1198 papal election
The 1198 papal election (held 8 January) was convoked after the death of Pope Celestine III; it ended with the election of Cardinal Lotario dei Conti di Segni, who took the name Innocent III. In this election for the first time the new pope was elected per scrutinium.[2]
| Papal election 1198 | |
|---|---|
| Dates and location | |
| 8 January 1198 Septizodium, Rome[1] | |
| Key officials | |
| Dean | Konrad von Wittelsbach |
| Camerlengo | Cencio |
| Protopriest | Guillaume aux Blanches Mains |
| Protodeacon | Graziano da Pisa |
| Election | |
| Ballots | 2 |
| Elected pope | |
| Lotario dei Conti di Segni Name taken: Innocent III | |
← 1191 1216 → | |
Death of Celestine III edit
Pope Celestine III had been elected to the papacy in 1191 at the age of 85. In spite of his very advanced age, his pontificate lasted almost seven years.
A little before Christmas 1197, the 91-year-old Pope began to feel ill, and summoned all the cardinals to a meeting in his presence, announcing that they should discuss the matter of electing his successor. He stated that he was willing to abdicate the papacy on condition that his close collaborator, Cardinal Giovanni di San Paolo, would be elected the new pope. Cardinal Giovanni, the cardinal-priest of S. Prisca, had been conducting all of the pope's business for him, except the consecration of bishops.[3] The cardinals unanimously rejected the pope's suggestion, saying that they would not elect him with that condition, and that it was unheard of for a pope to depose himself.[4] In fact, Cardinal Octavianus, the Bishop of Ostia, was working to become pope, as were Cardinal Petrus of Porto, Cardinal Giordano of S. Pudenziana, and Cardinal Graziano of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.[5]
Two weeks later, on 8 January 1198, Celestine III died, and on the same day the cardinals started proceedings for the election of his successor.
List of participants edit
At the death of Celestine III there were 29 cardinals in the Sacred College.[6] However, no more than 21 were present at Rome:[7]
| Elector | Cardinalatial title | Elevated | Elevator | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ottaviano di Paoli | Bishop of Ostia e Velletri | 18 December 1182 | Lucius III | He consecrated new pope to the priesthood and episcopate |
| Pietro Gallocia | Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina | 1188 | Clement III | |
| Soffredo | Priest of S. Prassede | 18 December 1182 | Lucius III | |
| Pietro Diani | Priest of S. Cecilia | 16 March 1185 | Lucius III | |
| Giordano di Ceccano, O.Cist. | Priest of S. Pudenziana | 12 March 1188 | Clement III | |
| Giovanni da Viterbo | Priest of S. Clemente and bishop of Viterbo e Toscanella | May 1189 | Clement III | |
| Guido Papareschi | Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere | 22 September 1190 | Clement III | |
| Giovanni di Salerno, O.S.B.Cas. | Priest of S. Stefano in Monte Celio | 22 September 1190 | Clement III | Elected Pope but declined |
| Cinzio Cenci | Priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina | 22 September 1190 | Clement III | |
| Ugo Bobone | Priest of SS. Silvestro e Martino | 22 September 1190 | Clement III | Archpriest of the Vatican Basilica |
| Giovanni di San Paolo | Priest of S. Prisca | 20 February 1193 | Celestine III | Celestine III tried to designate him as his successor |
| Graziano da Pisa | Deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano | 4 March 1178 | Alexander III | Protodeacon; he crowned the new pope |
| Gerardo Allucingoli | Deacon of S. Adriano | 18 December 1182 | Lucius III | Cardinal-nephew |
| Gregorio de San Apostolo | Deacon of S. Maria in Portico | 12 March 1188 | Clement III | |
| Gregorio Crescenzi | Deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro | 12 March 1188 | Clement III | |
| Gregorio Carelli | Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro | 22 September 1190 | Clement III | |
| Lotario dei Conti di Segni | Deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco | 22 September 1190 | Clement III | Cardinal-nephew; elected Pope Innocent III |
| Gregorio Boboni | Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria | 22 September 1190 | Clement III | |
| Niccolò Scolari | Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin | 22 September 1190 | Clement III | Cardinal-nephew |
| Bobo | Deacon of S. Teodoro | 20 February 1193 | Celestine III | Cardinal-nephew |
| Cencio | Deacon of S. Lucia in Silice and Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church | 20 February 1193 | Celestine III | Acting papal chancellor; future Pope Honorius III (1216–1227); possibly of Savelli family |
Four electors were created by Celestine III, five by Lucius III, one by Alexander III and the remaining thirteen by Clement III.
Absentees edit
At least eight cardinals were absent:
| Elector | Cardinalatial title | Elevated | Elevator | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Konrad von Wittelsbach | Bishop of Sabina and Archbishop of Mainz | 18 December 1165 | Alexander III | prior episcoporum; papal legate in the Holy Land; external cardinal |
| Guillaume aux Blanches Mains | Priest of S. Sabina and Archbishop of Reims | March 1179 | Alexander III | Protopriest; Minister of State of the Kingdom of France; external cardinal |
| Ruggiero di San Severino | Priest of S. Eusebio and Archbishop of Benevento | Circa 1178–1180 | Alexander III | External cardinal |
| Pandolfo da Lucca | Priest of SS. XII Apostoli | 18 December 1182 | Lucius III | Papal legate in Tuscany |
| Adelardo Cattaneo | S.R.E. cardinalis and bishop of Verona | 16 March 1185 | Lucius III | Resigned the titular church of S. Marcello after the election to the see of Verona in 1188; external cardinal |
| Bernardo, C.R.S.F. | Priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli | 12 March 1188 | Clement III | Papal legate in Tuscany and Lombardy |
| Roffredo dell'Isola, O.S.B.Cas. | Priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro | 1188 | Clement III | Abbot of Montecassino; ; external cardinal |
| Peter of Capua | Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata | 20 February 1193 | Celestine III | He was legate in Bohemia and Poland in 1197. At the death of Celestine III he had already finished this mission but was unable to reach Rome before the election |
Election of Pope Innocent III edit
On the same day that Celestine III died, some of the cardinals assembled at the Sapta Solis monasterii Cliviscauri,[8] which is taken by scholars to be the Septizodium, or possibly in the nearby church of Santa Lucia in Septisolio.[1] Others accompanied the body of the dead pope to its funeral in the Lateran Basilica. Following the return of the cardinals from the funeral, they assembled in voluntary enclosure,[9] as reported by pope Innocent himself on a letter on January 9.[10] This may have been done to guarantee safety and freedom in the election, given the presence and influence of the Germans in Italy.[11]
Not for the first time (secundum morem), the electors voted by scrutiny (per scrutinium). Some cardinals were elected scrutineers; they counted the votes, recorded the result and announced it to the rest of the Sacred College.[12] In the first scrutiny Cardinal Giovanni di Salerno received the greatest number of votes (ten), but declared that he would not accept the election to the pontificate.[13] Ottaviano di Paoli also received three votes, but declared his own preference for Lotario.[14] In the second scrutiny the cardinals united their votes[15] in favor of 37-year-old Cardinal Lotario dei Conti di Segni, deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco, who was the youngest of all the cardinals.[16] He accepted his election and took the name Innocent III. The name was possibly chosen for him by cardinal Graziano da Pisa, as a means to supplant the memory of Antipope Innocent III.[14][17]
On 22 February 1198 the new pope was ordained to the priesthood and consecrated to the episcopate by Cardinal Ottaviano di Paoli, bishop of Ostia e Velletri, and solemnly crowned by Cardinal Graziano da Pisa of SS. Cosma e Damiano, the protodeacon.[16]
Notes edit
- ^ a b Or possibly the Septasolium. There has been confusion about these locations, as described by Dr. J. P. Adams
- ^ A. Piazzoni (Polish edition), p. 177.
- ^ Roger de Hoveden, in: Watterich II, p. 748; ed. Stubbs, Volume IV,, pp. 32-33. The Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Innocent III
- ^ "Sed omnes cardinales una voce responderunt, quod illum conditionaliter non eligerent, dkicentes, quod inauditum erat, quod summus Pontifex se deponeret." T. Greenwood, p. 358
- ^ Karl Holder, Die Designation der Nachfolger durch die Päpste (in German) (Freiburg i. B.: B. Veith 1892), pp. 67-70.
- ^ Number according to W. Maleczek, p. 241. K. Eubel, p. 3, note 1; and T. Greenwood, p. 358, give the number of only 28, but Eubel omitted Ruggiero of S. Eusebio, and Greenwood does not provide the list at all
- ^ Reconstruction is based on the biographical data of the cardinals in: W. Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, Wien 1984. This author, p. 354, suggests even the lower number of electors (19 or 20), but without indicating which cardinals were absent. T. Greenwood, p. 358, says that at least five out of twenty eight cardinals were absent
- ^ "Gesta Innocentii III Papae", in Patrologiae Latinae Tomus CCXIV (Paris: Garnier 1890), p. xix: "Defuncto igitur Coelestino, cum quidam cardinalium se contulisset ad Septa Solis monasterii Clivisauri, ut liberius et securius ibi possent de successoris electione tractare, ipse cum quibusdam aliis apud basilicam Constantinianam voluit decessoris excequiis interisse."
- ^ For this reason, some authors[who?] consider this election as the first papal conclave (A. Piazzoni, p. 176, note 2), but the formal procedures of the conclave would not be developed until the papal election, 1268–1271, and were first implemented in the papal conclave, January 1276
- ^ Patrologiae cursus completus: sive biblioteca universalis,integra uniformis ... (in Latin). apud editorem. 1855. p. Column. 1.
- ^ Hurter, Federico (1839). Storia del sommo Pontifice Innocenzo III e de ́suoi contemporanei scrita in tedesco de tradotta in italiano Dall ́Ab. Cesare Rovida, con un discorso preliminare dei signore Alessandro di Saint-Cheron, G.B. Haiber (in Italian). G.Resnati. p. 154.
- ^ A. Piazzoni, p. 177. Piazzoni cites for this statement two anonymous contemporary sources: Oratio pro eligendo pontifice and Gesta Innocentii papae. "Gesta Innocentii III Papae", in Patrologiae Latinae Tomus CCXIV (Paris: Garnier 1890), p. xix: "Et, exhortatione praemissa, examinatores fuerunt secundum morem electi, qui, sigillatim votis omnium perscrutatis, et in scriptis redactis, examinationem factam retulerunt ad fratres...."
- ^ W. Maleczek, p. 108
- ^ a b Hurter, p. 155.
- ^ Unanimity of the election: Smith, p. 12
- ^ a b S. Miranda Cardinal Lotario dei Conti di Segni.
- ^ Another possibility is that he chose the name himself, maybe as a reference to his predecessor Innocent II (1130–1143), who, in contrast with Celestine III's recent policy, had succeeded in asserting the papacy's authority over the emperor. Théry, Julien (2015). "Introduction". In D. Le Blévec; M. Fournié; J. Théry-Astruc (eds.). Innocent III et le Midi. Cahiers de Fanjeaux. Vol. 50. pp. 11–35, at 13-14.
Sources edit
- Eubel, Konrad (1913). (in Latin). I. Münster. Archived from the original on 25 January 2007.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Greenwood, Thomas (1865). Cathedra Petri. Vol. XII, XIII. London: William Macintosh.
- Holder, Karl (1892). Die Designation der Nachfolger durch die Päpste (in German). Freiburg: Weith.
- Jaffé, Philipp (1851). Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII (in Latin). Berlin: Veit et Socius.
- Maleczek, Werner (1984). Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216 (in German). Vienna: M. Schöbel.
- Miranda, Salvador. "Consistory of September 1190 (III)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church.
- Ott, Michael (1910). "Pope Innocent III". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. VIII. Robert Appleton Company.
- Piazzoni, Ambrogio (2003). Historia wyboru papieży (in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo M. ISBN 83-7221-648-7.
- Piazzoni, Ambrogio M. (2003). Storia delle elezioni pontificie Atti, documenti segreti, cronache del tempo e curiosità svelano i retroscena delle quasi trecento elezioni papali dalle origini della Chiesa ai giorni nostri (in Italian) Asti: Piemme. ISBN 8838465398.
- Smith, Damian J (2004). Innocent III and the Crown of Aragon. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-3492-2.
- Julien Théry-Astruc, "Introduction", in Innocent III et le Midi (Cahiers de Fanjeaux, 50), Toulouse, Privat, 2015, p.11-35.