriot became active as a journalist working for the French government headed by Philippe Pétain which had moved to Vichy. In December 1943 he was appointed Secretary of State for Information.[5] During his career he created programs and broadcast through Radio Paris, becoming the government's spokesman. He developed a war of propaganda against the Free French Forces and the BBC; whose spokesmen were Pierre Dac and Maurice Schumann. Seeking to shape the perceptions of the French government and German occupation, and to destroy popular support for the Résistance, Henriot was given the nickname of the "French Goebbels". He broadcast twice daily on Radio-Vichy, "repeatedly and eloquently attacking all those he considered lukewarm in their attitude to collaboration and calling on all good Catholics to support the German cause in the fight against communism."[4] He continued the propaganda programmes after the Germans decided, due to the new Allied presence in North Africa, to extend their military occupation in 1942 over Southern France, formerly the Free Zone controlled by the French government at Vichy. He warned the French people about any association with the Allies or "terrorists" (resistance groups) and countered the arguments of the Free French Forces broadcasting from the BBC.[6] He wrote and delivered 270 broadcasts on Radio Vichy in a "mesmerising rhetoric and delivery" ... as a "huge media star", according to one source.[7] "There is no doubt Henriot's broadcasts were influential, attracting a large and diverse audience."[4]
It was said that "Henriot is listened to by everyone, enemies or supporters. Families shift their meal times so as not to miss him. There is no-one left in the street at the time he speaks."[8] On 6 January 1944, Henriot was appointed as the French Minister of Information and Propaganda.[9]
In 1943, Henriot joined the paramilitary Milice "with a deep-seated conviction that Christian civilisation was engaged in a life and death struggle against Bolshevism."[5]
Assassination edit
Henriot was a natural target for the Résistance,[4] and on 28 June 1944, in the Ministry building where he lived, he was assassinated by a group of COMAC members of the Maquis, an organisation designated by the French government at Vichy as "terrorists". Disguised as members of the Milice, they had persuaded him to open his door.[10] In retaliation, the Milice murdered Georges Mandel, a strong opponent of collaboration and others. Henriot was afforded a state funeral in Paris, presided over by Cardinal Suhard in Notre Dame Cathedral.[11] His coffin was placed, surrounded by French flags and flowers, in front of the Hôtel de Ville, where thousands filed past to mourn him[12] – less than two months before the Liberation of Paris.
References edit
- ^ Hellman, J., The Knight-Monks of Vichy France, Uriage, 1940-45. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1997, pp. 192-319. ISBN 0-85323-742-5
- ^ Chadwick, K. (2003) 'A Broad Church: French Catholics and National-Socialist Germany' In Atkin, N. & Tallett, F. (ed). The Right in France: From Revolution to Le Pen. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, p. 224. ISBN 1-86064-916-5
- ^ Chadwick, p. 224.
- ^ a b c d Chadwick, p. 225.
- ^ a b Hellman, p. 192.
- ^ 6 World War II Propaganda Broadcasters, History.com. Accessed 29 April 2022.
- ^ Philippe Henriot and the Last Act of Vichy: Radio Broadcasts, January-June 1944 UK Research and Innovation, gtr.ukri.org. Accessed 29 April 2022.
- ^ Hellman, pp. 192-193.
- ^ Chadwick, pp. 224-225.
- ^ "VICHY TRAITOR SHOT DEAD". Goulburn Evening Post. New South Wales, Australia. 29 June 1944. p. 1 (Daily and Evening). Retrieved 1 December 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ Hellman, p.193.
- ^ Henriot funeral video clip on YouTube
External links edit
- Website Philippe Henriot
- Newspaper clippings about Philippe Henriot in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW