A paramount chief is the English-language designation for the highest-level political leader in a regional or local polity or country administered politically with a chief-based system. This term is used occasionally in anthropological and archaeological theory to refer to the rulers of multiple chiefdoms or the rulers of exceptionally powerful chiefdoms that have subordinated others. Paramount chiefs were identified by English-speakers as existing in Native American confederacies and regional chiefdoms, such as the Powhatan Confederacy and PiscatawayNative Americans encountered by European colonists in the Chesapeake Bay region of North America.
During the Victoria era, paramount chief was a formal title created by British colonial administrators in the British Empire and applied in Britain's colonies in Asia and Africa. They used it as a substitute for the word "king" to ensure that only the British monarch held that title.[1] Since the title "chief" was already used in terms of district and town administrators, the addition of "paramount" was made so as to distinguish between the ruling monarch and the local aristocracy.[1]
Kenya: Title held by supreme ruler Lago Ogom, after the advent of British colonial rule in Northern Kenya.
Sudan: In South Sudan, the title of the chief responsible for a payam (district) elected by the chiefs of each buma (village). The Paramount Chief works with the government-appointed Payam Director, both of whom report to a county Commissioner.
West African paramount chieftains and their countriesEdit
of each of the eight major tribes of the Tswana, all in Botswana (former Bechuanaland)
In present Lesotho since it emerged as a polity in 1822, a British protectorate as Basutoland since 12 March 1868 (11 August 1871 – 18 March 1884 Annexed to Cape Colony as Basutoland territory, then as a separate colony, as one of the High Commission Territories). The title changed to king on 4 October 1966, which was the date of the country's independence from the British Empire.
over the Awa-Khoi or "Red Nation" (more prominent then six other 'nations') of the Nama (Khoi) people, a Chiefdom established before 1700.
title Okahandja Herero among that people, also Chief Ministers of Hereoroland (two incumbents 20 July 1970 – 5 December 1980), the 'homeland' of the Ovaherero
In Swaziland the term paramount chief was imposed by the British government over Swazi royal objections in 1903, was never recognized by the Swazi royalty, and was changed to "king" in English upon independence in 1968. The SiSwati name for the office is Ngwenyama, a ceremonial term for "lion".
In South Africa
Khosikulu of the vhaVenda; after the people's split, (only?) of the haMphaphuli
title Inkosi Enkhulu of the Xhosa people's following polities: amaGcaleka, amaMbalu, amaRharhabe, amaNdlambe, imiDushane, imiQhayi, amaGasela, amaGwali, amaHleke, imiDange, amaNtinde, amaGqunukhwebe
title Inkosi Enkhulu of the amaBhaca (until 1830 called abakwaZelemu)
title Inkosi Enkhulu of the amaKhonjwayo (currently ruled by Dumisani Gwadiso)
title Inkosi Enkhulu of the amaMpondo, currently ruled by Ndamase NDAMASE (West) and Jongilanga Sigcau (East) .
title Inkosi Enkhulu of the amaMpondomise
title Inkosi Enkhulu of the abaThembu, currently ruled by Buyelekhaya Zwelinbanzi Dalindyebo.
title Inkosi Enkhulu of the Nhlangwini, currently ruled by Melizwe Dlamini
Khan, alternately spelled lowercase as khan[2] and sometimes spelled as Han, Xan, Ke-Han, Turkic: khān,[2][3]Mongolian: qāān,[3]Chinese: 可汗 or 汗, kehan or han) is an originally Central Asian title for a sovereign or military ruler, first used by medieval Turko-Mongolnomadic tribes living to the north of China. 'Khan' is first seen as a title in the Xianbei confederation[4] for their chief between 283–289[5] and was used as a state title by the Rouran confederation.[6] It was subsequently adopted by the Göktürks before Turkic peoples and the Mongols brought it to the rest of Asia. In the middle of the sixth century it was known as "Kagan – King of the Turks" to the Persians.[4]
It now has many equivalent meanings such as commander, leader, or ruler. The most famous khan was the Great Khan of Mongols: Genghis Khan. Another famous Manchu khan was Nurhachi.
Sabah, Malaysian BorneoEdit
The current Huguan Siou.
Huguan Siou is the paramount leader for the KadazandusunMurut indigenous community in Sabah. The current and the second Huguan Siou is Joseph Pairin Kitingan. The office is near sacred and can be left vacant if no one is deemed worthy to hold the title.[7]
Ariki Nui of Ngati Tuwharetoa, a Māori tribe in the central North Island – a hereditary chieftainship which still has great influence. In the 1850s the Māori King Movement resulted in the election of a Waikato chief as Māori King.
during the October–December 1987 secession agitation on one island, known as the Republic of Rotuma, led by Henry Gibson (remained in New Zealand), his style was GagajSau Lagfatmaro, rendered as Paramount chief or King of the Molmahao Clan. NB: This title was not recognised by the Rotuma Island Council as the titles Gagaja and Sau have never been used together. The closest thing to a paramount chief is the position of Fakpure, currently belonging to the district chief (gagaj 'es itu'u) of Noa'tau.
the British Sovereign was recognized as "Paramount Chief", even after the country became a republic on 7 October 1987; however, this was not an office of state.
PolynesiaEdit
Rapa Nui (Easter Island) paramount chief or king, the ariki henua or ariki mau*.
^ ab. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Bartleby.com. Archived from the original on 2007-08-19. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
^ abHenning, W. B., 'A Farewell to the Khagan of the Aq-Aqataran',"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African studies – University of London", Vol 14, No 3, p501–522. ,
^René Grousset (1988). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. p. 585. ISBN0-8135-1304-9.
^"The Huguan Siou Office". Kadazandusun Cultural Association. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
September 14, 2023
paramount, chief, confused, with, tain, paramount, leader, paramount, chief, english, language, designation, highest, level, political, leader, regional, local, polity, country, administered, politically, with, chief, based, system, this, term, used, occasiona. Not to be confused with Paramount chieftain or Paramount leader A paramount chief is the English language designation for the highest level political leader in a regional or local polity or country administered politically with a chief based system This term is used occasionally in anthropological and archaeological theory to refer to the rulers of multiple chiefdoms or the rulers of exceptionally powerful chiefdoms that have subordinated others Paramount chiefs were identified by English speakers as existing in Native American confederacies and regional chiefdoms such as the Powhatan Confederacy and Piscataway Native Americans encountered by European colonists in the Chesapeake Bay region of North America During the Victoria era paramount chief was a formal title created by British colonial administrators in the British Empire and applied in Britain s colonies in Asia and Africa They used it as a substitute for the word king to ensure that only the British monarch held that title 1 Since the title chief was already used in terms of district and town administrators the addition of paramount was made so as to distinguish between the ruling monarch and the local aristocracy 1 Contents 1 Africa 1 1 Eastern African paramount chieftainships and titles 1 2 West African paramount chieftains and their countries 1 3 Southern African paramount chieftainships and titles 2 In Asia 2 1 East Asia paramount chieftainships and titles 2 2 Sabah Malaysian Borneo 3 In Oceania 3 1 New Zealand 3 1 1 Cook Islands 3 2 Fiji 3 3 Polynesia 4 See also 5 Sources and references 6 ReferencesAfrica EditEastern African paramount chieftainships and titles Edit Kenya Title since 1904 of the former laibon of all the Maasai in Kenya not in Tanzania Kenya Title held by supreme ruler Lago Ogom after the advent of British colonial rule in Northern Kenya Sudan In South Sudan the title of the chief responsible for a payam district elected by the chiefs of each buma village The Paramount Chief works with the government appointed Payam Director both of whom report to a county Commissioner West African paramount chieftains and their countries Edit Cameroon Charles Atangana Nigeria Ladapo Ademola Sierra Leone Bai Bureh Ghana Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu IISouthern African paramount chieftainships and titles Edit Kgosi of each of the eight major tribes of the Tswana all in Botswana former Bechuanaland In present Lesotho since it emerged as a polity in 1822 a British protectorate as Basutoland since 12 March 1868 11 August 1871 18 March 1884 Annexed to Cape Colony as Basutoland territory then as a separate colony as one of the High Commission Territories The title changed to king on 4 October 1966 which was the date of the country s independence from the British Empire In Namibia over the Awa Khoi or Red Nation more prominent then six other nations of the Nama Khoi people a Chiefdom established before 1700 title Okahandja Herero among that people also Chief Ministers of Hereoroland two incumbents 20 July 1970 5 December 1980 the homeland of the Ovaherero In Swaziland the term paramount chief was imposed by the British government over Swazi royal objections in 1903 was never recognized by the Swazi royalty and was changed to king in English upon independence in 1968 The SiSwati name for the office is Ngwenyama a ceremonial term for lion In South Africa Khosikulu of the vhaVenda after the people s split only of the haMphaphuli title Inkosi Enkhulu of the Xhosa people s following polities amaGcaleka amaMbalu amaRharhabe amaNdlambe imiDushane imiQhayi amaGasela amaGwali amaHleke imiDange amaNtinde amaGqunukhwebe title Inkosi Enkhulu of the amaBhaca until 1830 called abakwaZelemu title Inkosi Enkhulu of the amaKhonjwayo currently ruled by Dumisani Gwadiso title Inkosi Enkhulu of the amaMpondo currently ruled by Ndamase NDAMASE West and Jongilanga Sigcau East title Inkosi Enkhulu of the amaMpondomise title Inkosi Enkhulu of the abaThembu currently ruled by Buyelekhaya Zwelinbanzi Dalindyebo title Inkosi Enkhulu of the Nhlangwini currently ruled by Melizwe Dlamini nbsp The Great Mongol Khan Genghis Khan nbsp Manchu Tribal Chief NurhaciIn Asia EditEast Asia paramount chieftainships and titles Edit KhanKhan alternately spelled lowercase as khan 2 and sometimes spelled as Han Xan Ke Han Turkic khan 2 3 Mongolian qaan 3 Chinese 可汗 or 汗 kehan or han is an originally Central Asian title for a sovereign or military ruler first used by medieval Turko Mongol nomadic tribes living to the north of China Khan is first seen as a title in the Xianbei confederation 4 for their chief between 283 289 5 and was used as a state title by the Rouran confederation 6 It was subsequently adopted by the Gokturks before Turkic peoples and the Mongols brought it to the rest of Asia In the middle of the sixth century it was known as Kagan King of the Turks to the Persians 4 It now has many equivalent meanings such as commander leader or ruler The most famous khan was the Great Khan of Mongols Genghis Khan Another famous Manchu khan was Nurhachi Sabah Malaysian Borneo Edit nbsp The current Huguan Siou Huguan Siou is the paramount leader for the Kadazandusun Murut indigenous community in Sabah The current and the second Huguan Siou is Joseph Pairin Kitingan The office is near sacred and can be left vacant if no one is deemed worthy to hold the title 7 In Oceania Edit nbsp Samoan paramount chief Mata afa Iosefo 1832 1912 New Zealand Edit Ariki Nui of Ngati Tuwharetoa a Maori tribe in the central North Island a hereditary chieftainship which still has great influence In the 1850s the Maori King Movement resulted in the election of a Waikato chief as Maori King Cook Islands Edit Cook Islands the paramount chief of the Cook Islands was an ariki of the Makea Nui dynasty a chiefdom of the Te Au O Tonga tribe in Rarotonga the Kingdom of Rarotonga was established in 1858 and ended in 1888 Fiji Edit during the October December 1987 secession agitation on one island known as the Republic of Rotuma led by Henry Gibson remained in New Zealand his style was Gagaj Sau Lagfatmaro rendered as Paramount chief or King of the Molmahao Clan NB This title was not recognised by the Rotuma Island Council as the titles Gagaja and Sau have never been used together The closest thing to a paramount chief is the position of Fakpure currently belonging to the district chief gagaj es itu u of Noa tau the British Sovereign was recognized as Paramount Chief even after the country became a republic on 7 October 1987 however this was not an office of state Polynesia Edit Rapa Nui Easter Island paramount chief or king the ariki henua or ariki mau Samoa paramount titles in the fa amatai chiefly system include Malietoa Mata afa Tupua Tamasese and Tuimaleali ifano American Samoa paramount chief titles in the fa amatai chiefly system include Tui Manu a Le iato See also EditChef superieur Great King Hegemony High king Monarchy Monarchy of Fiji the Great Council of Chiefs until de established in March 2012 recognised Elizabeth II as Tui Viti or Paramount Chief Paramount ruler Sachem KalaniopuuSources and references EditWorldStatesmen see each present countryReferences Edit a b Government Documents Great Britain Foreign Office Correspondence with Foreign Courts Regarding Execution of Treaties Contracted London 1821 110pp a b khan Merriam Webster Online Dictionary Merriam Webster Retrieved 2008 04 25 a b khan The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Bartleby com Archived from the original on 2007 08 19 Retrieved 2008 04 25 a b Henning W B A Farewell to the Khagan of the Aq Aqataran Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African studies University of London Vol 14 No 3 p501 522 Zhou 1985 p 3 6 Rene Grousset 1988 The Empire of the Steppes A History of Central Asia Rutgers University Press p 585 ISBN 0 8135 1304 9 The Huguan Siou Office Kadazandusun Cultural Association Retrieved 26 May 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Paramount chief amp oldid 1174566161, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
