Papaver bracteatum, also known as the Iranian poppy or Persian poppy and the great scarlet poppy (first described by Dr. N. Saharghi and Iraj LalezariNature 213, 1244, 1967 doi:10.1038/2131244a0 ) is a sturdy hardy perennial poppy with large deep red flowers up to 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter on stiff stalks up to 4 feet (1.22 metres) high with a prominent black spot near the base of the petals. It is closely related to the commonly cultivated oriental poppy, Papaver orientale and is sometimes recorded as the varietal form Papaver orientale var. bracteatum.[1]
This species is grown to produce thebaine, which is commercially converted to codeine and semi-synthetic opiates including hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, and oxymorphone. Papaver bracteatum does not contain morphine, codeine or any other narcotic alkaloids in significant amounts. Oripavine has been reported in minute traces but would not exert a relevant activity.[2]
In the United States, domestic cultivation of P. bracteatum was proposed by president Richard Nixon's Office of Management and Budget in the early 1970s as an alternative to Turkishopium poppies, which the administration was attempting to eliminate. This was because P. bracteatum does not contain morphine, which is converted to heroin, but is high in thebaine for legal codeine production, which was in crisis at the time because of the dwindling Turkish supply. However, US government scientists feared Bentley compounds,[3]opioids thousands of times more potent than heroin, would replace heroin in the US.[4]
The three species of Oriental poppy, Papaver orientale, Papaver orientale var. bracteatum and Papaver pseudo-orientale are thought to be the basis for up to 80 cultivars derived from cross-breeding and used extensively in ornamental gardens in Europe and the United States as well as elsewhere.[citation needed]Papaver orientale 'Beauty of Livermere' is regarded as so similar to, if not identical with, the wild P. bracteatum that it may well be a strain of P. bracteatum or at the very least a complex hybrid derived from it in large part and is now also referred to as P. orientale 'Goliath Group'.[5]
Referencesedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Papaver bracteatum.
^"Papaver orientale var. bracteatum | great scarlet poppy Herbaceous Perennial/RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
^Von Lyle E. Craker, James E. Simon (Eds.) (1991). Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, and Pharmacology Vol. II. (p. 69) Binghamton NY: The Haworth Press Inc. LCCN 86-646860
^BENTLEY, K. W. & HARDY, D. G. (1967) Novel analgesics and molecular rearrangements in the morphine-thebaine group. III. Alcohols of the 6,14-endo-ethenotetrahydrooripavine series and derived analogues of N-allylnormorphine and norcodeine. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 89, 3281-3292.
^Epstein, Edward Jay (1990). "The Coughing Crisis". Agency of Fear: Opiates and Political Power in America. ISBN978-0-86091-529-4.
^Klein, Carol (4 June 2010). "Gardens: Oriental poppies". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 April 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
January 01, 1970
papaver, bracteatum, also, known, iranian, poppy, persian, poppy, great, scarlet, poppy, first, described, saharghi, iraj, lalezari, nature, 1244, 1967, 1038, 2131244a0, sturdy, hardy, perennial, poppy, with, large, deep, flowers, inches, diameter, stiff, stal. Papaver bracteatum also known as the Iranian poppy or Persian poppy and the great scarlet poppy first described by Dr N Saharghi and Iraj Lalezari Nature 213 1244 1967 doi 10 1038 2131244a0 is a sturdy hardy perennial poppy with large deep red flowers up to 8 inches 20 cm in diameter on stiff stalks up to 4 feet 1 22 metres high with a prominent black spot near the base of the petals It is closely related to the commonly cultivated oriental poppy Papaver orientale and is sometimes recorded as the varietal form Papaver orientale var bracteatum 1 Papaver bracteatum Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Order Ranunculales Family Papaveraceae Genus Papaver Species P bracteatum Binomial name Papaver bracteatumLindl Uses editThis species is grown to produce thebaine which is commercially converted to codeine and semi synthetic opiates including hydrocodone hydromorphone oxycodone and oxymorphone Papaver bracteatum does not contain morphine codeine or any other narcotic alkaloids in significant amounts Oripavine has been reported in minute traces but would not exert a relevant activity 2 In the United States domestic cultivation of P bracteatum was proposed by president Richard Nixon s Office of Management and Budget in the early 1970s as an alternative to Turkish opium poppies which the administration was attempting to eliminate This was because P bracteatum does not contain morphine which is converted to heroin but is high in thebaine for legal codeine production which was in crisis at the time because of the dwindling Turkish supply However US government scientists feared Bentley compounds 3 opioids thousands of times more potent than heroin would replace heroin in the US 4 The three species of Oriental poppy Papaver orientale Papaver orientale var bracteatum and Papaver pseudo orientale are thought to be the basis for up to 80 cultivars derived from cross breeding and used extensively in ornamental gardens in Europe and the United States as well as elsewhere citation needed Papaver orientale Beauty of Livermere is regarded as so similar to if not identical with the wild P bracteatum that it may well be a strain of P bracteatum or at the very least a complex hybrid derived from it in large part and is now also referred to as P orientale Goliath Group 5 References edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Papaver bracteatum Papaver orientale var bracteatum great scarlet poppy Herbaceous Perennial RHS Gardening www rhs org uk Retrieved 2023 01 18 Von Lyle E Craker James E Simon Eds 1991 Herbs Spices and Medicinal Plants Recent Advances in Botany Horticulture and Pharmacology Vol II p 69 Binghamton NY The Haworth Press Inc LCCN 86 646860 BENTLEY K W amp HARDY D G 1967 Novel analgesics and molecular rearrangements in the morphine thebaine group III Alcohols of the 6 14 endo ethenotetrahydrooripavine series and derived analogues of N allylnormorphine and norcodeine J Am Chem Soc 89 3281 3292 Epstein Edward Jay 1990 The Coughing Crisis Agency of Fear Opiates and Political Power in America ISBN 978 0 86091 529 4 Klein Carol 4 June 2010 Gardens Oriental poppies The Guardian Retrieved 8 April 2019 via www theguardian com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Papaver bracteatum amp oldid 1192298660, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
