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Parnassius

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with Parnassus.
For the plant genus, see Parnassia.

Parnassius is a genus of northern circumpolar and montane (alpine and Himalayan) butterflies usually known as Apollos or snow Apollos. They can vary in colour and form significantly based on their altitude. They also exhibit altitudinal melananism, a high-altitude adaptation. They have dark bodies and darker coloring at the base of their wings, which allows them to absorb solar energy more quickly.

Although classified under the swallowtail butterfly family, none of the Parnassius species possesses tails.

The larvae feed on species of plants belonging to the Papaveraceae and Crassulaceae families, and like the other swallowtail butterfly larvae, possess an osmeterium.[1] Unlike most butterflies that have exposed pupae, they pupate inside a loose silken cocoon.

Identification and ecology edit

 
Species differences in female genitalia
 
Sphragis (mating plug) in female Parnassius apollo

Parnassius species of butterflies are often hard to identify and can sometimes only be identified by dissection of the genitalia.[2] The phylogeny of the group is still under study using molecular techniques. The exact number of species within the genus is disputed and numbers range from 38 to 47.[3]

The Parnassius butterflies also have a peculiar reproductive strategy in that the male has special accessory glands that produce a mating plug that seals the female genitalia after mating. This is believed to ensure the success of the male and to prevent other males from mating and avoids sperm competition.[4]

Butterflies of this genus have been widely used models to study metapopulations, population genetics and gene flow. Their patchy distribution and restricted migration makes them vulnerable to the effects of genetic drift and considerable colour variations can exist in individuals from different regions.[5][6]

Species edit

Species include:

Synonymy edit

Parnassinae
A proposed phylogeny of the Parnassius and related groups.[7]

Eight subgenera are recognized within the genus:

  • Driopa Korshunov, 1988 - type species: Papilio mnemosyne Linnaeus, 1758
  • Sachaia Korshunov, 1988 - type species: Parnassius tenedius Eversmann, 1851
  • Parnassius Latreille, 1804; Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. 24 (6): 185, 199 - type species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus
  • Tadumia Moore [1902]; Lepidoptera Indica, 5 (53): 116 - type species: Papilio acco Gray
  • Kailasius Moore, [1902]; Lepidoptera Indica, 5 (53): 118 - type species: Parnassius charltonius Gray
  • Koramius Moore, [1902]; Lepidoptera Indica, 5 (53): 120 - type species: Parnassius delphius Eversmann
  • Lingamius Bryk, 1935; Das Tierreich 65: 538-540 - type species: Parnassius hardwickii Gray
  • Eukoramius Bryk, 1935; Das Tierreich 65: 630, 673-674 - type species: Parnassius imperator Oberthür

Other names that are no longer valid include:

  • Parnassis Hübner, [1819]; Verz. bekannter Schmett. (6): 90 (or misspelled or emended?) - type species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus
  • Therius Billberg, 1820; Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 75 - type species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus
  • Doritis Fabricius, 1807; Magazin f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6: 283 - type species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus

Evolutionary relationships edit

 
Parnassius mnemosyne caterpillar

A molecular phylogenetic study from 2008 suggests firstly that Baronia brevicornis Salvin 1893, rather than belonging to an outgroup Baroniinae belongs to Parnassiini, together with Hypermnestra and Parnassius. Secondly that the earliest split within the genus Parnassius is between subgenus Parnassius (the 'apollo' group, whose caterpillars feed on Crassulaceae, exceptionally Saxifragaceae) and the ancestor of the remaining seven subgenera. The existence of the subgenera is confirmed by molecular phylogenies. Six of the other subgenera have Fumariaceae as the larval food plant, while the larvae of the remaining genus Kreizbergia feed on Scrophulariaceae[8]

Important collections edit

  • National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie) Curt Eisner collection: Types listed in Eisner, C. Parnassiidae-Typen in der Sammlung J.C.Eisner. Leiden. E.J.Brill, 1966. 190 pp. Col.frontispiece & 84 plts.(Zool. Verh. RMNH, 81). Review of worldwide species of Parnassiidae, 719 taxa included.
  • Natural History Museum, London: Specimens largely determined by Curt Eisner types listed in Ackery, P. R. (1973): A list of the type-specimens of Parnassius (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in the British Museum (Natural History). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 29 (1) (9.XI.1973): 1—35, 1 pl.
  • Ulster Museum, Belfast, H.M Peebles collection: Type list available on CD (Nash, R and Eisner, C.)
  • Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris: Types listed by Bernardi, G., and Viette, P. 1966. Les types et typoides de Parnassius (s.l.) se trouvant au Museum de Paris. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 71 95-103, 163-166. 9 229-233, 304-309.

References edit

  1. ^ Katoh, T.; Chichvarkhin, A.; Yagi, T. & Omoto, K. (2005). "Phylogeny and evolution of butterflies of the genus Parnassius: inferences from mitochondrial 16S and ND1 sequences". Zoological Science. 22 (3): 343-51.
  2. ^ Ackery, P. R. (1975). "A guide to the genera and species of Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology. 31 (4)
  3. ^ Nazari, Vazrick (2006). "Parnassius Latreille, 1804". Version 7 July 2006 (under construction). Tree of Life Web Project. Shows cladogram
  4. ^ Ehrlich, A. H. & Ehrlich, P. R. (1978). "Reproductive strategies in the butterflies: I. Mating frequency, plugging, and egg number". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 51: 666-697.
  5. ^ Dechaine, Eric G. & Martin, Andrew P. (2004). "Historic Cycles of Fragmentation and Expansion in Parnassius smintheus (Papilionidae) Inferred Using Mitochondrial DNA". Evolution. 58 (1): 113–127
  6. ^ Keyghobadi, N., Roland, J. & Strobeck, C. (1999). "Influence of landscape on the population genetic structure of the alpine butterfly Parnassius smintheus (Papilionidae)". Molecular Ecology. 8: 1481–1495.
  7. ^ Nazari, V.; Zakharov, E. V. & Sperling, F. A. H. (2007). "Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and taxonomic ranking of Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) based on morphology and seven genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 42: 131-156. June 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Michel, F.; Rebourg, C.; Cosson, E. & Descimon, H. (2008). "Molecular phylogeny of Parnassiinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) based on the sequences of four mitochondrial DNA segments". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. (n.s.) 44 (1): 1-36.
  • Collins, N. Mark; Morris, Michael G. (1985). Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book. Gland & Cambridge: IUCN. ISBN 978-2-88032-603-6 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.

Further reading edit

  • Kocman, S. 2009 Parnassius of Tibet and Adjacent Areas Tshikolovets, Kiev 64 col plates, maps, figs ISBN 9789660253773
  • Glassberg, Jeffrey Butterflies through Binoculars, The West (2001)
  • Guppy, Crispin S. and Shepard, Jon H. Butterflies of British Columbia (2001)
  • James, David G. and Nunnallee, David Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies (2011)
  • Pelham, Jonathan Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada (2008)
  • Pyle, Robert Michael The Butterflies of Cascadia (2002)
  • Korb, S., 2020 An annotated checklist of the tribus Parnassiini sensu Korshunov of the Old World (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) Acta Biologica Sibirica ISSN : 2412-1908

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Parnassius (category)
  • "Genus Parnassius". Insecta.pro.
  • Images with text in Japanese.
  • GloBIS/Gart Checklist 2010-09-09 at the Wayback Machine
  • GloBIS Database Includes type images
  • Genetic (DNA) vouchers
  • Genus Parnassius at Butterflies of the Americas Images
  • Parnassius of the World Goran Waldeck

January 01, 1970
parnassius, confused, with, parnassus, plant, genus, parnassia, genus, northern, circumpolar, montane, alpine, himalayan, butterflies, usually, known, apollos, snow, apollos, they, vary, colour, form, significantly, based, their, altitude, they, also, exhibit,. Not to be confused with Parnassus For the plant genus see Parnassia Parnassius is a genus of northern circumpolar and montane alpine and Himalayan butterflies usually known as Apollos or snow Apollos They can vary in colour and form significantly based on their altitude They also exhibit altitudinal melananism a high altitude adaptation They have dark bodies and darker coloring at the base of their wings which allows them to absorb solar energy more quickly Parnassius Parnassius phoebus Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Lepidoptera Family Papilionidae Tribe Parnassiini Genus Parnassius Type species Papilio apolloLinnaeus 1758 Although classified under the swallowtail butterfly family none of the Parnassius species possesses tails The larvae feed on species of plants belonging to the Papaveraceae and Crassulaceae families and like the other swallowtail butterfly larvae possess an osmeterium 1 Unlike most butterflies that have exposed pupae they pupate inside a loose silken cocoon Contents 1 Identification and ecology 2 Species 3 Synonymy 4 Evolutionary relationships 5 Important collections 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksIdentification and ecology edit nbsp Species differences in female genitalia nbsp Sphragis mating plug in female Parnassius apollo Parnassius species of butterflies are often hard to identify and can sometimes only be identified by dissection of the genitalia 2 The phylogeny of the group is still under study using molecular techniques The exact number of species within the genus is disputed and numbers range from 38 to 47 3 The Parnassius butterflies also have a peculiar reproductive strategy in that the male has special accessory glands that produce a mating plug that seals the female genitalia after mating This is believed to ensure the success of the male and to prevent other males from mating and avoids sperm competition 4 Butterflies of this genus have been widely used models to study metapopulations population genetics and gene flow Their patchy distribution and restricted migration makes them vulnerable to the effects of genetic drift and considerable colour variations can exist in individuals from different regions 5 6 Species editSpecies include Parnassius acco Parnassius acdestis Parnassius actius Parnassius andreji Parnassius apollo Parnassius apollonius Parnassius arcticus Parnassius ariadne Parnassius autocrator Parnassius baileyi Parnassius behrii Parnassius boedromius Parnassius bremeri Parnassius cardinal Parnassius charltonius Parnassius cephalus Parnassius clodius Parnassius davydovi Parnassius delphius Parnassius dongalaicus Parnassius epaphus Parnassius eversmanni Parnassius felderi Parnassius glacialis Parnassius hannyngtoni Parnassius hardwickii Parnassius hide Parnassius honrathi Parnassius huberi Parnassius imperator Parnassius inopinatus Parnassius jacobsoni Parnassius jacquemontii Parnassius kiritshenkoi Parnassius labeyriei Parnassius loxias Parnassius maharaja Parnassius maximinus Parnassius mnemosyne Parnassius nandadevinensis Parnassius nomion Parnassius nordmanni Parnassius nosei Parnassius orleans Parnassius patricius Parnassius phoebus Parnassius przewalskii Parnassius schultei Parnassius simo Parnassius simonius Parnassius smintheus Parnassius staudingeri Parnassius stenosemus Parnassius stoliczkanus Parnassius stubbendorfi Parnassius szechenyii Parnassius tenedius Parnassius tianschanicus nbsp Parnassius eversmanni nbsp Parnassius apollo nbsp Parnassius glacialis nbsp Parnassius mnemosyneSynonymy editParnassinae Parnassiini Hypermnestra Parnassius Luehdorfiini Archon Doritites bosniackii Luehdorfia Zerythiini Sericinus Bhutanitis Zerynthia Allancastria Thaites A proposed phylogeny of the Parnassius and related groups 7 Eight subgenera are recognized within the genus Driopa Korshunov 1988 type species Papilio mnemosyne Linnaeus 1758 Sachaia Korshunov 1988 type species Parnassius tenedius Eversmann 1851 Parnassius Latreille 1804 Nouv Dict Hist nat 24 6 185 199 type species Papilio apollo Linnaeus Tadumia Moore 1902 Lepidoptera Indica 5 53 116 type species Papilio acco Gray Kailasius Moore 1902 Lepidoptera Indica 5 53 118 type species Parnassius charltonius Gray Koramius Moore 1902 Lepidoptera Indica 5 53 120 type species Parnassius delphius Eversmann Lingamius Bryk 1935 Das Tierreich 65 538 540 type species Parnassius hardwickii Gray Eukoramius Bryk 1935 Das Tierreich 65 630 673 674 type species Parnassius imperator Oberthur Other names that are no longer valid include Parnassis Hubner 1819 Verz bekannter Schmett 6 90 or misspelled or emended type species Papilio apollo Linnaeus Therius Billberg 1820 Enum Ins Mus Billb 75 type species Papilio apollo Linnaeus Doritis Fabricius 1807 Magazin f Insektenk Illiger 6 283 type species Papilio apollo LinnaeusEvolutionary relationships edit nbsp Parnassius mnemosyne caterpillar A molecular phylogenetic study from 2008 suggests firstly that Baronia brevicornis Salvin 1893 rather than belonging to an outgroup Baroniinae belongs to Parnassiini together with Hypermnestra and Parnassius Secondly that the earliest split within the genus Parnassius is between subgenus Parnassius the apollo group whose caterpillars feed on Crassulaceae exceptionally Saxifragaceae and the ancestor of the remaining seven subgenera The existence of the subgenera is confirmed by molecular phylogenies Six of the other subgenera have Fumariaceae as the larval food plant while the larvae of the remaining genus Kreizbergia feed on Scrophulariaceae 8 Important collections editNational Museum of Natural History Leiden Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie Curt Eisner collection Types listed in Eisner C Parnassiidae Typen in der Sammlung J C Eisner Leiden E J Brill 1966 190 pp Col frontispiece amp 84 plts Zool Verh RMNH 81 Review of worldwide species of Parnassiidae 719 taxa included Natural History Museum London Specimens largely determined by Curt Eisner types listed in Ackery P R 1973 A list of the type specimens of Parnassius Lepidoptera Papilionidae in the British Museum Natural History Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History Entomology 29 1 9 XI 1973 1 35 1 pl pdf Ulster Museum Belfast H M Peebles collection Type list available on CD Nash R and Eisner C Museum national d histoire naturelle Paris Types listed by Bernardi G and Viette P 1966 Les types et typoides de Parnassius s l se trouvant au Museum de Paris Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France 71 95 103 163 166 9 229 233 304 309 References edit Katoh T Chichvarkhin A Yagi T amp Omoto K 2005 Phylogeny and evolution of butterflies of the genus Parnassius inferences from mitochondrial 16S and ND1 sequences Zoological Science 22 3 343 51 Ackery P R 1975 A guide to the genera and species of Parnassiinae Lepidoptera Papilionidae Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History Entomology 31 4 Nazari Vazrick 2006 Parnassius Latreille 1804 Version 7 July 2006 under construction Tree of Life Web Project Shows cladogram Ehrlich A H amp Ehrlich P R 1978 Reproductive strategies in the butterflies I Mating frequency plugging and egg number Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 51 666 697 Dechaine Eric G amp Martin Andrew P 2004 Historic Cycles of Fragmentation and Expansion in Parnassius smintheus Papilionidae Inferred Using Mitochondrial DNA Evolution 58 1 113 127 Keyghobadi N Roland J amp Strobeck C 1999 Influence of landscape on the population genetic structure of the alpine butterfly Parnassius smintheus Papilionidae Molecular Ecology 8 1481 1495 Nazari V Zakharov E V amp Sperling F A H 2007 Phylogeny historical biogeography and taxonomic ranking of Parnassiinae Lepidoptera Papilionidae based on morphology and seven genes Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42 131 156 Archived June 6 2011 at the Wayback Machine Michel F Rebourg C Cosson E amp Descimon H 2008 Molecular phylogeny of Parnassiinae butterflies Lepidoptera Papilionidae based on the sequences of four mitochondrial DNA segments Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France n s 44 1 1 36 Collins N Mark Morris Michael G 1985 Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World The IUCN Red Data Book Gland amp Cambridge IUCN ISBN 978 2 88032 603 6 via Biodiversity Heritage Library Further reading editKocman S 2009 Parnassius of Tibet and Adjacent Areas Tshikolovets Kiev 64 col plates maps figs ISBN 9789660253773 Glassberg Jeffrey Butterflies through Binoculars The West 2001 Guppy Crispin S and Shepard Jon H Butterflies of British Columbia 2001 James David G and Nunnallee David Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies 2011 Pelham Jonathan Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada 2008 Pyle Robert Michael The Butterflies of Cascadia 2002 Korb S 2020 An annotated checklist of the tribus Parnassiini sensu Korshunov of the Old World Lepidoptera Papilionidae Acta Biologica Sibirica ISSN 2412 1908External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parnassius category Genus Parnassius Insecta pro Type specimens at ETH Images with text in Japanese Photos de Parnassidae GloBIS Gart Checklist Archived 2010 09 09 at the Wayback Machine GloBIS Database Includes type images NSG Genetic DNA vouchers Genus Parnassius at Butterflies of the Americas Images Parnassius of the World Goran Waldeck Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Parnassius amp oldid 1163462720, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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