The 1878 papal conclave, which resulted from the death of Pope Pius IX on 7 February 1878, met from 18 to 20 February. The conclave followed the longest reign of any other pope since Saint Peter. It was the first election of a pope who would not rule the Papal States. It was the first to meet in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican because the venue used earlier in the 19th century, the Quirinal Palace, was now the palace of the King of Italy, Umberto I.
When the cardinals assembled, they faced a dilemma. Should they choose a pope who would continue to espouse Pius IX's reactionary religious and political views, and would continue to refuse to accept Italy's Law of Guarantees guaranteeing the pope religious liberty in the Kingdom of Italy? Or should they turn away from the policies of Pius IX and choose a more liberal pope who could work for reconciliation with the King of Italy? Would choosing such a policy be seen as a betrayal of Pius IX, the self-proclaimed "Prisoner in the Vatican"?
Other broader issues included Church-State relations in Italy, the Third French Republic, Ireland and the United States; the heresy Pope Leo XIII later called Americanism; divisions in the Church caused by the proclamation of papal infallibility by the First Vatican Council; and the status of the First Vatican Council, which had been halted suddenly and never concluded. The length of Pope Pius' reign suggested[how?] the cardinals give special consideration to the age and health of the man they elected.
With what many churchmen believed was the "unstable" and "anti-Catholic" situation in a Rome that was no longer controlled by the Church, some cardinals, notably Cardinal Manning, Archbishop of Westminster, urged that the conclave be moved outside Rome, perhaps even to Malta.[1] However the Camerlengo, Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, advocated otherwise, and an initial vote among cardinals to move to Spain was overturned in a later vote. The conclave finally assembled in the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican on 18 February 1878.
Going into the conclave, Cardinal Pecci was the one candidate favored to be elected, in part because many of the cardinals who headed to Rome had already decided to elect him.[2] In addition to Pecci's competent administration as Camerlengo during the brief sede vacante period up to the conclave, Pecci was seen as the opposite of Pope Pius IX in terms of manner and temperament, and had also had a successful diplomatic career prior to being Archbishop-Bishop of Perugia.[2] Pecci's election was also facilitated in that Alessandro Franchi, the candidate favored by the conservatives, urged his supporters to switch their support to the Camerlengo.[2]
One account reported the voting tabulations without providing its source.[3]
Pope Pius IX (1846–1878), whose reactionary policies the cardinals rejected in selecting the liberal Cardinal Pecci
Ballot 1 (morning 19 February)
On the first ballot, held on the morning of 19 February the votes were
This ballot was ruled invalid because at least one cardinal did not mark his ballot properly.[4]
Ballot 2 (afternoon 19 February)
Pecci 26
Bilio 7
Franchi 2
Ballot 3 (morning 20 February)
Pecci 44 – elected
Result, implications, and aftermath
The election of Cardinal Pecci, who took the name of Leo XIII, was a victory for the liberals. Pecci had been an effective bishop whose diocese had moved from the Papal States to the Kingdom of Italy successfully, without Church problems. He was seen as a diplomatic pragmatist with the tact and flexibility opponents of the previous pope believed Pius IX lacked. At 68 Leo was also young enough to do the job without hindrance of health problems, but old enough to offer the prospect of a relatively short reign of ten to fifteen years. Whereas Pius IX was seen as having isolated the Church from international opinion (his confining Jews in ghettos and his treatment of minorities had been condemned by world leaders such as Gladstone), Leo was seen as an "internationalist" who could earn back the Vatican some international respect.
Though always seemingly in poor health and delicate condition, Leo reigned for 25 years. He had the third longest reign of any pope until that time.[a] When he died on 20 July 1903 at the age of 93 he had lived to be older than any of his known predecessors.
^The length of his reign was later surpassed by that of Pope John Paul II.
^McCloskey sailed from New York on 9 February[6] and reached Rome on 23 February.[7]
^Cardinal Cardoso arrived late and only participated in the final ballot.[9]
References
^Hittinger, Russell (2006). "Pope Leo XIII". In Witte, John; Alexander, Frank S. (eds.). The Teachings of Modern Christianity on Law, Politics, and Human Nature. Columbia University Press. pp. 42–2. ISBN9780231133586.
^ abcPirie, Valérie (1935). "Leo XIII and His Successors". The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
^Jedin, Hubert; Dolan, John Patrick, eds. (1981). History of the Church: The Church in the Industrial age. London: Burns & Oates. p. 5. ISBN9780860120858. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^Burkle-Young, Francis A. (2000). Papal Elections in the Age of Transition, 1878-1922. Lexington Books. p. 59. ISBN9780739101148. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
^ abBurkle-Young, Francis A. (2000). Papal Elections in the Age of Transition, 1878-1922. Lexington Books. p. 161. ISBN9780739101148. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
^"Departure of Cardinal M'Closkey" (PDF). The New York Times. 10 February 1878. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
^"Miscellaneous Foreign Notes" (PDF). The New York Times. 24 February 1878. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
^Burkle-Young, Francis A. (2000). Papal Elections in the Age of Transition, 1878-1922. Lexington Books. pp. 159–60. ISBN9780739101148. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
^Henry Dodridge, Henry; et al. (1903). The Catholic Church Alone: The One True Church of Christ. New York: Catholic Educational Company. p. 407. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
External links
L’Osservatore Romano article revealing ballots in 1878 conclave 15 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine
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The 1878 papal conclave which resulted from the death of Pope Pius IX on 7 February 1878 met from 18 to 20 February The conclave followed the longest reign of any other pope since Saint Peter It was the first election of a pope who would not rule the Papal States It was the first to meet in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican because the venue used earlier in the 19th century the Quirinal Palace was now the palace of the King of Italy Umberto I Papal conclaveFebruary 1878Dates and location18 20 February 1878Sistine Chapel Apostolic Palace RomeKey officialsDeanLuigi Amat di San Filippo e SorsoSub deanCamillo di PietroCamerlengoGioacchino PecciProtopriestJosef Friedrich von SchwarzenbergProtodeaconProspero CateriniElectionBallots3Elected popeVincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi PecciName taken Leo XIII 18461903 Contents 1 Questions facing the cardinals 2 Conclave 2 1 Ballot 1 morning 19 February 2 2 Ballot 2 afternoon 19 February 2 3 Ballot 3 morning 20 February 3 Result implications and aftermath 4 Participants 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksQuestions facing the cardinals EditWhen the cardinals assembled they faced a dilemma Should they choose a pope who would continue to espouse Pius IX s reactionary religious and political views and would continue to refuse to accept Italy s Law of Guarantees guaranteeing the pope religious liberty in the Kingdom of Italy Or should they turn away from the policies of Pius IX and choose a more liberal pope who could work for reconciliation with the King of Italy Would choosing such a policy be seen as a betrayal of Pius IX the self proclaimed Prisoner in the Vatican Other broader issues included Church State relations in Italy the Third French Republic Ireland and the United States the heresy Pope Leo XIII later called Americanism divisions in the Church caused by the proclamation of papal infallibility by the First Vatican Council and the status of the First Vatican Council which had been halted suddenly and never concluded The length of Pope Pius reign suggested how the cardinals give special consideration to the age and health of the man they elected Conclave EditSome 61 of 64 cardinals entered the conclave Two others arrived too late from New York and Dublin to participate and one did not attend for health reasons Three of the 61 had participated in the previous conclave in 1846 Luigi Amat di San Filippo e Sorso Fabio Maria Asquini and Domenico Carafa della Spina di Traetto With what many churchmen believed was the unstable and anti Catholic situation in a Rome that was no longer controlled by the Church some cardinals notably Cardinal Manning Archbishop of Westminster urged that the conclave be moved outside Rome perhaps even to Malta 1 However the Camerlengo Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci advocated otherwise and an initial vote among cardinals to move to Spain was overturned in a later vote The conclave finally assembled in the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican on 18 February 1878 Going into the conclave Cardinal Pecci was the one candidate favored to be elected in part because many of the cardinals who headed to Rome had already decided to elect him 2 In addition to Pecci s competent administration as Camerlengo during the brief sede vacante period up to the conclave Pecci was seen as the opposite of Pope Pius IX in terms of manner and temperament and had also had a successful diplomatic career prior to being Archbishop Bishop of Perugia 2 Pecci s election was also facilitated in that Alessandro Franchi the candidate favored by the conservatives urged his supporters to switch their support to the Camerlengo 2 One account reported the voting tabulations without providing its source 3 Pope Pius IX 1846 1878 whose reactionary policies the cardinals rejected in selecting the liberal Cardinal Pecci Ballot 1 morning 19 February Edit On the first ballot held on the morning of 19 February the votes were Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci 19 votes Luigi Bilio 6 votes Alessandro Franchi 4 votesThis ballot was ruled invalid because at least one cardinal did not mark his ballot properly 4 Ballot 2 afternoon 19 February Edit Pecci 26 Bilio 7 Franchi 2Ballot 3 morning 20 February Edit Pecci 44 electedResult implications and aftermath EditThe election of Cardinal Pecci who took the name of Leo XIII was a victory for the liberals Pecci had been an effective bishop whose diocese had moved from the Papal States to the Kingdom of Italy successfully without Church problems He was seen as a diplomatic pragmatist with the tact and flexibility opponents of the previous pope believed Pius IX lacked At 68 Leo was also young enough to do the job without hindrance of health problems but old enough to offer the prospect of a relatively short reign of ten to fifteen years Whereas Pius IX was seen as having isolated the Church from international opinion his confining Jews in ghettos and his treatment of minorities had been condemned by world leaders such as Gladstone Leo was seen as an internationalist who could earn back the Vatican some international respect Though always seemingly in poor health and delicate condition Leo reigned for 25 years He had the third longest reign of any pope until that time a When he died on 20 July 1903 at the age of 93 he had lived to be older than any of his known predecessors Participants EditArrived too late to participate 5 Paul Cullen Archbishop of Dublin Primate of Ireland John McCloskey Archbishop of New York United States b Unavailable through ill health 5 Godefroy Brossais Saint Marc Archbishop of Rennes France PAPAL CONCLAVE 1878 LENGTH OF CONCLAVE 2 daysNUMBER OF BALLOTS 3ELECTORS 64Absent 3Present 61Africa 0Latin America 0North America 0Asia 0Europe 61Oceania 0Mid East 0Italians 40VETO USED NoDECEASED POPE PIUS IX 1846 1878 NEW POPE LEO XIII 1878 1903 Present 8 Luigi Amat di San Filippo e Sorso Dean of the College of Cardinals cardinal bishop of Ostia and Velletri Camillo di Pietro cardinal bishop of Porto e Santa Ruffina Carlo Sacconi cardinal bishop of Palestrina Filippo Maria Guidi cardinal bishop of Frascati Luigi Bilio cardinal bishop of Sabina Carlo Luigi Morichini cardinal bishop of Albano Friedrich Johannes Jacob Celestin von Schwarzenberg Prince Archbishop of Prague Bohemia part of Austria Hungary Fabio Maria Asquini Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Indulgences and Sacred Relics Domenico Carafa della Spina di Traetto Archbishop of Benevento Ferdinand Francois Auguste Donnet Bordeaux Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci Camerlengo Papal Chamberlain Archbishop Bishop of Perugia Italy Antonio Benedetto Antonucci Ancona Antonio Maria Panebianco Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Indulgences and Sacred Relics Antonio Saverio De Luca prefect of the Pontifical Congregation for Studies Jean Baptiste Francois Pitra librarian of the Vatican Library Henri Marie Gaston Boisnormand de Bonnechose Rouen Gustav Adolph von Hohenlohe archpriest of Santa Maria Maggiore Lucien Louis Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte cardinal of Santa Pudenziana Innocenzo Ferrieri Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals Giuseppe Berardi Cardinal Priest of Santi Marcellino e Pietro al Laterano Juan Ignacio Moreno Toledo Raffaele Monaco La Valletta Cardinal Vicar General of Rome Inacio do Nascimento de Morais Cardoso Patriarch of Lisbon c Rene Francois Regnier Archbishop of Cambrai France Flavio Chigi Grand Prior of Rome of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta Alessandro Franchi Prefect of Propagande Fide Joseph Hippolyte Guibert Archbishop of Paris France Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Indulgences and Relics Janos Simor Esztergom Tommaso Martinelli Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints Ruggero Luigi Emidio Antici Mattei Pietro Giannelli cardinal priest of Sant Agnese fuori le mura Mieczyslaw Halka Ledochowski Archbishop of Gnesen and Posen Poland part of the German Empire Henry Edward Manning Archbishop of Westminster Head of the Catholic Church in England and Wales Victor Auguste Isidor Deschamps Archbishop of Mechelen Belgium Giovanni Simeoni Secretary of State of the Holy See Domenico Bartolini Cardinal Priest of San Marco Evangelista al Campidoglio Bartolomeo d Avanzo Bishop of Calvi e Teano Italy Johann Baptist Franzelin Jesuit theologian Cardinal Priest of Santi Bonifacio ed Alessio Francisco de Paula Benavides y Navarrete Patriarch of the West Indies Francesco Saverio Apuzzo Archbishop of Capua Emmanuele Garcia Gil Zaragoza Edward Henry Howard Protector of the English College at Rome Miguel Paya y Rico Santiago de Compostella Louis Marie Caverot Lyon Luigi di Canossa Verona Luigi Serafini Viterbo Josip Mihalovic Zagreb Johann Rudolf Kutschker Archbishop of Vienna Austria Hungary Lucido Parocchi Bologna Vincenzo Moretti Ravenna Antonio Pellegrini cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Aquiro Prospero Caterini Protodeacon Secretary of the Inquisition Teodolfo Mertel Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura the last cardinal to not be ordained to the priesthood Domenico Consolini Prefect of the Pontifical Roman Seminary of Sts Peter and Paul for the Foreign Missions Edoardo Borromeo President of the Fabric of Saint Peter Lorenzo Ilarione Randi Vice Camerlengo of the Apostolic Camera Bartolomeo Pacca il Giovane Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Campitelli Lorenzo Nina Prefect of the Congregation for Studies Enea Sbarretti Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria dei Martiri the Pantheon Frederic de Falloux du Coudray Cardinal Deacon of Sant Agata de GotiNotes Edit The length of his reign was later surpassed by that of Pope John Paul II McCloskey sailed from New York on 9 February 6 and reached Rome on 23 February 7 Cardinal Cardoso arrived late and only participated in the final ballot 9 References Edit Hittinger Russell 2006 Pope Leo XIII In Witte John Alexander Frank S eds The Teachings of Modern Christianity on Law Politics and Human Nature Columbia University Press pp 42 2 ISBN 9780231133586 a b c Pirie Valerie 1935 Leo XIII and His Successors The Triple Crown An Account of the Papal Conclaves London Sidgwick amp Jackson Jedin Hubert Dolan John Patrick eds 1981 History of the Church The Church in the Industrial age London Burns amp Oates p 5 ISBN 9780860120858 Retrieved 4 May 2018 Burkle Young Francis A 2000 Papal Elections in the Age of Transition 1878 1922 Lexington Books p 59 ISBN 9780739101148 Retrieved 15 November 2017 a b Burkle Young Francis A 2000 Papal Elections in the Age of Transition 1878 1922 Lexington Books p 161 ISBN 9780739101148 Retrieved 15 November 2017 Departure of Cardinal M Closkey PDF The New York Times 10 February 1878 Retrieved 15 November 2017 Miscellaneous Foreign Notes PDF The New York Times 24 February 1878 Retrieved 15 November 2017 Burkle Young Francis A 2000 Papal Elections in the Age of Transition 1878 1922 Lexington Books pp 159 60 ISBN 9780739101148 Retrieved 15 November 2017 Henry Dodridge Henry et al 1903 The Catholic Church Alone The One True Church of Christ New York Catholic Educational Company p 407 Retrieved 4 May 2018 External links EditL Osservatore Romano article revealing ballots in 1878 conclave Archived 15 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine Portals Catholicism Christianity Vatican City1878 papal conclave at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1878 papal conclave amp oldid 1090734736, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
