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Paximathia

Paximathia (Greek: παξιμάδια), also spelt paximadia (plural), or paximadi/paximathi (singular), is a hard bread of Greek origin, similar to rusk, that is prepared with whole wheat, chick pea or barley flour.[1][2][3] It has been referred to as being similar to biscotti or as a type of biscotti.[4] Paximathia is a common food in Greece and many Greek bakeries sell the bread, which is often served as a breakfast food with marmalade or cheese.[1][5] Paximathia is purveyed also in Greek specialty stores in many areas of the United States.[5]

Paximadia.

Etymology

The name paximathia comes from the Greek term paximadion (Greek: παξιμάδιον), which is derived from Paxamus [la], a 1st-century Greek author who wrote, among many things, a comprehensive cookbook.[6] The word first appears in a recipe for laxative biscuits composed by the Greek physician Galen.[7]

History

Paximadia were traditionally consumed by Greek farmers,[5] as well as the Byzantine military and thrifty priests.[8] Greek farmers would eat paximathia in their fields after soaking it in water and olive oil, which would soften it.[1][5] This was sometimes accompanied with foods such as homemade cheese and a few olives, often as sole accompaniments.[5] It used to be baked in outdoor ovens approximately every ten to fifteen days, after which the bread would be sliced thickly into wedges and placed back in the ovens to dry, which would serve to preserve it.[1][5] Paximadia was a staple food for the inhabitants of Crete.[3]

Preparation

Paximathia is prepared with whole wheat, chick pea or barley flour.[1] Other ingredients used in its preparation may include eggs, vegetable oil, cinnamon, cloves and orange zest.[9] In contemporary times, paximathia is typically baked overnight in bakers' ovens that have been turned off, whereby the bread is cooked from the remaining heat.[5] This method cooks the bread to a dry state without creating brittleness that can cause undesirable crumbling.[5] Paximathia is sometimes broken into pieces and served in salads after being dampened.[5]

Varieties

 
Pack of Cretan paximadia (protected geographical indication)

Paximadia form the basis of the Cretan salad dakos. In Crete, a variety of paximadi is called Koulouri, which is ring-shaped, prepared dried, served drizzled with olive oil and is typically topped with oregano and grated tomato.[1]

Eptazymo is called also the bread or paximadi that is prepared with chick peas.[5]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f Kochilas, Stenos & Pittas 1999, pp. 15–16.
  2. ^ Hoffman & Wise 2004, "Twice-Baked Toasts: Paximadia", pp. 128–129.
  3. ^ a b Kremezi 1997, p. 209.
  4. ^ Wisconsin Bed & Breakfast Association 2001, "Paximathia (Biscotti)", p. 125.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kochilas 1993, "Paximathia", p. 50.
  6. ^ Dalby 1996, pp. 164–165: "Paxamus was a man of wide interests, according to a Byzantine lexicon: 'Paxamus, author. Cookery in alphabetical order. Boeotica in 2 books. The Twelvefold Art: this is about sexual postures. Dyeing, 2 [books]. Farming 2 [books]' (Suda, s.v.)...Paxamus is in a sense still remembered: a barley biscuit, first recorded in the second century and well known in Byzantine and modern Greece, is supposed to have taken its name paxamâs, paximádion from him."
  7. ^ Dalby 1996, Endnote #48, p. 257: "The word first occurs in Galen, Handy Remedies 3 [14.537], a recipe for laxative biscuits..."
  8. ^ Dalby 1996, p. 196: "The basic food of the Byzantine army was cereal, in several convenient forms. Of great importance was the barley biscuit that was possibly named after the late Hellenistic cook Paxamus (Chapter 7, p. 165). It was probably the food that the future Emperor Justin II, uncle of Justinian, carried in his knapsack, the food that kept him alive on his long walk from Illyria to Constantinople; it was certainly food for soldiers and for frugal priests as well."
  9. ^ Quintner 2005.

Sources

  • Dalby, Andrew (1996). Siren Feasts: A History of Food and Gastronomy in Greece. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13-496985-2.
  • Hoffman, Susanna; Wise, Victoria (2004). The Olive and the Caper: Adventures in Greek Cooking. New York, NY: Workman Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7611-3468-8.
  • Kochilas, Diane; Stenos, Vassilis; Pittas, Constantino (1999) [1996]. The Greek Vegetarian: More Than 100 Recipes Inspired by the Traditional Dishes and Flavors of Greece. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-20076-3.
  • Kochilas, Diane (1993) [1990]. The Food and Wine of Greece: More Than 250 Classic and Modern Dishes from the Mainland and Islands. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-08783-8.
  • Kremezi, Aglaia (1997). "Paximadia (Barley Biscuits): Food for Sailors, Travellers and Poor Islanders". In Walker, Harlan (ed.). Food on the Move: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, 1996. Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery. Devon: Prospect Books. pp. 208–211. ISBN 978-0-907325-79-6.
  • Quintner, Suzanne (2 August 2005). "Paximathia". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  • Wisconsin Bed & Breakfast Association (2001). Morning Menus Inn Style: Menus and Recipes from the Innkeepers of the Wisconsin Bed & Breakfast Association. Woodruff, WI: The Guest Cottage, Inc. ISBN 978-1-930596-04-7.

paximathia, greek, παξιμάδια, also, spelt, paximadia, plural, paximadi, paximathi, singular, hard, bread, greek, origin, similar, rusk, that, prepared, with, whole, wheat, chick, barley, flour, been, referred, being, similar, biscotti, type, biscotti, common, . Paximathia Greek pa3imadia also spelt paximadia plural or paximadi paximathi singular is a hard bread of Greek origin similar to rusk that is prepared with whole wheat chick pea or barley flour 1 2 3 It has been referred to as being similar to biscotti or as a type of biscotti 4 Paximathia is a common food in Greece and many Greek bakeries sell the bread which is often served as a breakfast food with marmalade or cheese 1 5 Paximathia is purveyed also in Greek specialty stores in many areas of the United States 5 Paximadia Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Preparation 4 Varieties 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Citations 6 2 SourcesEtymology EditThe name paximathia comes from the Greek term paximadion Greek pa3imadion which is derived from Paxamus la a 1st century Greek author who wrote among many things a comprehensive cookbook 6 The word first appears in a recipe for laxative biscuits composed by the Greek physician Galen 7 History EditPaximadia were traditionally consumed by Greek farmers 5 as well as the Byzantine military and thrifty priests 8 Greek farmers would eat paximathia in their fields after soaking it in water and olive oil which would soften it 1 5 This was sometimes accompanied with foods such as homemade cheese and a few olives often as sole accompaniments 5 It used to be baked in outdoor ovens approximately every ten to fifteen days after which the bread would be sliced thickly into wedges and placed back in the ovens to dry which would serve to preserve it 1 5 Paximadia was a staple food for the inhabitants of Crete 3 Preparation EditPaximathia is prepared with whole wheat chick pea or barley flour 1 Other ingredients used in its preparation may include eggs vegetable oil cinnamon cloves and orange zest 9 In contemporary times paximathia is typically baked overnight in bakers ovens that have been turned off whereby the bread is cooked from the remaining heat 5 This method cooks the bread to a dry state without creating brittleness that can cause undesirable crumbling 5 Paximathia is sometimes broken into pieces and served in salads after being dampened 5 Varieties Edit Pack of Cretan paximadia protected geographical indication Paximadia form the basis of the Cretan salad dakos In Crete a variety of paximadi is called Koulouri which is ring shaped prepared dried served drizzled with olive oil and is typically topped with oregano and grated tomato 1 Eptazymo is called also the bread or paximadi that is prepared with chick peas 5 See also EditGreek cuisine List of breads List of twice baked foodsReferences EditCitations Edit a b c d e f Kochilas Stenos amp Pittas 1999 pp 15 16 Hoffman amp Wise 2004 Twice Baked Toasts Paximadia pp 128 129 a b Kremezi 1997 p 209 Wisconsin Bed amp Breakfast Association 2001 Paximathia Biscotti p 125 a b c d e f g h i j Kochilas 1993 Paximathia p 50 Dalby 1996 pp 164 165 Paxamus was a man of wide interests according to a Byzantine lexicon Paxamus author Cookery in alphabetical order Boeotica in 2 books The Twelvefold Art this is about sexual postures Dyeing 2 books Farming 2 books Suda s v Paxamus is in a sense still remembered a barley biscuit first recorded in the second century and well known in Byzantine and modern Greece is supposed to have taken its name paxamas paximadion from him Dalby 1996 Endnote 48 p 257 The word first occurs in Galen Handy Remedies 3 14 537 a recipe for laxative biscuits Dalby 1996 p 196 The basic food of the Byzantine army was cereal in several convenient forms Of great importance was the barley biscuit that was possibly named after the late Hellenistic cook Paxamus Chapter 7 p 165 It was probably the food that the future Emperor Justin II uncle of Justinian carried in his knapsack the food that kept him alive on his long walk from Illyria to Constantinople it was certainly food for soldiers and for frugal priests as well Quintner 2005 Sources Edit Dalby Andrew 1996 Siren Feasts A History of Food and Gastronomy in Greece London and New York Routledge ISBN 978 1 13 496985 2 Hoffman Susanna Wise Victoria 2004 The Olive and the Caper Adventures in Greek Cooking New York NY Workman Publishing Company Inc ISBN 978 0 7611 3468 8 Kochilas Diane Stenos Vassilis Pittas Constantino 1999 1996 The Greek Vegetarian More Than 100 Recipes Inspired by the Traditional Dishes and Flavors of Greece New York NY St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0 312 20076 3 Kochilas Diane 1993 1990 The Food and Wine of Greece More Than 250 Classic and Modern Dishes from the Mainland and Islands New York NY St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0 312 08783 8 Kremezi Aglaia 1997 Paximadia Barley Biscuits Food for Sailors Travellers and Poor Islanders In Walker Harlan ed Food on the Move Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1996 Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery Devon Prospect Books pp 208 211 ISBN 978 0 907325 79 6 Quintner Suzanne 2 August 2005 Paximathia Australian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved 19 May 2015 Wisconsin Bed amp Breakfast Association 2001 Morning Menus Inn Style Menus and Recipes from the Innkeepers of the Wisconsin Bed amp Breakfast Association Woodruff WI The Guest Cottage Inc ISBN 978 1 930596 04 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Paximathia amp oldid 1125966857, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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