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Patriotic People's Movement

January 07, 2023

For the later political organization, see Patriotic People's Movement (1993).

Patriotic People's Movement (Finnish: Isänmaallinen kansanliike, IKL, Swedish: Fosterländska folkrörelsen) was a Finnish nationalist and anti-communist political party. IKL was the successor of the previously banned Lapua Movement. It existed from 1932 to 1944 and had an ideology similar to its predecessor, except that IKL participated in elections, although with limited success.

Patriotic People's Movement
Isänmaallinen kansanliike
AbbreviationIKL
PresidentVihtori Kosola (1932–36)
Vilho Annala (1937–44)
Founders
Founded5 June 1932
Dissolved23 September 1944
Preceded byLapua Movement
Succeeded byPatriotic People's Movement (1993) (not legal successor)
HeadquartersMikonkatu 15, Helsinki, Finland
NewspaperAjan Suunta
Youth wing
Trade unionNational Trade Union Confederation of Finland
Membership100,000[1]
IdeologyGreater Finland
Finnish nationalism
National conservatism
Social conservatism
Right-wing populism
Fascist corporatism
Clerical fascism
Anti-communism
Political positionFar-right
ReligionLutheranism
Colours  Black,   white and   blue

Formation

The IKL was founded at a conference on 5 June 1932 as a continuation of the Lapua Movement.[2] The three major founding members were Herman Gummerus, Vilho Annala and Erkki Räikkönen.[3] Lapua leader Vihtori Kosola was imprisoned for his part in the Mäntsälä rebellion at the time of formation but the leadership was officially kept in reserve for him and other leading rebels, notably Annala and Bruno Salmiala, were involved in the formation of IKL.[2]

Structure

 
IKL parliamentary group standing in front of the Eduskunta.

Ideologically, IKL was ardently nationalist and anti-Communist, and endorsed an aggressive foreign policy against the Soviet Union and hostility towards the Swedish language.[2] The creation of a Greater Finland was an important goal for the party.[4] Many of its leaders were priests or participants of the mainly Ostrobothnian Pietist movement called Herännäisyys.[5] Its manifested purpose was to be the Christian-moral conscience of the parliament. A more hard-line tendency was also active, centered on Bruno Salmiala.[6]

The IKL uniform was a black shirt with blue tie, inspired by the Italian fascists,[2] and also by the Herännäisyys movement, which had a tradition for black clothing. Members greeted each other with a Roman salute.[7]

The IKL had its own youth organization, called Sinimustat (Blue-and-blacks), members of which were trained in combat.[2] It was led by Elias Simojoki, a charismatic priest.[8] Sinimustat were banned in 1936 (although they were immediately reformed as Mustapaidat ("Blackshirts")).

The party received its main support from wealthy farmers, the educated middle-class, civil servants, the Lutheran clergy and university students.[4] Geographically, IKL obtained its largest share of votes in Southern Ostrobothnian municipalities such as Kuortane, Lapua and Ilmajoki.[9]

Relationship to mainstream politics

 
IKL leadership receiving a bust of Mussolini from an Italian delegation on 7 June 1933. From left: Italian special envoy Gray, Italian ambassador Tamaro, Vilho Annala, Vihtori Kosola, Bruno Salmiala, Juhana Malkamäki, Eino Tuomivaara

IKL participated in parliamentary elections. In 1933 its election list was pooled with the National Coalition Party (Kokoomus), and got 14 seats out of 200.[10] Kokoomus collapsed from 42 to 18 seats. After the collapse, Juho Kusti Paasikivi was elected chairman of Kokoomus. He converted his party to the voice of big business and as such had no interest in the direct action tactics of IKL, and thus weeded out the most outspoken IKL sympathizers from the party.[11]

IKL came under increasing scrutiny from government and was subject to two laws designed to arrest its progress. In 1934 a law passed allowing the suppression of propaganda which brought government or constitution into contempt and this was used against the movement, whilst the following year a law banning political uniforms and private uniformed organisations came in, seriously affecting the Sinimustat in particular.[11]

IKL kept its 14 seats in the elections of 1936 but was weakened by the overwhelming victory for the coming social democrat-agrarian coalition, under Prime Minister Aimo Kaarlo Cajander that would replace in the spring of 1937 the centrist minority government of Kyösti Kallio, which had, in turn, replaced the narrow right-wing minority government of Toivo Mikael Kivimäki.[11] The strong new government soon moved against the IKL, with Urho Kekkonen, then Minister of the Interior, bringing legal proceedings against the movement late in 1938. However, the courts did not find sufficient grounds for banning IKL.[12] Despite this the prosperity experienced under Cajander's government hit the IKL and in the 1939 elections they managed only eight seats.[13] Kekkonen was one of two leading government opponents of the IKL who would later go on to serve as presidents of Finland, the other being Juho Kusti Paasikivi.

According to docent André Swanström, IKL was by far the most popular party among Finnish Waffen SS recruits.[14]

Final years

 
Hitler-Jugend as guests of the IKL in Finland on 7 August 1934.[15]

The Winter War, and particularly the Moscow Peace, were seen by IKL and its sympathizers as the ultimate proof of the parliamentary government's failed foreign policy. During the year after the Winter War, Finland's foreign policy was drastically changed, by and large to correspond with that of IKL, and Annala was even included in the Cabinet in January 1941, when all but one parties of the parliament were represented. The price of this recognition was however an end to IKL attacks on the system and as such an effective end to the very reason it had support.[16] After the initial enthusiasm of the Continuation War in 1941 waned during the first winter, IKL wasn't included in Edwin Linkomies' cabinet in spring 1943.

In the aftermath of the Continuation War, IKL was banned, on the insistence of the Soviet Union, four days after the armistice between Finland and the Soviet Union was signed 19 September 1944.[17]

The IKL initials returned to the far-right political scene in 1993 with the foundation of the Isänmaallinen Kansallis-Liitto by Matti Järviharju.[18] The new movement died out by 1998.[19]

Notable IKL supporters

Election results

Parliament of Finland

Date Votes Seats Position Size
# % ± pp # ±
1936 97,891 8.34% + 8.34
14 / 200
   14 Opposition 5th
1939 86,219 6.65% + 6.65
8 / 200
   Opposition 5th

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Vares, Vesa and Uola, Mikko & Majander, Mikko (2006) Kansanvalta koetuksella [Democracy under test]. Series: The Finnish Parliament: 100 Years, Part 3. Helsinki: Edita. pp.248,253. ISBN 9513745430
  2. ^ a b c d e Upton, p.215
  3. ^ Rees, p.1
  4. ^ a b Carsten, F. L. (1982) The rise of fascism. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 168–169 ISBN 978-0520046436
  5. ^ Alapuro, Risto (1970) "Akateeminen Karjala-seura: Ylioppilasliike ja kansa 1920– ja 1930–luvulla" ["Academic Karelian Society: Student movement and people in the 1920s and 1930s"]
  6. ^ Rees, p. 342
  7. ^ Edgren, Torsten; Manninen, Merja and Ukkonen, Jari. "IKL – lapuan liikkeen jatkaja" ["IKL – the successor of the Lapua Movement"] in Korhonen, Arvi (1949) Suomen historian käsikirja [Handbook of Finnish History]. Werner Söderström. pp. 329–330
  8. ^ Rees
  9. ^ Mylly, Juhani (1988) Maalaisliitto–Keskustapuolueen historia: Maalaisliitto 1918–1939 [History of the Agrarian Union Center Party: Agrarian Union 1918–1939] p. 385
  10. ^ Upton, p. 217
  11. ^ a b c Upton, p. 218
  12. ^ Upton, p. 219
  13. ^ Upton, p. 220
  14. ^ André Swanström: Hakaristin ritarit – Suomalaiset SS-miehet, politiikka, uskonto ja sotarikokset, s. 23. Atena, Jyväskylä 2018.
  15. ^ Henne, Helmut (2011) Jugend und ihre Sprache [Youth and their language]. Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110109672[page needed]
  16. ^ Upton, p. 221
  17. ^ Upton, p. 222
  18. ^ Koivulaakso et al., p. 68
  19. ^ Koivulaakso et al., p. 78
  20. ^ Vilho Lampi: Viimeiset vuodet ("Vilho Lampi: The Last Years") Oulun Taidemuseo [Oulu Art Museum]

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Vares, Vesa Yrjö (2020) "From allies to opponents. Conservatives facing fascism in Finland in the 1930s" Scandinavian Journal of History v.46, n.2, pp. 224–247. doi:10.1080/03468755.2020.1816212

External links

  •   Media related to Patriotic People's Movement at Wikimedia Commons

January 07, 2023
patriotic, people, movement, later, political, organization, 1993, finnish, isänmaallinen, kansanliike, swedish, fosterländska, folkrörelsen, finnish, nationalist, anti, communist, political, party, successor, previously, banned, lapua, movement, existed, from. For the later political organization see Patriotic People s Movement 1993 Patriotic People s Movement Finnish Isanmaallinen kansanliike IKL Swedish Fosterlandska folkrorelsen was a Finnish nationalist and anti communist political party IKL was the successor of the previously banned Lapua Movement It existed from 1932 to 1944 and had an ideology similar to its predecessor except that IKL participated in elections although with limited success Patriotic People s Movement Isanmaallinen kansanliikeAbbreviationIKLPresidentVihtori Kosola 1932 36 Vilho Annala 1937 44 FoundersHerman Gummerus Vilho Annala Erkki Raikkonen Bruno SalmialaFounded5 June 1932Dissolved23 September 1944Preceded byLapua MovementSucceeded byPatriotic People s Movement 1993 not legal successor HeadquartersMikonkatu 15 Helsinki FinlandNewspaperAjan SuuntaYouth wingBlue and Blacks 1930 36 Blackshirts 1936 39 Trade unionNational Trade Union Confederation of FinlandMembership100 000 1 IdeologyGreater FinlandFinnish nationalismNational conservatismSocial conservatismRight wing populismFascist corporatismClerical fascismAnti communismPolitical positionFar rightReligionLutheranismColours Black white and bluePolitics of FinlandPolitical partiesElections Contents 1 Formation 2 Structure 3 Relationship to mainstream politics 4 Final years 5 Notable IKL supporters 6 Election results 6 1 Parliament of Finland 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksFormation EditThe IKL was founded at a conference on 5 June 1932 as a continuation of the Lapua Movement 2 The three major founding members were Herman Gummerus Vilho Annala and Erkki Raikkonen 3 Lapua leader Vihtori Kosola was imprisoned for his part in the Mantsala rebellion at the time of formation but the leadership was officially kept in reserve for him and other leading rebels notably Annala and Bruno Salmiala were involved in the formation of IKL 2 Structure Edit IKL parliamentary group standing in front of the Eduskunta Ideologically IKL was ardently nationalist and anti Communist and endorsed an aggressive foreign policy against the Soviet Union and hostility towards the Swedish language 2 The creation of a Greater Finland was an important goal for the party 4 Many of its leaders were priests or participants of the mainly Ostrobothnian Pietist movement called Herannaisyys 5 Its manifested purpose was to be the Christian moral conscience of the parliament A more hard line tendency was also active centered on Bruno Salmiala 6 The IKL uniform was a black shirt with blue tie inspired by the Italian fascists 2 and also by the Herannaisyys movement which had a tradition for black clothing Members greeted each other with a Roman salute 7 The IKL had its own youth organization called Sinimustat Blue and blacks members of which were trained in combat 2 It was led by Elias Simojoki a charismatic priest 8 Sinimustat were banned in 1936 although they were immediately reformed as Mustapaidat Blackshirts The party received its main support from wealthy farmers the educated middle class civil servants the Lutheran clergy and university students 4 Geographically IKL obtained its largest share of votes in Southern Ostrobothnian municipalities such as Kuortane Lapua and Ilmajoki 9 Relationship to mainstream politics Edit IKL leadership receiving a bust of Mussolini from an Italian delegation on 7 June 1933 From left Italian special envoy Gray Italian ambassador Tamaro Vilho Annala Vihtori Kosola Bruno Salmiala Juhana Malkamaki Eino Tuomivaara IKL participated in parliamentary elections In 1933 its election list was pooled with the National Coalition Party Kokoomus and got 14 seats out of 200 10 Kokoomus collapsed from 42 to 18 seats After the collapse Juho Kusti Paasikivi was elected chairman of Kokoomus He converted his party to the voice of big business and as such had no interest in the direct action tactics of IKL and thus weeded out the most outspoken IKL sympathizers from the party 11 IKL came under increasing scrutiny from government and was subject to two laws designed to arrest its progress In 1934 a law passed allowing the suppression of propaganda which brought government or constitution into contempt and this was used against the movement whilst the following year a law banning political uniforms and private uniformed organisations came in seriously affecting the Sinimustat in particular 11 IKL kept its 14 seats in the elections of 1936 but was weakened by the overwhelming victory for the coming social democrat agrarian coalition under Prime Minister Aimo Kaarlo Cajander that would replace in the spring of 1937 the centrist minority government of Kyosti Kallio which had in turn replaced the narrow right wing minority government of Toivo Mikael Kivimaki 11 The strong new government soon moved against the IKL with Urho Kekkonen then Minister of the Interior bringing legal proceedings against the movement late in 1938 However the courts did not find sufficient grounds for banning IKL 12 Despite this the prosperity experienced under Cajander s government hit the IKL and in the 1939 elections they managed only eight seats 13 Kekkonen was one of two leading government opponents of the IKL who would later go on to serve as presidents of Finland the other being Juho Kusti Paasikivi According to docent Andre Swanstrom IKL was by far the most popular party among Finnish Waffen SS recruits 14 Final years Edit Hitler Jugend as guests of the IKL in Finland on 7 August 1934 15 The Winter War and particularly the Moscow Peace were seen by IKL and its sympathizers as the ultimate proof of the parliamentary government s failed foreign policy During the year after the Winter War Finland s foreign policy was drastically changed by and large to correspond with that of IKL and Annala was even included in the Cabinet in January 1941 when all but one parties of the parliament were represented The price of this recognition was however an end to IKL attacks on the system and as such an effective end to the very reason it had support 16 After the initial enthusiasm of the Continuation War in 1941 waned during the first winter IKL wasn t included in Edwin Linkomies cabinet in spring 1943 In the aftermath of the Continuation War IKL was banned on the insistence of the Soviet Union four days after the armistice between Finland and the Soviet Union was signed 19 September 1944 17 The IKL initials returned to the far right political scene in 1993 with the foundation of the Isanmaallinen Kansallis Liitto by Matti Jarviharju 18 The new movement died out by 1998 19 Notable IKL supporters EditArne Somersalo Commander of the Finnish Airforce 1920 26 IKL MP Paavo Susitaival Lt Col IKL MP Paavo Talvela General Rolf Nevanlinna Mathematician Professor Rector of the University of Helsinki Vilho Lampi painter 20 Elias Simojoki clergyman IKL MP Hilja Riipinen the only women MP Election results EditParliament of Finland Edit Date Votes Seats Position Size pp 1936 97 891 8 34 8 34 14 200 14 Opposition 5th1939 86 219 6 65 6 65 8 200 Opposition 5thSee also EditHistory of Finland Academic Karelia SocietyReferences EditNotes Vares Vesa and Uola Mikko amp Majander Mikko 2006 Kansanvalta koetuksella Democracy under test Series The Finnish Parliament 100 Years Part 3 Helsinki Edita pp 248 253 ISBN 9513745430 a b c d e Upton p 215 Rees p 1 a b Carsten F L 1982 The rise of fascism Berkeley California University of California Press pp 168 169 ISBN 978 0520046436 Alapuro Risto 1970 Akateeminen Karjala seura Ylioppilasliike ja kansa 1920 ja 1930 luvulla Academic Karelian Society Student movement and people in the 1920s and 1930s Rees p 342 Edgren Torsten Manninen Merja and Ukkonen Jari IKL lapuan liikkeen jatkaja IKL the successor of the Lapua Movement in Korhonen Arvi 1949 Suomen historian kasikirja Handbook of Finnish History Werner Soderstrom pp 329 330 Rees Mylly Juhani 1988 Maalaisliitto Keskustapuolueen historia Maalaisliitto 1918 1939 History of the Agrarian Union Center Party Agrarian Union 1918 1939 p 385 Upton p 217 a b c Upton p 218 Upton p 219 Upton p 220 Andre Swanstrom Hakaristin ritarit Suomalaiset SS miehet politiikka uskonto ja sotarikokset s 23 Atena Jyvaskyla 2018 Henne Helmut 2011 Jugend und ihre Sprache Youth and their language Berlin De Gruyter ISBN 978 3110109672 page needed Upton p 221 Upton p 222 Koivulaakso et al p 68 Koivulaakso et al p 78 Vilho Lampi Viimeiset vuodet Vilho Lampi The Last Years Oulun Taidemuseo Oulu Art Museum Bibliography Koivulaakso Dan Brunila Mikael and Andersson Li 2012 Aarioikeisto Suomessa The far right in Finland in Finnish 2nd ed Helsinki Into ISBN 978 952 264 180 9 Rees Philip 1990 Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890 Upton A F Finland in Woolf S J 1981 Fascism in Europe London Routledge ISBN 9781138938465Further reading Vares Vesa Yrjo 2020 From allies to opponents Conservatives facing fascism in Finland in the 1930s Scandinavian Journal of History v 46 n 2 pp 224 247 doi 10 1080 03468755 2020 1816212External links Edit Media related to Patriotic People s Movement at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Patriotic People 27s Movement amp oldid 1131655498, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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