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April 1555 papal conclave

January 01, 1970

The April 1555 papal conclave (April 5–9) was convoked after the death of Pope Julius III. Cardinals at the conclave generally grouped themselves into three major factions, according to their alignment with the French House of Valois, the Hapsburgs, or Italian states that remained independent of both major Catholic powers. After preparing a conclave capitulation that compelled whichever cardinal was elected pope to maintain neutrality in European wars, cardinals from the Holy Roman Empire joined in supporting the French faction's candidate, Cardinal Marcello Cervini. Cervini was elected Julius's successor, and chose to maintain his baptismal (birth) name as his papal name, becoming consecrated as Marcellus II.

Papal conclave
April 1555
Dates and location
5–9 April 1555
Apostolic Palace, Papal States
Key officials
DeanGiovanni Pietro Carafa
CamerlengoGuido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora
ProtopriestRobert de Lenoncourt
ProtodeaconFrancesco Pisani
Election
Ballots1
Elected pope
Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi
Name taken: Marcellus II

List of participants edit

Pope Julius III died on March 23, 1555. Thirty-seven out of fifty-seven cardinals participated in the election of his successor:[1]

Fifteen electors were created by Julius III, twenty by Pope Paul III, one by Pope Clement VII and one by Leo X.

Absentee cardinals edit

Twenty cardinals were absent:[1]

Thirteen were created by Paul III, four by Clement VII, two by Julius III and one by Leo X.

Divisions in the Sacred College edit

College of Cardinals was divided into three parties:[2]

The election of Pope Marcellus II edit

The Cardinals present in Rome entered the conclave on April 5. Initially, they prepared and subscribed the conclave capitulation, which obliged the newly elected pope to maintain neutrality in the European conflicts and forbade him to conduct wars against Christian princes.[3] In spite of the existing divisions, cardinals quickly achieved consensus. On April 9 at 11 p.m.[4] they elected by acclamation[5] Cardinal Marcello Cervini. He was proposed by the French faction,[6] but also obtained the support of the Imperial cardinals (e.g. Madruzzo[3]) despite the express wishes of Charles V against Cervini's election.[7]

On April 10 in the morning a formal scrutiny took place to confirm the election. Cervini received all votes except of his own, which he gave to Gian Pietro Carafa.[3] He retained his baptismal name, adding to it only an ordinal number (Marcellus II). On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and Dean of the College of Cardinals, and crowned by Cardinal Francesco Pisani, Protodeacon of S. Marco.[4]

See also edit

Notes and References edit

  1. ^ a b This is according to an account of this conclave in German on Vatican History 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, to the account of J. P. Adams in English at Sede Vacante 1555, and to Onuphrio Panvinio, p. 424-425. Salvador Miranda: list of participants of the conclave of April 1555 indicates that all cardinals participated in this conclave except Pietro Tagliavia de Aragonia and Louis I de Guise. The list of the electors and absentees is presented according to Panvinio, p. 424-425.
  2. ^ Valérie Pirie: The Triple Crown: the election of Paul IV Although that link concerns the next conclave held in May 1555, the information about parties existed in the Sacred College are correct also for the conclave of April 1555.
  3. ^ a b c Vatican History 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ a b Cardinal Marcello Cervini (Pope Marcellus II by S. Miranda
  5. ^ Helmut Feld (1993). "Marcellus II., Papst". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 5. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 771–775. ISBN 3-88309-043-3.
  6. ^ The Triple Crown
  7. ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Marcellus II

Sources edit

  • O. Panvinio, J. Strada, Epitome pontificum Romanorum a s. Petro usque ad Paulum IIII, gestorum videlicet electionisque singulorum & conclavium compendiaria narratio. Cardinalium item nomina... Onuphrio Panvinio,... authore... Ex musaeo Jacobi Stradae,... (J. de Strada edidit), Impensis Jacobi Stradae Mantuani, 1557.
  • Leti, Gregorio (1667). Conclavi de' pontefici romani, quali si sono potuti trovare fin à questo giorno [éd. Grogorio Leti] (in Italian). Vol. I. no place given: no publisher given. pp. 135–144.
  • Petruccelli della Gattina, Ferdinando (1864). Histoire diplomatique des conclaves (in French). Vol. II. Paris: A. Lacroix, Verboeckhoven et cie.
  • Herre, Paul (1907). Papsttum und Papstwahl im Zeitalter Philipps II (in German). Leipzig: Teubner.
  • Valérie Pirie, The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves. Pope Marcellus II (Cervini)
  • List of participants of papal conclave of April 1555 (by Salvador Miranda)
  • S. Miranda: Cardinal Marcello Cervini (Pope Marcellus II)
  • Bautz Biografisch-Bibliografiches Kirchenlexikon: Marcellus II
  • Pope Marcellus II The Catholic Encyclopedia

January 01, 1970
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This article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject Please help improve the article by providing more context for the reader April 2016 Learn how and when to remove this message The April 1555 papal conclave April 5 9 was convoked after the death of Pope Julius III Cardinals at the conclave generally grouped themselves into three major factions according to their alignment with the French House of Valois the Hapsburgs or Italian states that remained independent of both major Catholic powers After preparing a conclave capitulation that compelled whichever cardinal was elected pope to maintain neutrality in European wars cardinals from the Holy Roman Empire joined in supporting the French faction s candidate Cardinal Marcello Cervini Cervini was elected Julius s successor and chose to maintain his baptismal birth name as his papal name becoming consecrated as Marcellus II Papal conclaveApril 1555Dates and location5 9 April 1555Apostolic Palace Papal StatesKey officialsDeanGiovanni Pietro CarafaCamerlengoGuido Ascanio Sforza di Santa FioraProtopriestRobert de LenoncourtProtodeaconFrancesco PisaniElectionBallots1Elected popeMarcello Cervini degli SpannochiName taken Marcellus II 1549 50May 1555 Contents 1 List of participants 2 Absentee cardinals 3 Divisions in the Sacred College 4 The election of Pope Marcellus II 5 See also 6 Notes and References 7 SourcesList of participants editPope Julius III died on March 23 1555 Thirty seven out of fifty seven cardinals participated in the election of his successor 1 Gian Pietro Carafa created cardinal on December 22 1536 Cardinal Bishop of Ostia e Velletri Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals Grand Inquisitor of the Supreme S C of the Roman and Universal Inquisition Archbishop of Naples Jean du Bellay May 21 1535 Cardinal Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina Bishop of Le Mans Juan Alvarez de Toledo O P December 20 1538 Cardinal Bishop of Albano Inquisitor of Rome Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela Cardinal protector of the Orders of Dominicans and Barnabites Rodolfo Pio di Carpi December 22 1536 Cardinal Bishop of Frascati Administrator of Girgento Legate in the province of Patrimonium Cardinal protector of Scotland Cardinal protector of the Orders of Capuchins and Jesuits Niccolo Caetani December 22 1536 Cardinal Priest of S Eustachio Archbishop of Capua Administrator of Quimper Marcello Cervini December 19 1539 Cardinal Priest of S Croce in Gerusalemme Bishop of Gubbio Librarian of the Holy Roman Church Miguel da Silva December 19 1539 Cardinal Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere Administrator of Massa Marittima Cristoforo Madruzzo June 2 1542 Cardinal Priest of S Cesareo in Palatio Bishop of Trento and Brixen Bartolome de la Cueva December 19 1544 Cardinal Priest of S Bartolomeo all Isola Georges d Armagnac December 19 1544 Cardinal Priest of SS Giovanni e Paolo Bishop of Rodez Federico Cesi December 19 1544 Cardinal Priest of S Prisca Administrator of Cremona Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals Tiberio Crispi December 19 1544 Cardinal Priest of S S Agata alla Suburra Administrator of Amalfi Girolamo Verallo April 8 1549 Cardinal Priest of S Marcello Giovanni Angelo Medici April 8 1549 Cardinal Priest of S Stefano in Monte Celio Bishop of Cassano al Ionio Governor of Campagna e Marittima Prefect of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Grace Fulvio della Corgna O S Io Hieros November 20 1551 Cardinal Priest of S Maria in Via Administrator of Spoleto Legate in Ascoli Piceno and Rieti Giovanni Ricci November 20 1551 Cardinal Priest of S Vitale Gervasio e Protasio Giovanni Andrea Mercurio November 20 1551 Cardinal Priest of S Ciriaco alla Terme Archbishop of Messina Giacomo Puteo November 20 1551 Cardinal Priest of S Simeon in Posterula Archbishop of Bari Pietro Bertani O P November 20 1551 Cardinal Priest of S Marcellino e Pietro Bishop of Fano Fabio Mignanelli November 20 1551 Cardinal Priest of S Silvestro in Capite Prefect of the Papal States Giovanni Poggio November 20 1551 Cardinal Priest of S Anastasia Bishop of Tropea Giovanni Battista Cicala November 20 1551 Cardinal Priest of S Clemente Legate in Campagna Administrator of Mariana Girolamo Dandini November 20 1551 Cardinal Priest of S Matteo in Merulana Cardinal Secretary of State Cristoforo Ciocchi del Monte November 20 1551 Cardinal Priest of S Prassede Bishop of Marseilles Giovanni Michele Saraceni November 20 1551 Cardinal Priest of S Maria in Aracoeli Archbishop of Acerenza e Matera Francesco Pisani July 1 1517 Cardinal Deacon of S Marco commendatario of S Maria in Portico Protodeacon of the Sacred College of Cardinals Bishop of Padua Administrator of Narbonne Ercole Gonzaga May 3 1527 Cardinal Deacon of S Maria Nuova Bishop of Mantua Cardinal protector of Spain Cardinal protector of the Order of Canons Regular Regent of the Duchy of Mantua Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora December 18 1534 Cardinal Deacon of S Maria in Via Lata Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church Archpriest of the patriarchal Liberian Basilica Administrator of Parma Cardinal protector of Spain and Armenia Ippolito II d Este December 20 1538 Cardinal Deacon of S Maria in Aquiro Administrator of Auch Governor of Tivoli Cardinal protector of France Giacomo Savelli December 19 1539 Cardinal Deacon of S Nicola in Carcere Tulliano Legate in March of Ancona Girolamo Capodiferro December 19 1544 Cardinal Deacon of S Giorgio in Velabro Bishop of Saint Jean de Maurienne Ranuccio Farnese December 16 1545 Cardinal Deacon of S Angelo in Pescheria Grand penitentiary Administrator of Ravenna Archpriest of the patriarchal Lateran Basilica Legate in Viterbo Giulio Feltre della Rovere July 27 1547 Cardinal Deacon of S S Pietro in Vincoli Legate in Umbria and Perugia Innocenzo del Monte May 30 1550 Cardinal Deacon of S Onofrio Luigi Cornaro November 20 1551 Cardinal Deacon of S Teodoro Archbishop of Zadar Roberto de Nobili December 22 1553 Cardinal Deacon of S Maria in Domnica Girolamo Simoncelli December 22 1553 Cardinal Deacon of SS Cosma e Damiano Bishop of Orvieto Fifteen electors were created by Julius III twenty by Pope Paul III one by Pope Clement VII and one by Leo X Absentee cardinals editTwenty cardinals were absent 1 Louis de Bourbon de Vendome July 1 1517 Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina Administrator of Sens Francois de Tournon March 9 1530 Cardinal Bishop of Sabina Archbishop of Lyon Superior General of the Order of Canons Regular of Saint Augustine Robert de Lenoncourt December 20 1538 Cardinal Priest of S Apollinare Protopriest of the Sacred College of Cardinals Administrator of Metz Claude de Longuy de Givry November 7 1533 Cardinal Priest of S Agnese in Agone Administrator of Langres Antoine Sanguin de Meudon December 19 1539 Cardinal Priest of S Crisogono Administrator of Toulouse Giovanni Girolamo Morone June 2 1542 Cardinal Priest of S Lorenzo in Lucina Bishop of Novara Papal Legate in Germany Cardinal protector of Austria and Ireland Cardinal protector of Order of Cistercians Francisco Mendoza de Bobadilla December 19 1544 Cardinal Priest of S Eusebio Archbishop of Burgos Jacques d Annebaut December 19 1544 Cardinal Priest of S Susanna Bishop of Lisieux Otto Truchess von Waldburg December 19 1544 Cardinal Priest of S Sabina Bishop of Augsburg Durante Duranti December 19 1544 Cardinal Priest of SS XII Apostoli Bishop of Brescia Pedro Pacheco de Villena December 16 1545 Cardinal Priest of S Balbina Bishop of Siguenza Viceroy of the Kingdom of Naples Henry of Portugal December 16 1545 Cardinal Priest of SS IV Coronati Archbishop of Evora Legate a latere in Portugal Inquisitor General of the Portuguese Inquisition Charles de Lorraine Guise July 27 1547 Cardinal Priest of S Cecilia Archbishop of Reims Pietro Tagliavia de Aragonia December 22 1553 Cardinal Priest of no title assigned Archbishop of Palermo Girolamo Doria January 1529 Cardinal Deacon of S Tommaso in Parione Administrator of Tarragona Odet de Coligny de Chatillon November 7 1533 Cardinal Deacon of S Adriano Administrator of Beauvais Alessandro Farnese December 18 1534 Cardinal Deacon of S Lorenzo in Damaso Vice Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church Archpriest of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica Legate in Avignon Administrator of Monreale and Cahors Cardinal protector of Poland Portugal Germany Kingdom of Sicily Republic of Genoa and Republic of Ragusa Cardinal protector of the Orders of Benedictines and Servites Reginald Pole December 22 1536 Cardinal Deacon of S Maria in Cosmedin Papal Legate in England Charles de Bourbon de Vendome January 9 1548 Cardinal Deacon of S Sisto Archbishop of Rouen Louis I de Guise December 22 1553 Cardinal Deacon of no deaconry assigned Administrator of Albi Thirteen were created by Paul III four by Clement VII two by Julius III and one by Leo X Divisions in the Sacred College editCollege of Cardinals was divided into three parties 2 French party the adherents of the king Henry II of France Their leader was Charles de Lorraine Guise contradictory Habsburg party cardinals aligned with Emperor Charles V Their leader was Cardinal Juan Alvarez de Toledo Italian party group of Italian cardinals headed by Alessandro Farnese contradictory Cardinal nephew of Paul III with no direct connections with main Catholic powers Habsburg Empire or France dubious discuss The election of Pope Marcellus II editThe Cardinals present in Rome entered the conclave on April 5 Initially they prepared and subscribed the conclave capitulation which obliged the newly elected pope to maintain neutrality in the European conflicts and forbade him to conduct wars against Christian princes 3 In spite of the existing divisions cardinals quickly achieved consensus On April 9 at 11 p m 4 they elected by acclamation 5 Cardinal Marcello Cervini He was proposed by the French faction 6 but also obtained the support of the Imperial cardinals e g Madruzzo 3 despite the express wishes of Charles V against Cervini s election 7 On April 10 in the morning a formal scrutiny took place to confirm the election Cervini received all votes except of his own which he gave to Gian Pietro Carafa 3 He retained his baptismal name adding to it only an ordinal number Marcellus II On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa bishop of Ostia e Velletri and Dean of the College of Cardinals and crowned by Cardinal Francesco Pisani Protodeacon of S Marco 4 See also editList of PopesNotes and References edit a b This is according to an account of this conclave in German on Vatican History Archived 2007 09 27 at the Wayback Machine to the account of J P Adams in English at Sede Vacante 1555 and to Onuphrio Panvinio p 424 425 Salvador Miranda list of participants of the conclave of April 1555 indicates that all cardinals participated in this conclave except Pietro Tagliavia de Aragonia and Louis I de Guise The list of the electors and absentees is presented according to Panvinio p 424 425 Valerie Pirie The Triple Crown the election of Paul IV Although that link concerns the next conclave held in May 1555 the information about parties existed in the Sacred College are correct also for the conclave of April 1555 a b c Vatican History Archived 2007 09 27 at the Wayback Machine a b Cardinal Marcello Cervini Pope Marcellus II by S Miranda Helmut Feld 1993 Marcellus II Papst In Bautz Traugott ed Biographisch Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon BBKL in German Vol 5 Herzberg Bautz cols 771 775 ISBN 3 88309 043 3 The Triple Crown The Catholic Encyclopedia Pope Marcellus IISources editO Panvinio J Strada Epitome pontificum Romanorum a s Petro usque ad Paulum IIII gestorum videlicet electionisque singulorum amp conclavium compendiaria narratio Cardinalium item nomina Onuphrio Panvinio authore Ex musaeo Jacobi Stradae J de Strada edidit Impensis Jacobi Stradae Mantuani 1557 Leti Gregorio 1667 Conclavi de pontefici romani quali si sono potuti trovare fin a questo giorno ed Grogorio Leti in Italian Vol I no place given no publisher given pp 135 144 Petruccelli della Gattina Ferdinando 1864 Histoire diplomatique des conclaves in French Vol II Paris A Lacroix Verboeckhoven et cie Herre Paul 1907 Papsttum und Papstwahl im Zeitalter Philipps II in German Leipzig Teubner Vatican History Valerie Pirie The Triple Crown An Account of the Papal Conclaves Pope Marcellus II Cervini List of participants of papal conclave of April 1555 by Salvador Miranda S Miranda Cardinal Marcello Cervini Pope Marcellus II Bautz Biografisch Bibliografiches Kirchenlexikon Marcellus II Pope Marcellus II The Catholic Encyclopedia Portals nbsp Catholicism nbsp Christianity nbsp Vatican CityApril 1555 papal conclave at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp News from Wikinews nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Textbooks from Wikibooks nbsp Resources from Wikiversity nbsp Data from Wikidata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org 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