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Bracketing (phenomenology)

March 14, 2024

For explaining complex phenomena in terms of other simpler or more fundamental phenomena, see Reductionism.

Bracketing (German: Einklammerung; also called phenomenological reduction, transcendental reduction or phenomenological epoché) means looking at a situation and refraining from judgement and bias opinions to wholly understand an experience.[1] The preliminary step in the philosophical movement of phenomenology is describing an act of suspending judgment[2][1] about the natural world to instead focus on analysis of experience. Suspending judgement involves stripping away every connotation and assumption made about an object. Its earliest conception can be traced back to Immanuel Kant who argued that the only reality that one can know is the one each individual experiences in their mind (or Phenomena).  Edmund Husserl, building on Kant’s ideas, first proposed bracketing in 1913, to help better understand another’s phenomena.

Overview edit

Immanuel Kant edit

Though it was formally developed by Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), phenomenology can be understood as an outgrowth of the influential ideas of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). Attempting to resolve some of the key intellectual debates of his era, Kant argued that Noumena (fundamentally unknowable things-in-themselves) must be distinguished from Phenomena (the world as it appears to the mind).[3] Kant, commonly misconceived as arguing that humans cannot have direct access to reality, but only to the contents of their minds, argued rather that what is experienced in the mind is reality to us. Phenomenology grew out of this conception of phenomena and studies the meaning of isolated phenomena as directly connected to our minds. According to The Columbia Encyclopedia, "Modern philosophers have used 'phenomenon' to designate what is apprehended before judgment is applied."[4] This may not be possible if observation is theory laden.

Husserl and Epoché edit

Edmund Husserl included the ideas of Kant in developing his concept of bracketing, also referred to as epoché. Though Husserl likely began developing the method of bracketing around 1906, his book, Ideas, introduced it when it was published in 1913.[5] Husserl reinterpreted and revitalized the epoché of Pyrrhonism as a permanent way of challenging the dogmatic naivete of life in the “natural attitude” and motivating the transformation to theoria, or the theoretical attitude of the disinterested spectator, which is essential both to modern science and to a genuine transcendental philosophy.[6]

Bracketing (or epoché) is a preliminary act in the phenomenological analysis, conceived by Husserl as the suspension of the trust in the objectivity of the world.[7][8] It involves setting aside the question of the real existence of a contemplated object, as well as all other questions about the object's physical or objective nature; these questions are left to the natural sciences.[9][10]

For example, the act of seeing a horse qualifies as an experience, whether one sees the horse in person, in a dream, or in a hallucination. 'Bracketing' the horse suspends any judgement about the horse as noumenon, and instead analyses the phenomenon of the horse as constituted in intentional acts.

Bracketing may also be understood in terms of the phenomenological activity. It is supposed to make possible: the "unpacking" of phenomena, or, in other words, systematically peeling away their symbolic meanings like layers of an onion until only the thing itself as meant and experienced remains. Thus, one's subjective intending of the bracketed phenomenon is examined and analyzed in phenomenological purity.

Additionally, Husserl differentiated two types of bracketing which he called universal epoché and local epoché.[5] Universal epoché requires the suspension of assumptions regarding all aspects of existence. Local epoché can be understood as the suspension of assumptions regarding a certain set of particular assumptions, presumably pertaining to whatever is being examined. Husserl viewed universal epoché as stronger than local epoché.[5] To return to the example of the horse, applying local epoché would include suspending all prior assumptions regarding that particular horse, such as its appearance or temperament. Applying universal epoché in this example would likely mean suspending all assumptions regarding all horses or even all animals or all forms of life in general.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Frogstuff (2011-05-07). "Bracketing and Phenomenological Reduction". Phenomenology Research. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
  2. ^ Crawford, Lindsay (December 2022). "Suspending Judgment is Something You Do". Episteme. 19 (4): 561–577. doi:10.1017/epi.2022.40. ISSN 1742-3600.
  3. ^ "On the principles of the form of the sensible world", Theoretical Philosophy, 1755–1770, Cambridge University Press, pp. 391–400, 1992-09-25, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511840180.047, ISBN 978-0-521-39214-3, retrieved 2021-03-10
  4. ^ "Phenomenon". The Columbia Encyclopedia. 2008.
  5. ^ a b c Beyer, Christian (2020), "Edmund Husserl", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2020-12-03
  6. ^ Moran, Dermot. "Husserl and the Greeks". Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, 30 Sep 2020, p. 19. doi:10.1080/00071773.2020.1821579
  7. ^ Farina, Gabriella (2014). Some reflections on the phenomenological method. Dialogues in Philosophy, Mental and Neuro Sciences, 7(2):50–62.
  8. ^ "Husserl, Edmund | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  9. ^ Husserl, Edmund (1977). Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-9400999978. OCLC 851394087.
  10. ^ "Epochē | philosophy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-03-23.

References edit

  • Creswell, J.W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design. Sage, Thousand Oaks (CA).
  • Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Sage, Thousand Oaks (CA).

External links edit

March 14, 2024
bracketing, phenomenology, explaining, complex, phenomena, terms, other, simpler, more, fundamental, phenomena, reductionism, bracketing, german, einklammerung, also, called, phenomenological, reduction, transcendental, reduction, phenomenological, epoché, mea. For explaining complex phenomena in terms of other simpler or more fundamental phenomena see Reductionism Bracketing German Einklammerung also called phenomenological reduction transcendental reduction or phenomenological epoche means looking at a situation and refraining from judgement and bias opinions to wholly understand an experience 1 The preliminary step in the philosophical movement of phenomenology is describing an act of suspending judgment 2 1 about the natural world to instead focus on analysis of experience Suspending judgement involves stripping away every connotation and assumption made about an object Its earliest conception can be traced back to Immanuel Kant who argued that the only reality that one can know is the one each individual experiences in their mind or Phenomena Edmund Husserl building on Kant s ideas first proposed bracketing in 1913 to help better understand another s phenomena Contents 1 Overview 1 1 Immanuel Kant 1 2 Husserl and Epoche 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External linksOverview editImmanuel Kant edit Though it was formally developed by Edmund Husserl 1859 1938 phenomenology can be understood as an outgrowth of the influential ideas of Immanuel Kant 1724 1804 Attempting to resolve some of the key intellectual debates of his era Kant argued that Noumena fundamentally unknowable things in themselves must be distinguished from Phenomena the world as it appears to the mind 3 Kant commonly misconceived as arguing that humans cannot have direct access to reality but only to the contents of their minds argued rather that what is experienced in the mind is reality to us Phenomenology grew out of this conception of phenomena and studies the meaning of isolated phenomena as directly connected to our minds According to The Columbia Encyclopedia Modern philosophers have used phenomenon to designate what is apprehended before judgment is applied 4 This may not be possible if observation is theory laden Husserl and Epoche edit Edmund Husserl included the ideas of Kant in developing his concept of bracketing also referred to as epoche Though Husserl likely began developing the method of bracketing around 1906 his book Ideas introduced it when it was published in 1913 5 Husserl reinterpreted and revitalized the epoche of Pyrrhonism as a permanent way of challenging the dogmatic naivete of life in the natural attitude and motivating the transformation to theoria or the theoretical attitude of the disinterested spectator which is essential both to modern science and to a genuine transcendental philosophy 6 Bracketing or epoche is a preliminary act in the phenomenological analysis conceived by Husserl as the suspension of the trust in the objectivity of the world 7 8 It involves setting aside the question of the real existence of a contemplated object as well as all other questions about the object s physical or objective nature these questions are left to the natural sciences 9 10 For example the act of seeing a horse qualifies as an experience whether one sees the horse in person in a dream or in a hallucination Bracketing the horse suspends any judgement about the horse as noumenon and instead analyses the phenomenon of the horse as constituted in intentional acts Bracketing may also be understood in terms of the phenomenological activity It is supposed to make possible the unpacking of phenomena or in other words systematically peeling away their symbolic meanings like layers of an onion until only the thing itself as meant and experienced remains Thus one s subjective intending of the bracketed phenomenon is examined and analyzed in phenomenological purity Additionally Husserl differentiated two types of bracketing which he called universal epoche and local epoche 5 Universal epoche requires the suspension of assumptions regarding all aspects of existence Local epoche can be understood as the suspension of assumptions regarding a certain set of particular assumptions presumably pertaining to whatever is being examined Husserl viewed universal epoche as stronger than local epoche 5 To return to the example of the horse applying local epoche would include suspending all prior assumptions regarding that particular horse such as its appearance or temperament Applying universal epoche in this example would likely mean suspending all assumptions regarding all horses or even all animals or all forms of life in general See also editCartesian doubt Epoche Eidetic reduction Nonviolent communication a practice which involves avoiding judgements in order to be more aware of feelings and needs Theory of justificationNotes edit Frogstuff 2011 05 07 Bracketing and Phenomenological Reduction Phenomenology Research Retrieved 2023 06 23 Crawford Lindsay December 2022 Suspending Judgment is Something You Do Episteme 19 4 561 577 doi 10 1017 epi 2022 40 ISSN 1742 3600 On the principles of the form of the sensible world Theoretical Philosophy 1755 1770 Cambridge University Press pp 391 400 1992 09 25 doi 10 1017 cbo9780511840180 047 ISBN 978 0 521 39214 3 retrieved 2021 03 10 Phenomenon The Columbia Encyclopedia 2008 a b c Beyer Christian 2020 Edmund Husserl in Zalta Edward N ed The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Winter 2020 ed Metaphysics Research Lab Stanford University retrieved 2020 12 03 Moran Dermot Husserl and the Greeks Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology 30 Sep 2020 p 19 doi 10 1080 00071773 2020 1821579 Farina Gabriella 2014 Some reflections on the phenomenological method Dialogues in Philosophy Mental and Neuro Sciences 7 2 50 62 Husserl Edmund Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Retrieved 2020 12 03 Husserl Edmund 1977 Cartesian Meditations An Introduction to Phenomenology Dordrecht Springer Netherlands pp 20 21 ISBN 978 9400999978 OCLC 851394087 Epoche philosophy Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2021 03 23 References editCreswell J W 2007 Qualitative inquiry and research design Sage Thousand Oaks CA Moustakas C 1994 Phenomenological research methods Sage Thousand Oaks CA External links edit Phenomenological Reduction Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bracketing phenomenology amp oldid 1183873662, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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