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Philip III of France

December 02, 2023

"Philippe III" redirects here. For other people, see Philippe III de Croÿ and Philippe III, Duke of Orléans.

Philip III (1 May 1245 – 5 October 1285), called the Bold[a] (French: le Hardi), was King of France from 1270 until his death in 1285. His father, Louis IX, died in Tunis during the Eighth Crusade. Philip, who was accompanying him, returned to France and was anointed king at Reims in 1271.

Philip III
Coronation of King Philip III
King of France
(more...)
Reign25 August 1270 – 5 October 1285
Coronation15 August 1271
PredecessorLouis IX
SuccessorPhilip IV
Born1 May 1245
Poissy
Died5 October 1285(1285-10-05) (aged 40)
Perpignan
Burial
Initially Narbonne, later Saint Denis Basilica
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1262; died 1271)​
​
(m. 1274)​
Issue
HouseCapet
FatherLouis IX of France
MotherMargaret of Provence

Philip inherited numerous territorial lands during his reign, the most notable being the County of Toulouse, which was annexed to the royal domain in 1271. With the Treaty of Orléans, he expanded French influence into the Kingdom of Navarre and following the death of his brother Peter during the Sicilian Vespers, the County of Alençon was returned to the crown lands.

Following the Sicilian Vespers, Philip led the Aragonese Crusade in support of his uncle. Initially successful, Philip, his army racked with sickness, was forced to retreat and died from dysentery in Perpignan in 1285 at the age of 40. He was succeeded by his son Philip IV.

Early life edit

Philip was born in Poissy on 1 May 1245,[3] the second son of King Louis IX of France and Margaret of Provence.[4] As a younger son, Philip was not expected to rule France. At the death of his older brother Louis in 1260, he became the heir apparent to the throne.[5]

Philip's mother Margaret made him promise to remain under her tutelage until the age of 30; however, Pope Urban IV released him from this oath on 6 June 1263.[6] From that moment on, Pierre de la Broce, a royal favourite and household official of Louis IX, was Philip's mentor.[7] His father, Louis, also provided him with advice, writing in particular the Enseignements, which inculcated the notion of justice as the first duty of a king.[8]

According to the terms of the Treaty of Corbeil (1258), concluded on 11 March 1258 between Louis IX and James I of Aragon,[9] Philip was married in 1262 to Isabella of Aragon in Clermont by the archbishop of Rouen, Eudes Rigaud.[10]

Crusade edit

 
Philip (on horseback) has his father's remains returned to France. Late 15th century illuminated manuscript

As Count of Orléans, Philip accompanied his father on the Eighth Crusade to Tunis in 1270. Shortly before his departure, Louis IX had given the regency of the kingdom into the hands of Mathieu de Vendôme and Simon II, Count of Clermont, to whom he had also entrusted the royal seal.[11] After taking Carthage, the army was struck by an epidemic of dysentery, which spared neither Philip nor his family. His brother John Tristan, Count of Valois died first, on 3 August,[12] and on 25 August the King died.[b][13] To prevent putrefaction of his remains, it was decided to carry out mos Teutonicus, the process of rendering the flesh from the bones so as to make transporting the remains feasible.[14]

Philip, only 25 years old and stricken with dysentery, was proclaimed king in Tunis.[15] His uncle, Charles I of Naples, negotiated with Muhammad I al-Mustansir, Hafsid Caliph of Tunis.[16] A treaty was concluded 5 November 1270 between the kings of France, Sicily and Navarre and the Caliph of Tunis.[17]

Other deaths followed this debacle. In December, in Trapani, Sicily, Philip's brother-in-law, King Theobald II of Navarre, died.[18] He was followed in February by Philip's wife, Isabella, who fell off her horse while pregnant with their fifth child.[19] She died in Cozenza (Calabria).[19] In April, Theobald's widow and Philip's sister, Isabella, also died.[20]

Philip III arrived in Paris on 21 May 1271, and paid tribute to the deceased.[21] The next day the funeral of his father was held.[22] The new sovereign was crowned king of France in Reims on 15 August 1271.[23]

Reign edit

Philip maintained most of his father's domestic policies.[24] This included the royal ordinances passed against seigneurial warfare by his father in 1258, which he reinforced by passing his own ordinance in October 1274.[25] Philip followed in his father's footsteps concerning Jews in France,[26] claiming piety as his motivation.[27] Upon his return to Paris 23 September 1271, Philip reenacted his father's order that Jews wear badges.[28] His charter in 1283 banned the construction and repair of synagogues and Jewish cemeteries,[29] banned Jews from employing Christians, and sought to restrain Jewish strepiti (chanting too loudly[30]).[31]

On 21 August 1271, Philip's uncle, Alphonse, Count of Poitiers and Toulouse, died childless in Savona.[32] Philip inherited Alphonse's lands and united them with the royal domain. This inheritance included a portion of Auvergne, later the Duchy of Auvergne and the Agenais. In accordance with the wishes of Alphonse, Philip granted the Comtat Venaissin to Pope Gregory X in 1274.[33] Several years later the Treaty of Amiens (1279) with King Edward I restored Agenais to the English.[33]

On 19 September 1271, Philip commanded the Seneschal of Toulouse to record oaths of loyalty from nobles and town councils.[32] The following year, Roger-Bernard III, Count of Foix, invaded the County of Toulouse, killed several royal officials,[32] and captured the town of Sombuy.[34] Philip's royal seneschal, Eustache de Beaumarchès, led a counter-attack into the County of Foix, until ordered by Philip to withdraw.[32] Philip and his army arrived at Toulouse on 25 May 1272,[32] and on 1 June at Boulbonne met James I of Aragon, who attempted to mediate the issue, but this was rejected by Roger-Bernard.[34] Philip then proceeded on a campaign to devastate and depopulate the County of Foix.[35] By 5 June Roger-Bernard had surrendered, was incarcerated at Carcassonne,[34] and placed in chains.[35] Philip imprisoned him for a year, but then freed him and restored his lands.[36]

Treaty with Navarre edit

Following the death of King Henry I of Navarre in 1274, Alfonso X of Castile attempted to gain the crown of Navarre from Henry's heiress, Joan.[37] Ferdinand de la Cerda, the son of Alfonso X, arrived at Viana with an army. At the same time, Alfonso sought papal approval for a marriage between one of his grandsons and Joan.[37] Henry's widow, Blanche of Artois, was also receiving marriage proposals for Joan from England and Aragon.[37] Faced with an invading army and foreign proposals, Blanche sought assistance from her cousin, Philip.[37] Philip saw a territorial gain, while Joan would have the military assistance to protect her kingdom.[38] The Treaty of Orléans of 1275, between Philip and Blanche, arranged the marriage between a son of Philip (Louis or Philip) and Blanche's daughter, Joan.[38] The treaty indicated that Navarre would be administered from Paris by appointed governors.[38] By May 1276, French governors were traveling throughout Navarre collecting oaths of fealty to the young Queen.[39] The Navarrese populace, unhappy with the pro-French treaty and French governors, formed two rebellious factions, one pro-Castilian, the other pro-Aragonese.[39]

Navarrese revolt edit

In September 1276, Philip, faced with open rebellion, sent Robert II, Count of Artois to Pamplona with an army.[40] Philip arrived in Bearn in November 1276 with another army, by which time Robert had pacified the situation and extracted oaths of homage from Navarrese nobles and castellans.[41] Despite the revolt being quickly pacified, it was not until the spring of 1277 that the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon renounced their intentions of matrimony.[41] Philip received a formal rebuke from Pope Nicholas III for the damage inflicted throughout Navarre.[41]

Sicilian Vespers edit

Main article: War of the Sicilian Vespers

In 1282, Sicily rose in revolt against King Charles I of Naples,[42] Philip's uncle. Angered by years of heavy taxation, Sicilian mobs massacred many Angevins and French. King Peter III of Aragon subsequently landed on Sicily in support of the rebels,[43] claiming the crown of Sicily for himself. The success of the rebellion and invasion led to the coronation of Peter as king of Sicily on 4 September 1282.[44] Pope Martin IV excommunicated Peter and declared his kingdom forfeit.[45] Martin then granted Aragon to Philip's son, Charles, Count of Valois.[46] Philip's brother, Peter, Count of Perche, who had joined Charles to suppress the rebellion, was killed in Reggio Calabria.[47] He died without issue and the County of Alençon returned to the royal domain in 1286.[48]

 
Marriage of Philip and Marie of Brabant, Queen of France

Aragonese Crusade and death edit

Main article: Aragonese Crusade

Philip, at the urging of his wife, Marie of Brabant, and his uncle, Charles of Naples, launched a war against the Kingdom of Aragon.[49] The war took the name "Aragonese Crusade" from its papal sanction; nevertheless, one historian labelled it "perhaps the most unjust, unnecessary and calamitous enterprise ever undertaken by the Capetian monarchy."[50] Philip, accompanied by his sons, entered Roussillon at the head of a large army.[51] By 26 June 1285, he had entrenched his army before Girona and besieged the city.[51] Despite strong resistance, Philip took Girona on 7 September 1285.[51] Philip quickly experienced a reversal, as an epidemic of dysentery hit the French camp[51] and afflicted Philip personally. The French had started a withdrawal when the Aragonese attacked and easily defeated the former at the Battle of the Col de Panissars on 1 October.[52] Philip died of dysentery in Perpignan on 5 October 1285.[49] His son, Philip the Fair, succeeded him as king of France. Following the mos Teutonicus custom, his body was divided in several parts, each buried in different places; the flesh was sent to the Narbonne Cathedral, the entrails to La Noë Abbey in Normandy, his heart to the now-demolished Church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris and his bones to Basilica of Saint-Denis, north of Paris.[53]

Marriage and children edit

On 28 May 1262, Philip married Isabella, daughter of King James I of Aragon and his second wife Yolande of Hungary.[54] They had the following children:

  1. Louis (1264 – May 1276).[55]
  2. Philip IV of France (1268 – 29 November 1314), his successor, married Joan I of Navarre[56]
  3. Robert (1269–1271)[57]
  4. Charles, Count of Valois (12 March 1270 – 16 December 1325),[58] Count of Valois from 1284, married first to Margaret of Naples (Countess of Anjou) in 1290, second to Catherine I of Courtenay in 1302, and last to Mahaut of Chatillon in 1308
  5. Stillborn son (1271)[59]

After the death of Queen Isabella, he married on 21 August 1274 Marie,[54] daughter of the late Henry III, Duke of Brabant, and Adelaide of Burgundy, Duchess of Brabant.[60] Their children were:

  1. Louis, Count of Évreux (May 1276 – 19 May 1319), Count of Évreux from 1298,[58] married Margaret of Artois[61]
  2. Blanche of France, Duchess of Austria (1278 – 19 March 1305, Vienna), married Duke, the future king Rudolf I of Bohemia and Poland, on 25 May 1300.[61]
  3. Margaret of France, Queen of England (1282 – 14 February 1318), married King Edward I of England on 8 September 1299[62]

Legacy edit

During Philip's reign the royal domain expanded, acquiring the County of Guînes in 1281,[63] the County of Toulouse in 1271, the County of Alençon in 1286, the Duchy of Auvergne in 1271, and through the marriage of his son Philip, the Kingdom of Navarre.[38] He largely continued his father's policies and left his father's administrators in place. His attempt to conquer Aragon nearly bankrupted the French monarchy, causing financial challenges for his successor.[64]

Review from Dante edit

In the Divine Comedy, the Italian poet Dante envisions the spirit of Philip outside the gates of Purgatory with a number of other contemporary European rulers. Dante does not name Philip directly, but refers to him as "the small-nosed"[65] and "the father of the Pest of France," a reference to King Philip IV of France.[66]


Notes edit

  1. ^ Hallam states Philip gained his nickname sometime before 1300, due to his prowess in Tunis or Spain.[1] Bradbury states it was Philip's distinct policies and how he implemented them that gained him his nickname.[2]
  2. ^ The disease in question was either dysentery or typhus.[13]

References edit

  1. ^ Hallam 1980, p. 275.
  2. ^ Bradbury 2007, p. 237.
  3. ^ Richard 1992, p. 65.
  4. ^ Richard 1992, p. xxiv.
  5. ^ Field 2019, p. 77.
  6. ^ Hallam 1980, p. 223.
  7. ^ Gil 2006, p. 88.
  8. ^ Le Goff 2009, p. 330.
  9. ^ Sivery 2003, p. 35.
  10. ^ Ward 2016, p. 132.
  11. ^ Richard 1992, p. 327.
  12. ^ Richard 1992, p. 325.
  13. ^ a b Riley-Smith 2005, pp. 210–211.
  14. ^ Westerhof 2008, p. 79.
  15. ^ Giesey 2004, p. 242.
  16. ^ Tyerman 2019, p. 368.
  17. ^ Lower 2018, pp. 134–135.
  18. ^ Peter of Ickham 1865, p. 296.
  19. ^ a b Brown 1978, p. 149.
  20. ^ Evergates 1999, p. 86.
  21. ^ Bradbury 2007, p. 235.
  22. ^ Sivery 2003, p. 74.
  23. ^ Sivery 2003, pp. 109–110.
  24. ^ Fawtier 1989, p. 34.
  25. ^ Firnhaber-Baker 2014, p. 185.
  26. ^ Stow 2006, p. 95.
  27. ^ Chazan 1980, p. 185.
  28. ^ Chazan 2019, p. 155.
  29. ^ Chazan 1980, p. 186.
  30. ^ Chazan 2019, p. 169.
  31. ^ Stow 2006, p. 94.
  32. ^ a b c d e Biller, Bruschi & Sneddon 2011, p. 42.
  33. ^ a b Sivery 2003, p. 106.
  34. ^ a b c Sibley & Sibley 2003, p. 123.
  35. ^ a b Biller, Bruschi & Sneddon 2011, pp. 42–43.
  36. ^ Sibley & Sibley 2003, p. 6.
  37. ^ a b c d Woodacre 2013, p. 28.
  38. ^ a b c d Woodacre 2013, p. 29.
  39. ^ a b Woodacre 2013, p. 30.
  40. ^ Woodacre 2013, pp. 30–31.
  41. ^ a b c Woodacre 2013, p. 31.
  42. ^ Runciman 2000, pp. 205–209.
  43. ^ Sammartino & Roberts 1992, p. 71.
  44. ^ Aurell 2020, p. 246.
  45. ^ Bradbury 2007, p. 239.
  46. ^ Runciman 2000, p. 243.
  47. ^ Runciman 2000, p. 232.
  48. ^ Wood 1966, p. 30.
  49. ^ a b Fawtier 1989, p. 35.
  50. ^ Chaytor 1933, p. 105.
  51. ^ a b c d Hallam 1980, p. 356.
  52. ^ Sivery 2003, p. 279.
  53. ^ Jordan 2009, p. 213.
  54. ^ a b Earenfight 2013, p. 158.
  55. ^ Bradbury 2007, p. 238.
  56. ^ Woodacre 2013, p. xviii.
  57. ^ Field 2019, p. 78.
  58. ^ a b Henneman 1971, p. xvii.
  59. ^ Brown 1978, p. 179.
  60. ^ Dunbabin 2011, p. xiv.
  61. ^ a b Morrison & Hedeman 2010, p. 4.
  62. ^ Prestwich 2007, p. 27.
  63. ^ Hallam 1980, p. 384.
  64. ^ Sumption 1990, p. 24.
  65. ^ de Pontfarcy 2010, p. 691.
  66. ^ Alighieri 1920, pp. 52–53.

Sources edit

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  • Aurell, Jaume (2020). Medieval Self-Coronations: The History and Symbolism of a Ritual. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-10884-024-8.
  • Biller, Peter; Bruschi, C.; Sneddon, S., eds. (2011). Inquisitors and Heretics in Thirteenth-Century Languedoc: Edition and Translation of Toulouse Inquisition Depositions, 1273–1282. Brill. ISBN 978-9-00418-810-5.
  • Bradbury, Jim (2007). The Capetians: Kings of France 987–1328. Continuum. ISBN 978-1-85285-528-4.
  • Brown, Elizabeth A. R. (1978). The Monarchy of Capetian France and Royal Ceremonial. Variorum Reprints. ISBN 978-0-86078-279-7.
  • Chaytor, H.J. (1933). A History of Aragon and Catalonia. Methuen Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-59855-967-8.
  • Chazan, Robert, ed. (1980). Church, State, and Jew in the Middle Ages. Behrman House, Inc. ISBN 0-8744-1302-8.
  • Chazan, Robert (2019). Medieval Jewry in Northern France: A Political and Social History. The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-42143-065-2.
  • Dunbabin, Jean (2011). The French in the Kingdom of Sicily, 1266–1305. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52119-878-3.
  • Earenfight, Theresa (2013). Queenship in Medieval Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-23027-645-1.
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  • Fawtier, Robert (1989). Capetian Kings of France: Monarchy and Nation, 987–1328 (17th ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-33308-721-3.
  • Field, Sean L. (2019). Courting Sanctity: Holy Women and the Capetians. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-50173-619-3.
  • Firnhaber-Baker, Justine (2014). Violence and the State in Languedoc, 1250–1400. Cambridge University Press.
  • Giesey, Ralph E. (2004). Rulership in France, 15th–17th Centuries. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-86078-920-8.
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  • de Pontfarcy, Yolanda (2010). "Philip III". In Lansing, Richard (ed.). The Dante Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41587-611-7.
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External links edit

Philip III of France
Born: 1 May 1245 Died: 5 October 1285
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of France
25 August 1270 – 5 October 1285 		Succeeded by

December 02, 2023
philip, france, philippe, redirects, here, other, people, philippe, croÿ, philippe, duke, orléans, philip, 1245, october, 1285, called, bold, french, hardi, king, france, from, 1270, until, death, 1285, father, louis, died, tunis, during, eighth, crusade, phil. Philippe III redirects here For other people see Philippe III de Croy and Philippe III Duke of Orleans Philip III 1 May 1245 5 October 1285 called the Bold a French le Hardi was King of France from 1270 until his death in 1285 His father Louis IX died in Tunis during the Eighth Crusade Philip who was accompanying him returned to France and was anointed king at Reims in 1271 Philip IIICoronation of King Philip IIIKing of France more Reign25 August 1270 5 October 1285Coronation15 August 1271PredecessorLouis IXSuccessorPhilip IVBorn1 May 1245PoissyDied5 October 1285 1285 10 05 aged 40 PerpignanBurialInitially Narbonne later Saint Denis BasilicaSpousesIsabella of Aragon m 1262 died 1271 wbr Maria of Brabant m 1274 wbr IssueLouis Philip IV King of France Charles Count of Valois Louis Count of Evreux Blanche Duchess of Austria Margaret Queen of EnglandHouseCapetFatherLouis IX of FranceMotherMargaret of ProvencePhilip inherited numerous territorial lands during his reign the most notable being the County of Toulouse which was annexed to the royal domain in 1271 With the Treaty of Orleans he expanded French influence into the Kingdom of Navarre and following the death of his brother Peter during the Sicilian Vespers the County of Alencon was returned to the crown lands Following the Sicilian Vespers Philip led the Aragonese Crusade in support of his uncle Initially successful Philip his army racked with sickness was forced to retreat and died from dysentery in Perpignan in 1285 at the age of 40 He was succeeded by his son Philip IV Contents 1 Early life 2 Crusade 3 Reign 4 Treaty with Navarre 4 1 Navarrese revolt 5 Sicilian Vespers 5 1 Aragonese Crusade and death 6 Marriage and children 7 Legacy 8 Review from Dante 9 Notes 10 References 11 Sources 12 External linksEarly life editPhilip was born in Poissy on 1 May 1245 3 the second son of King Louis IX of France and Margaret of Provence 4 As a younger son Philip was not expected to rule France At the death of his older brother Louis in 1260 he became the heir apparent to the throne 5 Philip s mother Margaret made him promise to remain under her tutelage until the age of 30 however Pope Urban IV released him from this oath on 6 June 1263 6 From that moment on Pierre de la Broce a royal favourite and household official of Louis IX was Philip s mentor 7 His father Louis also provided him with advice writing in particular the Enseignements which inculcated the notion of justice as the first duty of a king 8 According to the terms of the Treaty of Corbeil 1258 concluded on 11 March 1258 between Louis IX and James I of Aragon 9 Philip was married in 1262 to Isabella of Aragon in Clermont by the archbishop of Rouen Eudes Rigaud 10 Crusade edit nbsp Philip on horseback has his father s remains returned to France Late 15th century illuminated manuscriptAs Count of Orleans Philip accompanied his father on the Eighth Crusade to Tunis in 1270 Shortly before his departure Louis IX had given the regency of the kingdom into the hands of Mathieu de Vendome and Simon II Count of Clermont to whom he had also entrusted the royal seal 11 After taking Carthage the army was struck by an epidemic of dysentery which spared neither Philip nor his family His brother John Tristan Count of Valois died first on 3 August 12 and on 25 August the King died b 13 To prevent putrefaction of his remains it was decided to carry out mos Teutonicus the process of rendering the flesh from the bones so as to make transporting the remains feasible 14 Philip only 25 years old and stricken with dysentery was proclaimed king in Tunis 15 His uncle Charles I of Naples negotiated with Muhammad I al Mustansir Hafsid Caliph of Tunis 16 A treaty was concluded 5 November 1270 between the kings of France Sicily and Navarre and the Caliph of Tunis 17 Other deaths followed this debacle In December in Trapani Sicily Philip s brother in law King Theobald II of Navarre died 18 He was followed in February by Philip s wife Isabella who fell off her horse while pregnant with their fifth child 19 She died in Cozenza Calabria 19 In April Theobald s widow and Philip s sister Isabella also died 20 Philip III arrived in Paris on 21 May 1271 and paid tribute to the deceased 21 The next day the funeral of his father was held 22 The new sovereign was crowned king of France in Reims on 15 August 1271 23 Reign editPhilip maintained most of his father s domestic policies 24 This included the royal ordinances passed against seigneurial warfare by his father in 1258 which he reinforced by passing his own ordinance in October 1274 25 Philip followed in his father s footsteps concerning Jews in France 26 claiming piety as his motivation 27 Upon his return to Paris 23 September 1271 Philip reenacted his father s order that Jews wear badges 28 His charter in 1283 banned the construction and repair of synagogues and Jewish cemeteries 29 banned Jews from employing Christians and sought to restrain Jewish strepiti chanting too loudly 30 31 On 21 August 1271 Philip s uncle Alphonse Count of Poitiers and Toulouse died childless in Savona 32 Philip inherited Alphonse s lands and united them with the royal domain This inheritance included a portion of Auvergne later the Duchy of Auvergne and the Agenais In accordance with the wishes of Alphonse Philip granted the Comtat Venaissin to Pope Gregory X in 1274 33 Several years later the Treaty of Amiens 1279 with King Edward I restored Agenais to the English 33 On 19 September 1271 Philip commanded the Seneschal of Toulouse to record oaths of loyalty from nobles and town councils 32 The following year Roger Bernard III Count of Foix invaded the County of Toulouse killed several royal officials 32 and captured the town of Sombuy 34 Philip s royal seneschal Eustache de Beaumarches led a counter attack into the County of Foix until ordered by Philip to withdraw 32 Philip and his army arrived at Toulouse on 25 May 1272 32 and on 1 June at Boulbonne met James I of Aragon who attempted to mediate the issue but this was rejected by Roger Bernard 34 Philip then proceeded on a campaign to devastate and depopulate the County of Foix 35 By 5 June Roger Bernard had surrendered was incarcerated at Carcassonne 34 and placed in chains 35 Philip imprisoned him for a year but then freed him and restored his lands 36 Treaty with Navarre editFollowing the death of King Henry I of Navarre in 1274 Alfonso X of Castile attempted to gain the crown of Navarre from Henry s heiress Joan 37 Ferdinand de la Cerda the son of Alfonso X arrived at Viana with an army At the same time Alfonso sought papal approval for a marriage between one of his grandsons and Joan 37 Henry s widow Blanche of Artois was also receiving marriage proposals for Joan from England and Aragon 37 Faced with an invading army and foreign proposals Blanche sought assistance from her cousin Philip 37 Philip saw a territorial gain while Joan would have the military assistance to protect her kingdom 38 The Treaty of Orleans of 1275 between Philip and Blanche arranged the marriage between a son of Philip Louis or Philip and Blanche s daughter Joan 38 The treaty indicated that Navarre would be administered from Paris by appointed governors 38 By May 1276 French governors were traveling throughout Navarre collecting oaths of fealty to the young Queen 39 The Navarrese populace unhappy with the pro French treaty and French governors formed two rebellious factions one pro Castilian the other pro Aragonese 39 Navarrese revolt edit In September 1276 Philip faced with open rebellion sent Robert II Count of Artois to Pamplona with an army 40 Philip arrived in Bearn in November 1276 with another army by which time Robert had pacified the situation and extracted oaths of homage from Navarrese nobles and castellans 41 Despite the revolt being quickly pacified it was not until the spring of 1277 that the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon renounced their intentions of matrimony 41 Philip received a formal rebuke from Pope Nicholas III for the damage inflicted throughout Navarre 41 Sicilian Vespers editMain article War of the Sicilian Vespers In 1282 Sicily rose in revolt against King Charles I of Naples 42 Philip s uncle Angered by years of heavy taxation Sicilian mobs massacred many Angevins and French King Peter III of Aragon subsequently landed on Sicily in support of the rebels 43 claiming the crown of Sicily for himself The success of the rebellion and invasion led to the coronation of Peter as king of Sicily on 4 September 1282 44 Pope Martin IV excommunicated Peter and declared his kingdom forfeit 45 Martin then granted Aragon to Philip s son Charles Count of Valois 46 Philip s brother Peter Count of Perche who had joined Charles to suppress the rebellion was killed in Reggio Calabria 47 He died without issue and the County of Alencon returned to the royal domain in 1286 48 nbsp Marriage of Philip and Marie of Brabant Queen of FranceAragonese Crusade and death edit Main article Aragonese Crusade Philip at the urging of his wife Marie of Brabant and his uncle Charles of Naples launched a war against the Kingdom of Aragon 49 The war took the name Aragonese Crusade from its papal sanction nevertheless one historian labelled it perhaps the most unjust unnecessary and calamitous enterprise ever undertaken by the Capetian monarchy 50 Philip accompanied by his sons entered Roussillon at the head of a large army 51 By 26 June 1285 he had entrenched his army before Girona and besieged the city 51 Despite strong resistance Philip took Girona on 7 September 1285 51 Philip quickly experienced a reversal as an epidemic of dysentery hit the French camp 51 and afflicted Philip personally The French had started a withdrawal when the Aragonese attacked and easily defeated the former at the Battle of the Col de Panissars on 1 October 52 Philip died of dysentery in Perpignan on 5 October 1285 49 His son Philip the Fair succeeded him as king of France Following the mos Teutonicus custom his body was divided in several parts each buried in different places the flesh was sent to the Narbonne Cathedral the entrails to La Noe Abbey in Normandy his heart to the now demolished Church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris and his bones to Basilica of Saint Denis north of Paris 53 Marriage and children editOn 28 May 1262 Philip married Isabella daughter of King James I of Aragon and his second wife Yolande of Hungary 54 They had the following children Louis 1264 May 1276 55 Philip IV of France 1268 29 November 1314 his successor married Joan I of Navarre 56 Robert 1269 1271 57 Charles Count of Valois 12 March 1270 16 December 1325 58 Count of Valois from 1284 married first to Margaret of Naples Countess of Anjou in 1290 second to Catherine I of Courtenay in 1302 and last to Mahaut of Chatillon in 1308 Stillborn son 1271 59 After the death of Queen Isabella he married on 21 August 1274 Marie 54 daughter of the late Henry III Duke of Brabant and Adelaide of Burgundy Duchess of Brabant 60 Their children were Louis Count of Evreux May 1276 19 May 1319 Count of Evreux from 1298 58 married Margaret of Artois 61 Blanche of France Duchess of Austria 1278 19 March 1305 Vienna married Duke the future king Rudolf I of Bohemia and Poland on 25 May 1300 61 Margaret of France Queen of England 1282 14 February 1318 married King Edward I of England on 8 September 1299 62 Legacy editDuring Philip s reign the royal domain expanded acquiring the County of Guines in 1281 63 the County of Toulouse in 1271 the County of Alencon in 1286 the Duchy of Auvergne in 1271 and through the marriage of his son Philip the Kingdom of Navarre 38 He largely continued his father s policies and left his father s administrators in place His attempt to conquer Aragon nearly bankrupted the French monarchy causing financial challenges for his successor 64 nbsp Biography portalReview from Dante editIn the Divine Comedy the Italian poet Dante envisions the spirit of Philip outside the gates of Purgatory with a number of other contemporary European rulers Dante does not name Philip directly but refers to him as the small nosed 65 and the father of the Pest of France a reference to King Philip IV of France 66 vteRoyal families involved in the Hundred Years War 1337 1453 Valois Capet Evreux Capet PlantagenetBloisCapetCharlesCount of ValoisLouisCount of EvreuxEdward I Longshanks King of Englandr 1272 1307Joan IQueen of Navarrer 1274 1305Philip IV the Fair King of Francer 1285 1314 Philip IKing of Navarrer 1284 1305Edward IIKing of Englandr 1307 1327Isabella She Wolf of France Louis XKing of Francer 1314 1316 Louis IKing of Navarrer 1305 1316Philip V the Tall King of FrancePhilip IIKing of Navarrer 1316 1322Charles IV the Fair King of FranceCharles I the Bald King of Navarrer 1322 1328Philip VI the Fortunate of Valois King of Francer 1328 1350Joan of ValoisPhilip III the Noble the Wise King of Navarre jure uxorisr 1328 1343Joan IIQueen of Navarrer 1328 1349John I the Posthumous King of FranceKing of Navarrer 1316Joan of BurgundyJohn II the Good King of Francer 1350 1364Philippa of HainaultEdward IIIKing of Englandr 1327 1377Joan of the TowerDavid IIKing of Scotlandr 1329 1371Charles II the Bad King of Navarrer 1349 1387Philip of BurgundyCount of AuvergneCharles V the Wise King of Francer 1364 1380Philip the BoldDuke of BurgundyEdward of Woodstock The Black Prince John of GauntEdmund of LangleyDuke of YorkLuxembourgCharles VI the Beloved the Mad King of Francer 1380 1422Louis IDuke of OrleansCharles IVHoly Roman Emperorr 1355 1378Henry IVKing of Englandr 1399 1413Charles VII the Victorious King of Francer 1422 1461Isabella of ValoisRichard IIKing of Englandr 1377 1399Anne of BohemiaCatherine of ValoisHenry VKing of Englandr 1413 1422Thomas of LancasterDuke of Clarence Battle of BaugeHenry VIKing of Englandr 1422 1461 r 1470 1471Notes edit Hallam states Philip gained his nickname sometime before 1300 due to his prowess in Tunis or Spain 1 Bradbury states it was Philip s distinct policies and how he implemented them that gained him his nickname 2 The disease in question was either dysentery or typhus 13 References edit Hallam 1980 p 275 Bradbury 2007 p 237 Richard 1992 p 65 Richard 1992 p xxiv Field 2019 p 77 Hallam 1980 p 223 Gil 2006 p 88 Le Goff 2009 p 330 Sivery 2003 p 35 Ward 2016 p 132 Richard 1992 p 327 Richard 1992 p 325 a b Riley Smith 2005 pp 210 211 Westerhof 2008 p 79 Giesey 2004 p 242 Tyerman 2019 p 368 Lower 2018 pp 134 135 Peter of Ickham 1865 p 296 a b Brown 1978 p 149 Evergates 1999 p 86 Bradbury 2007 p 235 Sivery 2003 p 74 Sivery 2003 pp 109 110 Fawtier 1989 p 34 Firnhaber Baker 2014 p 185 Stow 2006 p 95 Chazan 1980 p 185 Chazan 2019 p 155 Chazan 1980 p 186 Chazan 2019 p 169 Stow 2006 p 94 a b c d e Biller Bruschi amp Sneddon 2011 p 42 a b Sivery 2003 p 106 a b c Sibley amp Sibley 2003 p 123 a b Biller Bruschi amp Sneddon 2011 pp 42 43 Sibley amp Sibley 2003 p 6 a b c d Woodacre 2013 p 28 a b c d Woodacre 2013 p 29 a b Woodacre 2013 p 30 Woodacre 2013 pp 30 31 a b c Woodacre 2013 p 31 Runciman 2000 pp 205 209 Sammartino amp Roberts 1992 p 71 Aurell 2020 p 246 Bradbury 2007 p 239 Runciman 2000 p 243 Runciman 2000 p 232 Wood 1966 p 30 a b Fawtier 1989 p 35 Chaytor 1933 p 105 a b c d Hallam 1980 p 356 Sivery 2003 p 279 Jordan 2009 p 213 a b Earenfight 2013 p 158 Bradbury 2007 p 238 Woodacre 2013 p xviii Field 2019 p 78 a b Henneman 1971 p xvii Brown 1978 p 179 Dunbabin 2011 p xiv a b Morrison amp Hedeman 2010 p 4 Prestwich 2007 p 27 Hallam 1980 p 384 Sumption 1990 p 24 de Pontfarcy 2010 p 691 Alighieri 1920 pp 52 53 Sources editAlighieri Dante 1920 The Divine Comedy Translated by Norton Charles Eliot Houghton Mifflin Company Aurell Jaume 2020 Medieval Self Coronations The History and Symbolism of a Ritual Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 10884 024 8 Biller Peter Bruschi C Sneddon S eds 2011 Inquisitors and Heretics in Thirteenth Century Languedoc Edition and Translation of Toulouse Inquisition Depositions 1273 1282 Brill ISBN 978 9 00418 810 5 Bradbury Jim 2007 The Capetians Kings of France 987 1328 Continuum ISBN 978 1 85285 528 4 Brown Elizabeth A R 1978 The Monarchy of Capetian France and Royal Ceremonial Variorum Reprints ISBN 978 0 86078 279 7 Chaytor H J 1933 A History of Aragon and Catalonia Methuen Publishing Ltd ISBN 978 0 59855 967 8 Chazan Robert ed 1980 Church State and Jew in the Middle Ages Behrman House Inc ISBN 0 8744 1302 8 Chazan Robert 2019 Medieval Jewry in Northern France A Political and Social History The Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 1 42143 065 2 Dunbabin Jean 2011 The French in the Kingdom of Sicily 1266 1305 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 52119 878 3 Earenfight Theresa 2013 Queenship in Medieval Europe Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0 23027 645 1 Evergates Theodore 1999 Aristocratic Women in the County of Champagne In Evergates Theodore ed Aristocratic Women in Medieval France University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 0 8122 3503 7 Fawtier Robert 1989 Capetian Kings of France Monarchy and Nation 987 1328 17th ed Macmillan ISBN 978 0 33308 721 3 Field Sean L 2019 Courting Sanctity Holy Women and the Capetians Cornell University Press ISBN 978 1 50173 619 3 Firnhaber Baker Justine 2014 Violence and the State in Languedoc 1250 1400 Cambridge University Press Giesey Ralph E 2004 Rulership in France 15th 17th Centuries Ashgate ISBN 978 0 86078 920 8 Gil Christiane 2006 Marguerite de Provence epouse de Saint Louis in French Pygmalion ISBN 978 2 75640 000 6 Hallam Elizabeth M 1980 Capetian France 987 1328 Longman ISBN 978 0 58240 428 1 Henneman John Bell 1971 Royal Taxation in Fourteenth Century France The Development of War Financing 1322 1359 Princeton University Press ISBN 0 6910 5188 7 Jordan William Chester 2009 A Tale of Two Monasteries Westminster and Saint Denis in the Thirteenth Century Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 69113 901 2 Le Goff Jacques 2009 Saint Louis University of Notre Dame Press ISBN 978 0 26803 381 1 Lower Michael 2018 The Tunis Crusade of 1270 A Mediterranean History Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19874 432 0 Morrison Elizabeth Hedeman Anne Dawson eds 2010 Imagining the Past in France History in Manuscript Painting 1250 1500 J Paul Getty Museum ISBN 978 1 60606 028 5 Peter of Ickham 1865 c 1218 1237 Glover John ed Le Livere de Reis de Brittanie E Le Livere de Reis de Engleterre Rolls Series in French Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 35785 102 6 OL 20614714M de Pontfarcy Yolanda 2010 Philip III In Lansing Richard ed The Dante Encyclopedia Routledge ISBN 978 0 41587 611 7 Prestwich Michael 2007 Plantagenet England 1225 1360 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19922 687 0 Richard Jean 1992 Lloyd Simon ed Saint Louis Crusader King of France Translated by Birrell Jean Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 52138 156 7 Runciman Steven 2000 The Sicilian Vespers A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 52143 774 5 Riley Smith Jonathan 2005 The Crusades A History Continuum ISBN 978 1 47251 351 9 Sammartino Peter Roberts William 1992 Sicily An Informal History Cornwall Books ISBN 978 0 84534 877 2 Sibley W A Sibley M D 2003 The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens The Albigensian Crusade and Its Aftermath The Boydell Press ISBN 0 8511 5925 7 Sivery Gerard 2003 Philippe III Le Hardi Fayard ISBN 2 2136 1486 5 Stow Kenneth 2006 Jewish Dogs An Image and Its Interpreters Stanford University Press ISBN 978 0 80475 281 7 Sumption Jonathan 1990 The Hundred Years War Trial by Battle Vol I Faber and Faber Limited ISBN 978 0 81221 655 4 Tyerman Christopher 2019 The World of the Crusades Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 30021 739 1 Ward Jennifer 2016 Women in Medieval Europe 1200 1500 2nd ed Routledge ISBN 978 1 13885 568 7 Westerhof Danielle 2008 Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England Boydell Press ISBN 978 1 84383 416 8 Wood Charles T 1966 The French Apanages and the Capetian Monarchy 1224 1328 Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 67432 001 7 Woodacre Elena 2013 The Queens Regnant of Navarre Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 1 13733 914 0 External links edit Philip III of France Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol XVIII 9th ed 1885 p 743 Philip III of FranceHouse of CapetBorn 1 May 1245 Died 5 October 1285Regnal titlesPreceded byLouis IX King of France25 August 1270 5 October 1285 Succeeded byPhilip IV Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Philip III of France amp oldid 1186407023, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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