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Petrus Apianus

January 30, 2023

Petrus Apianus (April 16, 1495 – April 21, 1552),[1] also known as Peter Apian, Peter Bennewitz, and Peter Bienewitz, was a German humanist, known for his works in mathematics, astronomy and cartography.[2] His work on "cosmography", the field that dealt with the earth and its position in the universe, was presented in his most famous publications, Astronomicum Caesareum (1540) and Cosmographicus liber (1524). His books were extremely influential in his time, with the numerous editions in multiple languages being published until 1609. The lunar crater Apianus and asteroid 19139 Apian are named in his honour.[2]

Apianus on a 16th-century engraving by Theodor de Bry

Life and work

Apianus was born as Peter Bienewitz (or Bennewitz) in Leisnig in Saxony; his father, Martin, was a shoemaker. The family was relatively well off, belonging to the middle-class citizenry of Leisnig. Apianus was educated at the Latin school in Rochlitz. From 1516 to 1519 he studied at the University of Leipzig; during this time, he Latinized his name to Apianus (lat. apis means "bee"; "Biene" is the German word for bee).

In 1519, Apianus moved to Vienna and continued his studies at the University of Vienna, which was considered one of the leading universities in geography and mathematics at the time and where Georg Tannstetter taught. When the plague broke out in Vienna in 1521, he completed his studies with a BA and moved to Regensburg and then to Landshut. At Landshut, he produced his Cosmographicus liber (1524), a highly respected work on astronomy and navigation which was to see more than 40 reprints in four languages (Latin; French, 1544; Dutch, 1545; Spanish, 1548) and that remained popular until the end of the 16th century.[3] Later editions were produced by Gemma Frisius.[4]

 
Cordiform projection in a map of the world by Apianus 1524 which is one of the earliest maps that shows America.[5][6]

In 1527, Peter Apianus was called to the University of Ingolstadt as a mathematician and printer. His print shop started small. Among the first books he printed were the writings of Johann Eck, Martin Luther's antagonist. This print shop was active between 1543 and 1540 and became well known for its high-quality editions of geographic and cartographic works.[citation needed] It is thought that he used stereotype printing techniques on woodblocks.[7] The printer's logo included the motto Industria superat vires in Greek, Hebrew, and Latin around the figure of a boy.[8]

 
A volvelle from Astronomicum Caesareum (1540)

Through his work, Apianus became a favourite of emperor Charles V, who had praised Cosmographicus liber at the Imperial Diet of 1530 and granted him a printing monopoly in 1532 and 1534. In 1535, the emperor made Apianus an armiger, i.e. granted him the right to display a coat of arms. In 1540, Apianus printed the Astronomicum Caesareum, dedicated to Charles V. Charles promised him a truly royal sum (3,000 golden guilders),[a] appointed him his court mathematician, and made him a Reichsritter (a Free Imperial Knight) and in 1544 even an Imperial Count Palatine. All this furthered Apianus's reputation as an eminent scientist. Astronomicum Caesareum is noted for its visual appeal. Printed and bound decoratively, with about 100 known copies,[10] it included several Volvelles that allowed users to calculate dates, the positions of constellations and so on.[11][12][13] Apianus noted that it took a month to produce some of the plates. Thirty-five octagonal paper cut instruments were included with woodcuts that are thought to have been made by Hans Brosamer (c. 1495 – 1555) who may have trained under Lucas Cranach, Sr. in Wittemberg.[14] It also incorporated star and constellation names from the work of the Arab astronomer Azophi (Abu al-Husain al-Sufi AD 903–986).[15] Apianus is also remembered for publishing the only known depiction of the Bedouin constellations in 1533. On this map Ursa Minor is an old woman and three maidens, Draco is four camels and Cepheus was illustrated as a shepherd with sheep and dog.[16]

 
Arms of coat of nobility Apian in Leisnig / Saxony

Despite many calls from other universities, including Leipzig, Padua, Tübingen, and Vienna, Apianus remained in Ingolstadt until his death. Although he neglected his teaching duties, the university evidently was proud to host such an esteemed scientist. Apianus's work included in mathematics—in 1527 he published a variation of Pascal's triangle, and in 1534 a table of sines— as well as astronomy. In 1531, he observed Halley's Comet and noted that a comet's tail always point away from the sun.[17] Girolamo Fracastoro also detected this in 1531, but Apianus's publication was the first to also include graphics. He designed sundials, published manuals for astronomical instruments and crafted volvelles ("Apian wheels"), measuring instruments useful for calculating time and distance for astronomical and astrological applications.[18][19]

Apianus married the daughter of a councilman of Landshut, Katharina Mosner, in 1526. They would have fourteen children together, five girls and nine sons, one of whom was Philipp Apian (1531–1589), who, in addition to his own research, preserved the legacy of his father.[20]

Works

 
Peter Apian's geocentric cosmology from Cosmographia, 1524
 
Folium populi, 1533
  • Cosmographicus liber (in Latin). Landshut: Johann Weissenburger. 1524.[21] (also called Cosmographia)
    • Cosmographicus liber (in Latin). Antwerpen: Jean Bellère (1. ; 1553-1595). 1584.
  • Ein newe und wolgegründete underweisung aller Kauffmanns Rechnung in dreyen Büchern, mit schönen Regeln und fragstücken begriffen, Ingolstadt 1527. A handbook of commercial arithmetic; depicted in the painting The Ambassadors by Hans Holbein the Younger.
  • Cosmographiae introductio, cum quibusdam Geometriae ac Astronomiae principiis ad eam rem necessariis, Ingolstadt 1529.[22]: 4 
  • Ein kurtzer bericht der Observation unnd urtels des jüngst erschinnen Cometen..., Ingolstadt 1532. On his comet observations.[citation needed]
  • Quadrans Apiani astronomicus, Ingolstadt 1532. On quadrants.[22]: 90 
  • Horoscopion Apiani..., Ingolstadt 1533. On sundials.[22]: 91 
  • Folium populi (in Latin). Ingolstadt: Peter Apian. 1533.
  • Instrument Buch..., Ingolstadt 1533. A scientific book on astronomical instruments in German.[22]: 97 
  • Instrumentum primi mobilis (in Latin). Nürnberg: Johann Petreius. 1534.. On trigonometry, contains sine tables.[22]: 103 
  • Astronomicum Caesareum. Ingolstadt. 1540. p. 126.
  •  

    Instrumentum primi mobilis, 1534

Footnotes

  1. ^ Whether Apian ever received the promised money is uncertain; in any case he wrote a letter to the emperor in 1549 asking him to finally pay the promised sum.[9]

References

  1. ^ Kish (1970)
  2. ^ a b "19139 Apian (1989 GJ8)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  3. ^ Hermine Röttel & Wolfgang Kauzner, "Die Druckwerke Peter Apians", in: K. Röttel (ed.), Peter Apian: Astronomie, Kosmographie und Mathematik am Beginn der Neuzeit. Buxheim/Eichstätt, Polygon-Verlag, 1995, pp. 255--276.
  4. ^ Broecke, Steven Vanden (2006). "The Use of Visual Media in Renaissance Cosmography: The Cosmography of Peter Apian and Gemma Frisius". Paedagogica Historica. 36: 130–150. doi:10.1080/0030923000360107. S2CID 143068275.
  5. ^ Keuning, Johannes (2008). "The history of geographical map projections until 1600". Imago Mundi. 12: 1–24. doi:10.1080/03085695508592085.
  6. ^ Kish, George (2008). "The cosmographic heart: Cordiform maps of the 16th century". Imago Mundi. 19: 13–21. doi:10.1080/03085696508592261.
  7. ^ Woodward, David (2008). "Some evidence for the use of stereotyping on Peter Apian's world map of 1530". Imago Mundi. 24: 43–48. doi:10.1080/03085697008592348.
  8. ^ Johnson, A. F. (1965-06-01). "Devices of German Printers, 1501–1540". The Library. s5-XX (2): 81–107. doi:10.1093/library/s5-xx.2.81. ISSN 0024-2160.
  9. ^ "APIAN, Peter (ursprünglich Bienewitz oder Bennewitz)". Bautz.de. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
  10. ^ Gingerich, Owen (2016). "Apianus's Astronomicum Caesareum and its Leipzig Facsimile". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 2 (3): 168–177. doi:10.1177/002182867100200303. S2CID 125121795.
  11. ^ Gislén, Lars (2017). "Apinanus' latitude volvelles – how were they made?". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 20: 13–20.
  12. ^ Stebbins, F. A. (1959). "A Sixteenth-Century Planetarium". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 53: 197–203. Bibcode:1959JRASC..53..197S.
  13. ^ Apian, Peter; Ionides, S. A. (1 January 1936). "Caesars' Astronomy: (Astronomicum Caesareum)". Osiris. 1: 356–389. doi:10.1086/368431. ISSN 0369-7827. S2CID 145478879.
  14. ^ Kremer, Richard L (2011). "Experimenting with Paper Instruments in Fifteenth-and Sixteenth-Century Astronomy: Computing Syzygies with Isotemporal Lines and Salt Dishes". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 42 (2): 223–258. Bibcode:2011JHA....42..223K. doi:10.1177/002182861104200207. S2CID 118175748.
  15. ^ Kunitzsch, Paul (2016). "Peter Apian and 'AZOPHI': Arabic Constellations in Renaissance Astronomy". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 18 (2): 117–124. doi:10.1177/002182868701800204. S2CID 120627901.
  16. ^ Carole Stott, Celestial Charts, Antique Maps of the Heavens, 1995, Studio Editions, London, England P38-39
  17. ^ Barker, Peter (2008). "Stoic alternatives to Aristotelian cosmology : Pena, Rothmann and Brahe, Summary". Revue d'histoire des sciences (in French). Tome 61 (2): 265–286. doi:10.3917/rhs.612.0265. ISSN 0151-4105.
  18. ^ Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (1995). "Peter Apian as an astronomical instrument maker". Astronomische Gesellschaft Abstract Series. 11: 107. Bibcode:1995AGAb...11..107W.
  19. ^ North, J. D. (1966). "Werner, Apian, Blagrave and the Meteoroscope". The British Journal for the History of Science. 3 (1): 57–65. doi:10.1017/s0007087400000194. ISSN 1474-001X. S2CID 143560300.
  20. ^ Ralf Kern. Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Volume 1: Vom Astrolab zum mathematischen Besteck. Cologne, 2010. p. 332.
  21. ^ Crupi, Gianfranco (2019). "Volvelles of knowledge : origin and development of an instrument of scientific imagination (13th-17th centuries)". JLIS.it. 10 (2). doi:10.4403/jlis.it-12534.
  22. ^ a b c d e van Ostroy, Fernand Gratien (1902). Bibliographie de l'oeuvre de Pierre Apian (in French). P. Jacquin.

Further reading

  • Kish, George (1970). "Apian, Peter". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 178–179. ISBN 0-684-10114-9.
  • Röttel, K. (Ed.): Peter Apian: Astronomie, Kosmographie und Mathematik am Beginn der Neuzeit, Polygon-Verlag 1995; ISBN 3-928671-12-X. In German.
  • Christian Kahl (2005). "Apian, Peter (ursprünglich Bienewitz oder Bennewitz)". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 24. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 107–114. ISBN 3-88309-247-9.
  • , in German.
  • Ralf Kern. Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Volume 1: Vom Astrolab zum mathematischen Besteck. Cologne, 2010.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petrus Apianus.
  • O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Petrus Apianus", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews
  • Petrus Apianus.
  • at the library of the ETH Zurich.
  • Astronomicum Caesareum at Rare Book Room.
  • Astronomicum Caesareum, Ingolstadt 1540 da www.atlascoelestis.com
  • Electronic facsimile-editions of the rare book collection at the Vienna Institute of Astronomy
  • High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Petrus Apianus in .jpg and .tiff format.
  • Horoscopion Apiani Generale…, Ingolstadt 1533 da www.atlascoelestis.com
  • Cosmographiae Introductio, 1537 from the Collections at the Library of Congress
  • Cosmographia, 1544 (1st edition was 1524)

January 30, 2023
petrus, apianus, april, 1495, april, 1552, also, known, peter, apian, peter, bennewitz, peter, bienewitz, german, humanist, known, works, mathematics, astronomy, cartography, work, cosmography, field, that, dealt, with, earth, position, universe, presented, mo. Petrus Apianus April 16 1495 April 21 1552 1 also known as Peter Apian Peter Bennewitz and Peter Bienewitz was a German humanist known for his works in mathematics astronomy and cartography 2 His work on cosmography the field that dealt with the earth and its position in the universe was presented in his most famous publications Astronomicum Caesareum 1540 and Cosmographicus liber 1524 His books were extremely influential in his time with the numerous editions in multiple languages being published until 1609 The lunar crater Apianus and asteroid 19139 Apian are named in his honour 2 Apianus on a 16th century engraving by Theodor de Bry Contents 1 Life and work 2 Works 3 Footnotes 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksLife and work EditApianus was born as Peter Bienewitz or Bennewitz in Leisnig in Saxony his father Martin was a shoemaker The family was relatively well off belonging to the middle class citizenry of Leisnig Apianus was educated at the Latin school in Rochlitz From 1516 to 1519 he studied at the University of Leipzig during this time he Latinized his name to Apianus lat apis means bee Biene is the German word for bee In 1519 Apianus moved to Vienna and continued his studies at the University of Vienna which was considered one of the leading universities in geography and mathematics at the time and where Georg Tannstetter taught When the plague broke out in Vienna in 1521 he completed his studies with a BA and moved to Regensburg and then to Landshut At Landshut he produced his Cosmographicus liber 1524 a highly respected work on astronomy and navigation which was to see more than 40 reprints in four languages Latin French 1544 Dutch 1545 Spanish 1548 and that remained popular until the end of the 16th century 3 Later editions were produced by Gemma Frisius 4 Cordiform projection in a map of the world by Apianus 1524 which is one of the earliest maps that shows America 5 6 In 1527 Peter Apianus was called to the University of Ingolstadt as a mathematician and printer His print shop started small Among the first books he printed were the writings of Johann Eck Martin Luther s antagonist This print shop was active between 1543 and 1540 and became well known for its high quality editions of geographic and cartographic works citation needed It is thought that he used stereotype printing techniques on woodblocks 7 The printer s logo included the motto Industria superat vires in Greek Hebrew and Latin around the figure of a boy 8 A volvelle from Astronomicum Caesareum 1540 Through his work Apianus became a favourite of emperor Charles V who had praised Cosmographicus liber at the Imperial Diet of 1530 and granted him a printing monopoly in 1532 and 1534 In 1535 the emperor made Apianus an armiger i e granted him the right to display a coat of arms In 1540 Apianus printed the Astronomicum Caesareum dedicated to Charles V Charles promised him a truly royal sum 3 000 golden guilders a appointed him his court mathematician and made him a Reichsritter a Free Imperial Knight and in 1544 even an Imperial Count Palatine All this furthered Apianus s reputation as an eminent scientist Astronomicum Caesareum is noted for its visual appeal Printed and bound decoratively with about 100 known copies 10 it included several Volvelles that allowed users to calculate dates the positions of constellations and so on 11 12 13 Apianus noted that it took a month to produce some of the plates Thirty five octagonal paper cut instruments were included with woodcuts that are thought to have been made by Hans Brosamer c 1495 1555 who may have trained under Lucas Cranach Sr in Wittemberg 14 It also incorporated star and constellation names from the work of the Arab astronomer Azophi Abu al Husain al Sufi AD 903 986 15 Apianus is also remembered for publishing the only known depiction of the Bedouin constellations in 1533 On this map Ursa Minor is an old woman and three maidens Draco is four camels and Cepheus was illustrated as a shepherd with sheep and dog 16 Arms of coat of nobility Apian in Leisnig Saxony Despite many calls from other universities including Leipzig Padua Tubingen and Vienna Apianus remained in Ingolstadt until his death Although he neglected his teaching duties the university evidently was proud to host such an esteemed scientist Apianus s work included in mathematics in 1527 he published a variation of Pascal s triangle and in 1534 a table of sines as well as astronomy In 1531 he observed Halley s Comet and noted that a comet s tail always point away from the sun 17 Girolamo Fracastoro also detected this in 1531 but Apianus s publication was the first to also include graphics He designed sundials published manuals for astronomical instruments and crafted volvelles Apian wheels measuring instruments useful for calculating time and distance for astronomical and astrological applications 18 19 Apianus married the daughter of a councilman of Landshut Katharina Mosner in 1526 They would have fourteen children together five girls and nine sons one of whom was Philipp Apian 1531 1589 who in addition to his own research preserved the legacy of his father 20 Works Edit Peter Apian s geocentric cosmology from Cosmographia 1524 Folium populi 1533 Cosmographicus liber in Latin Landshut Johann Weissenburger 1524 21 also called Cosmographia Cosmographicus liber in Latin Antwerpen Jean Bellere 1 1553 1595 1584 Ein newe und wolgegrundete underweisung aller Kauffmanns Rechnung in dreyen Buchern mit schonen Regeln und fragstucken begriffen Ingolstadt 1527 A handbook of commercial arithmetic depicted in the painting The Ambassadors by Hans Holbein the Younger Cosmographiae introductio cum quibusdam Geometriae ac Astronomiae principiis ad eam rem necessariis Ingolstadt 1529 22 4 Ein kurtzer bericht der Observation unnd urtels des jungst erschinnen Cometen Ingolstadt 1532 On his comet observations citation needed Quadrans Apiani astronomicus Ingolstadt 1532 On quadrants 22 90 Horoscopion Apiani Ingolstadt 1533 On sundials 22 91 Folium populi in Latin Ingolstadt Peter Apian 1533 Instrument Buch Ingolstadt 1533 A scientific book on astronomical instruments in German 22 97 Instrumentum primi mobilis in Latin Nurnberg Johann Petreius 1534 On trigonometry contains sine tables 22 103 Astronomicum Caesareum Ingolstadt 1540 p 126 Instrumentum primi mobilis 1534Footnotes Edit Whether Apian ever received the promised money is uncertain in any case he wrote a letter to the emperor in 1549 asking him to finally pay the promised sum 9 References Edit Kish 1970 a b 19139 Apian 1989 GJ8 Minor Planet Center Retrieved 3 January 2018 Hermine Rottel amp Wolfgang Kauzner Die Druckwerke Peter Apians in K Rottel ed Peter Apian Astronomie Kosmographie und Mathematik am Beginn der Neuzeit Buxheim Eichstatt Polygon Verlag 1995 pp 255 276 Broecke Steven Vanden 2006 The Use of Visual Media in Renaissance Cosmography The Cosmography of Peter Apian and Gemma Frisius Paedagogica Historica 36 130 150 doi 10 1080 0030923000360107 S2CID 143068275 Keuning Johannes 2008 The history of geographical map projections until 1600 Imago Mundi 12 1 24 doi 10 1080 03085695508592085 Kish George 2008 The cosmographic heart Cordiform maps of the 16th century Imago Mundi 19 13 21 doi 10 1080 03085696508592261 Woodward David 2008 Some evidence for the use of stereotyping on Peter Apian s world map of 1530 Imago Mundi 24 43 48 doi 10 1080 03085697008592348 Johnson A F 1965 06 01 Devices of German Printers 1501 1540 The Library s5 XX 2 81 107 doi 10 1093 library s5 xx 2 81 ISSN 0024 2160 APIAN Peter ursprunglich Bienewitz oder Bennewitz Bautz de Retrieved 2013 03 19 Gingerich Owen 2016 Apianus s Astronomicum Caesareum and its Leipzig Facsimile Journal for the History of Astronomy 2 3 168 177 doi 10 1177 002182867100200303 S2CID 125121795 Gislen Lars 2017 Apinanus latitude volvelles how were they made Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 20 13 20 Stebbins F A 1959 A Sixteenth Century Planetarium Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 53 197 203 Bibcode 1959JRASC 53 197S Apian Peter Ionides S A 1 January 1936 Caesars Astronomy Astronomicum Caesareum Osiris 1 356 389 doi 10 1086 368431 ISSN 0369 7827 S2CID 145478879 Kremer Richard L 2011 Experimenting with Paper Instruments in Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Astronomy Computing Syzygies with Isotemporal Lines and Salt Dishes Journal for the History of Astronomy 42 2 223 258 Bibcode 2011JHA 42 223K doi 10 1177 002182861104200207 S2CID 118175748 Kunitzsch Paul 2016 Peter Apian and AZOPHI Arabic Constellations in Renaissance Astronomy Journal for the History of Astronomy 18 2 117 124 doi 10 1177 002182868701800204 S2CID 120627901 Carole Stott Celestial Charts Antique Maps of the Heavens 1995 Studio Editions London England P38 39 Barker Peter 2008 Stoic alternatives to Aristotelian cosmology Pena Rothmann and Brahe Summary Revue d histoire des sciences in French Tome 61 2 265 286 doi 10 3917 rhs 612 0265 ISSN 0151 4105 Wolfschmidt Gudrun 1995 Peter Apian as an astronomical instrument maker Astronomische Gesellschaft Abstract Series 11 107 Bibcode 1995AGAb 11 107W North J D 1966 Werner Apian Blagrave and the Meteoroscope The British Journal for the History of Science 3 1 57 65 doi 10 1017 s0007087400000194 ISSN 1474 001X S2CID 143560300 Ralf Kern Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit Volume 1 Vom Astrolab zum mathematischen Besteck Cologne 2010 p 332 Crupi Gianfranco 2019 Volvelles of knowledge origin and development of an instrument of scientific imagination 13th 17th centuries JLIS it 10 2 doi 10 4403 jlis it 12534 a b c d e van Ostroy Fernand Gratien 1902 Bibliographie de l oeuvre de Pierre Apian in French P Jacquin Further reading EditKish George 1970 Apian Peter Dictionary of Scientific Biography Vol 1 New York Charles Scribner s Sons pp 178 179 ISBN 0 684 10114 9 Rottel K Ed Peter Apian Astronomie Kosmographie und Mathematik am Beginn der Neuzeit Polygon Verlag 1995 ISBN 3 928671 12 X In German Christian Kahl 2005 Apian Peter ursprunglich Bienewitz oder Bennewitz In Bautz Traugott ed Biographisch Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon BBKL in German Vol 24 Nordhausen Bautz cols 107 114 ISBN 3 88309 247 9 Peter and Philipp Apian in German Ralf Kern Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit Volume 1 Vom Astrolab zum mathematischen Besteck Cologne 2010 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petrus Apianus O Connor John J Robertson Edmund F Petrus Apianus MacTutor History of Mathematics archive University of St Andrews Petrus Apianus Astronomicum Caesareum at the library of the ETH Zurich Astronomicum Caesareum at Rare Book Room Astronomicum Caesareum Ingolstadt 1540 da www atlascoelestis com Electronic facsimile editions of the rare book collection at the Vienna Institute of Astronomy Online Galleries History of Science Collections University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by and or portraits of Petrus Apianus in jpg and tiff format Horoscopion Apiani Generale Ingolstadt 1533 da www atlascoelestis com Cosmographiae Introductio 1537 from the Collections at the Library of Congress Cosmographia 1544 1st edition was 1524 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Petrus Apianus amp oldid 1133103323, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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