fbpx
Wikipedia

1903 papal conclave

January 01, 1970

The papal conclave held from 31 July to 4 August 1903 saw the election of Cardinal Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto to become pope in succession to Leo XIII, who had died on 20 July after a 25-year-long pontificate. Some 62 cardinals participated in the balloting. Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria asserted the right claimed by certain Catholic rulers to veto a candidate for the papacy, blocking the election of the leading candidate, Cardinal Secretary of State Mariano Rampolla. Sarto was elected on the seventh ballot and took the name Pius X.

Papal conclave
July–August 1903
Dates and location
31 July – 4 August 1903
Sistine Chapel, Apostolic Palace,
Rome
Key officials
DeanLuigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano
Sub-deanSerafino Vannutelli
CamerlengoLuigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano
ProtopriestJosé Sebastião Neto
ProtodeaconLuigi Macchi
Election
VetoedMariano Rampolla
Ballots7
Elected pope
Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto
Name taken: Pius X
← 1878
1914 →

Background edit

The pontificate of Leo XIII came to an end on 20 July 1903 after 25 years, longer than any previous elected pope, except his predecessor Pius IX; together, they had reigned 57 years. While Pius had been a conservative reactionary, Leo had been seen as a liberal, certainly in comparison with his predecessor. As cardinals gathered, the key question was whether a pope would be chosen who would continue Leo's policies or return to the style of papacy of Pius IX.

Of the 64 cardinals, 62 participated,[1] the largest number to enter a conclave up until that time.[2] Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano was the only elector with previous experience of electing a pope.[3] Health prevented Michelangelo Celesia of Palermo from traveling and Patrick Francis Moran of Sydney was not expected before August 20.[2] The conclave included James Gibbons of Baltimore, who was the first American cardinal to participate in a papal conclave.

Balloting edit

When the cardinals assembled in the Sistine Chapel, attention focused on Cardinal Secretary of State Mariano Rampolla, though cardinals from the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires preferred a candidate more closely aligned with their interests, which meant relatively hostile to France and republicanism and less supportive of the social justice advocacy of Leo XIII. They were persuaded that their first choice, Serafino Vannutelli, who had been a Vatican diplomat in Vienna, was not electable and settled on Girolamo Maria Gotti instead.

After a first day without balloting, the cardinals voted once each morning and once each afternoon. The first ballots were taken on the second day of the conclave, and that afternoon's ballot had 29 votes for Rampolla, 16 for Gotti, and 10 for Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, and others scattered.[4] Some of the Germans thought that Gotti's appeal was limited and decided to support Sarto as their best alternative to Rampolla, who otherwise appeared likely to win the two-thirds vote required, which was 42. As the cardinals were completing their third set of ballots on the morning of 2 August, Cardinal Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko, the Prince-Bishop of Kraków and a subject of Austria-Hungary, acting on instructions from Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria, exercised the Emperor's right of jus exclusivae, that is, to veto one candidate.[note 1] At first there were objections and some cardinals wanted to ignore the Emperor's communication. Then Rampolla called it "an affront to the dignity of the Sacred College" but withdrew himself from consideration saying that "with regard to my humble person, I declare that nothing could be more honorable, nothing more agreeable could have happened." Nevertheless the third ballot showed no change in support for Rampolla, still with 29 votes, while the next two candidates had switched positions, with 21 for Sarto and 9 for Gotti. Several cardinals later wrote of their disgust at the Emperor's intervention, one writing that it left a "great, painful impression on all".

The afternoon tested the remaining sympathy for Rampolla, who gained a single vote, while Sarto had 24 and Gotti fell to 3. The precise impact of the Emperor's intervention is difficult to assess, since Rampolla continued to have strong support for several ballots. Yet one contemporaneous assessment held that "After calm reflection, those who had voted for Rampolla up to this time had to consider that an election against the expressed wish of the Emperor of Austria would at once place the new Pope in a most unpleasant position."[7] The fifth ballot on the morning on the fourth day (3 August) showed Sarto leading with 27, Rampolla down to 24, and Gotti at 6, with a few still scattered. Sarto then announced that the cardinals should vote for someone else, that he did not have what was required of a pope. The movement toward Sarto continued in the afternoon: Sarto 35, Rampolla 16, Gotti 7. On the morning of 4 August, on the seventh ballot, the conclave elected Sarto with 50 votes, leaving 10 for Rampolla and 2 for Gotti.[8][9]

Before he was officially announced to the crowds, a priest got an inside tip that Sarto had been elected.[10] He climbed up to a spot where he could be seen by the crowd, and then open and closed two fingers to represent a pair of scissors.[10] This was understood by some to mean that Sarto, which means "tailor" in Italian, had been elected.[10]

Sarto took the name Pius X. Following the practice of his two immediate predecessors since the 1870 invasion of Rome, Pius X gave his first Urbi et Orbi blessing on a balcony facing into St. Peter's Basilica rather than facing the crowds outside, a symbolic representation of his opposition to Italian rule of Rome and his demand for a return of the Papal States to his authority.

End of the veto edit

 
Pope Pius X (1903–1914) wearing the 1834 Papal Tiara of Pope Gregory XVI

On 20 January 1904, less than six months after his election, Pius X issued the apostolic constitution Commissum Nobis[5] which prohibited the exercise of the jus exclusivae. Where previous popes had issued rules restricting outside influence on the cardinal electors, Pius used more thorough and detailed language, prohibiting not only the assertion of the right to veto but even the expression of "a simple desire" to that effect. He set automatic excommunication as the penalty for violating his strictures. He also required conclave participants to swear an oath to abide by these rules and not allow any influence by "lay powers of any grade or order".

Data edit

PAPAL CONCLAVE, 1903
Duration 4 days
Number of ballots 7
Electors 64
Absent 2
Present 62
Africa 0
Latin America 0
North America 1
Asia 0
Europe 61
Oceania 0
Mid-East 0
Italians 36
Veto used by Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria
against Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro
DECEASED POPE LEO XIII (1878–1903)
NEW POPE PIUS X (1903–1914)

Notes edit

  1. ^ Three leading Catholic heads of state claimed the jus exclusivae: the King of France, the King of Spain, and the Holy Roman Emperor. The Emperor never explained his reasons, but it was likely provoked by Rampolla's policies as Secretary of State, especially his attempt to seek a rapprochement with the anticlerical government of the French Third Republic as Secretary of State. The Italian government, which had no veto, also resented the policies of Rampolla, a southern Italian, toward their government dominated by northern Italian interests.[5][6]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Burkle-Young, Francis A. (2000). Papal Elections in the Age of Transition 1878-1922. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 161–2. ISBN 0-7391-0114-5.
  2. ^ a b "Sixty-Two Cardinals in Rome for Conclave" (PDF). New York Times. 30 July 1903. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  3. ^ Burkle-Young, Francis A. (2000). Papal Elections in the Age of Transition 1878-1922. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 72. ISBN 0-7391-0114-5.
  4. ^ Barrett, David V. (2 June 2014). . Catholic Herald. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  5. ^ a b   Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Right of Exclusion". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 15 November 2017
  6. ^ Walsh, Michael (2003). The Conclave: A Sometimes Secret and Occasionally Bloody History of Papal Elections. Sheed & Ward. p. 146. ISBN 9781461601814. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  7. ^ Schmidlin, Josef; de Waal, Anton (1904). Life of His Holiness Pope Pius X. Benziger Brothers. pp. 188. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  8. ^ Pham, John-Peter (2004). Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  9. ^ Schmidlin, Josef; de Waal, Anton (1904). Life of His Holiness Pope Pius X. Benziger Brothers. pp. 186ff. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  10. ^ a b c Callahan, William R. (August 31, 1948). "Boston Pilgrims Recall Personal Contacts with Late Pope Pius X". The Boston Globe. p. 18. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
  11. ^ Schmidlin, Josef; de Waal, Anton (1904). Life of His Holiness Pope Pius X. Benziger Brothers. pp. 151ff. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
Additional sources
  • Grissell, Hartwell de la Garde (1903). Sede Vacante: Being a Diary Written During the Conclave of 1903, with Additional Notes on the Accession and Coronation of Pius X. James Parker & Co.

January 01, 1970
1903, papal, conclave, papal, conclave, held, from, july, august, 1903, election, cardinal, giuseppe, melchiorre, sarto, become, pope, succession, xiii, died, july, after, year, long, pontificate, some, cardinals, participated, balloting, emperor, franz, josep. The papal conclave held from 31 July to 4 August 1903 saw the election of Cardinal Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto to become pope in succession to Leo XIII who had died on 20 July after a 25 year long pontificate Some 62 cardinals participated in the balloting Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria asserted the right claimed by certain Catholic rulers to veto a candidate for the papacy blocking the election of the leading candidate Cardinal Secretary of State Mariano Rampolla Sarto was elected on the seventh ballot and took the name Pius X Papal conclaveJuly August 1903Dates and location31 July 4 August 1903Sistine Chapel Apostolic Palace RomeKey officialsDeanLuigi Oreglia di Santo StefanoSub deanSerafino VannutelliCamerlengoLuigi Oreglia di Santo StefanoProtopriestJose Sebastiao NetoProtodeaconLuigi MacchiElectionVetoedMariano RampollaBallots7Elected popeGiuseppe Melchiorre SartoName taken Pius X 18781914 Contents 1 Background 2 Balloting 3 End of the veto 4 Data 5 Notes 6 ReferencesBackground editThe pontificate of Leo XIII came to an end on 20 July 1903 after 25 years longer than any previous elected pope except his predecessor Pius IX together they had reigned 57 years While Pius had been a conservative reactionary Leo had been seen as a liberal certainly in comparison with his predecessor As cardinals gathered the key question was whether a pope would be chosen who would continue Leo s policies or return to the style of papacy of Pius IX Of the 64 cardinals 62 participated 1 the largest number to enter a conclave up until that time 2 Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano was the only elector with previous experience of electing a pope 3 Health prevented Michelangelo Celesia of Palermo from traveling and Patrick Francis Moran of Sydney was not expected before August 20 2 The conclave included James Gibbons of Baltimore who was the first American cardinal to participate in a papal conclave Balloting editWhen the cardinals assembled in the Sistine Chapel attention focused on Cardinal Secretary of State Mariano Rampolla though cardinals from the German and Austro Hungarian Empires preferred a candidate more closely aligned with their interests which meant relatively hostile to France and republicanism and less supportive of the social justice advocacy of Leo XIII They were persuaded that their first choice Serafino Vannutelli who had been a Vatican diplomat in Vienna was not electable and settled on Girolamo Maria Gotti instead After a first day without balloting the cardinals voted once each morning and once each afternoon The first ballots were taken on the second day of the conclave and that afternoon s ballot had 29 votes for Rampolla 16 for Gotti and 10 for Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto and others scattered 4 Some of the Germans thought that Gotti s appeal was limited and decided to support Sarto as their best alternative to Rampolla who otherwise appeared likely to win the two thirds vote required which was 42 As the cardinals were completing their third set of ballots on the morning of 2 August Cardinal Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko the Prince Bishop of Krakow and a subject of Austria Hungary acting on instructions from Franz Joseph Emperor of Austria exercised the Emperor s right of jus exclusivae that is to veto one candidate note 1 At first there were objections and some cardinals wanted to ignore the Emperor s communication Then Rampolla called it an affront to the dignity of the Sacred College but withdrew himself from consideration saying that with regard to my humble person I declare that nothing could be more honorable nothing more agreeable could have happened Nevertheless the third ballot showed no change in support for Rampolla still with 29 votes while the next two candidates had switched positions with 21 for Sarto and 9 for Gotti Several cardinals later wrote of their disgust at the Emperor s intervention one writing that it left a great painful impression on all The afternoon tested the remaining sympathy for Rampolla who gained a single vote while Sarto had 24 and Gotti fell to 3 The precise impact of the Emperor s intervention is difficult to assess since Rampolla continued to have strong support for several ballots Yet one contemporaneous assessment held that After calm reflection those who had voted for Rampolla up to this time had to consider that an election against the expressed wish of the Emperor of Austria would at once place the new Pope in a most unpleasant position 7 The fifth ballot on the morning on the fourth day 3 August showed Sarto leading with 27 Rampolla down to 24 and Gotti at 6 with a few still scattered Sarto then announced that the cardinals should vote for someone else that he did not have what was required of a pope The movement toward Sarto continued in the afternoon Sarto 35 Rampolla 16 Gotti 7 On the morning of 4 August on the seventh ballot the conclave elected Sarto with 50 votes leaving 10 for Rampolla and 2 for Gotti 8 9 Before he was officially announced to the crowds a priest got an inside tip that Sarto had been elected 10 He climbed up to a spot where he could be seen by the crowd and then open and closed two fingers to represent a pair of scissors 10 This was understood by some to mean that Sarto which means tailor in Italian had been elected 10 Sarto took the name Pius X Following the practice of his two immediate predecessors since the 1870 invasion of Rome Pius X gave his first Urbi et Orbi blessing on a balcony facing into St Peter s Basilica rather than facing the crowds outside a symbolic representation of his opposition to Italian rule of Rome and his demand for a return of the Papal States to his authority End of the veto edit nbsp Pope Pius X 1903 1914 wearing the 1834 Papal Tiara of Pope Gregory XVI On 20 January 1904 less than six months after his election Pius X issued the apostolic constitution Commissum Nobis 5 which prohibited the exercise of the jus exclusivae Where previous popes had issued rules restricting outside influence on the cardinal electors Pius used more thorough and detailed language prohibiting not only the assertion of the right to veto but even the expression of a simple desire to that effect He set automatic excommunication as the penalty for violating his strictures He also required conclave participants to swear an oath to abide by these rules and not allow any influence by lay powers of any grade or order Data editDates of conclave July 31 August 4 1903 Location Sistine Chapel in the Vatican Palace Absent Michelangelo Celesia Archbishop of Palermo Italy was too ill to travel Patrick Francis Moran Archbishop of Sydney in Australia was unable to reach Rome in time to participate PAPAL CONCLAVE 1903 Duration 4 days Number of ballots 7 Electors 64 Absent 2 Present 62 Africa 0 Latin America 0 North America 1 Asia 0 Europe 61 Oceania 0 Mid East 0 Italians 36 Veto used by Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria against Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro DECEASED POPE LEO XIII 1878 1903 NEW POPE PIUS X 1903 1914 Present 1 11 Antonio Agliardi Cardinal Bishop of Albano Italy Andrea Aiuti Apostolic Nuncio emeritus to Portugal Italy Bartolomeo Bacilieri Bishop of Verona Italy Giulio Boschi Archbishop of Ferrara Italy Alfonso Capecelatro di Castelpagano Archbishop of Capua Italy Giovanni Battista Casali del Drago Italy Salvador Casanas y Pages Bishop of Barcelona Spain Francesco di Paola Cassetta titular Patriarch of Nicomedia Italy Felice Cavagnis Pro Secretary of the Roman Curia Italy Beniamino Cavicchioni Secretary of the Congregation of the Council Italy Pierre Hector Coullie Archbishop of Lyon France Serafino Cretoni Prefect of the Congregation of Rites Italy Francesco Salesio Della Volpe Prefect of the Apostolic Chamber Italy Angelo Di Pietro titular Archbishop of Nazianzus Italy Andrea Carlo Ferrari Archbishop of Milan Italy Domenico Ferrata titular Archbishop of Thessalonica Italy Anton Hubert Fischer Archbishop of Cologne Germany Giuseppe Francica Nava di Bontife Archbishop of Catania Italy Casimiro Gennari titular Archbishop of Naupactus Italy James Gibbons Archbishop of Baltimore United States of America Pierre Lambert Goossens Archbishop of Mechelen Belgium Girolamo Maria Gotti Prefect of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith Italy Anton Joseph Gruscha Archbishop of Vienna Austria Hungary Sebastian Herrero y Espinosa de los Monteros Valencia Spain Johannes Katschthaler Archbishop of Salzburg Austria Hungary Georg von Kopp Archbishop of Breslau Germany Guillaume Marie Joseph Laboure Archbishop of Rennes France Benoit Marie Langenieux Archbishop of Reims France Victor Lucien Sulpice Lecot Archbishop of Bordeaux France Michael Logue Archbishop of Armagh United Kingdom of Great Britain amp Ireland Luigi Macchi Italy Achille Manara Bishop of Ancona and Numana Italy Jose Maria Martin de Herrera y de la Iglesia Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela Spain Sebastiano Martinelli titular Archbishop of Ephesus curial official Italy Francois Desire Mathieu Archbishop Emeritus of Toulouse France Mario Mocenni Cardinal Bishop of Sabina Italy Jose Sebastiao de Almeida Neto Patriarch of Lisbon Portugal Carlo Nocella titular Latin Patriarch of Constantinople Italy Adolphe Perraud Bishop of Autun France Raffaele Pierotti Theologian of the Pontifical Household Italy Gennaro Portanova Archbishop of Reggio Calabria Italy Giuseppe Antonio Ermenegildo Prisco Archbishop of Naples Italy Jan Maurycy Pawel Puzyna de Kosielsko Prince Bishop of Krakow Austria Hungary Mariano Rampolla Cardinal Secretary of State Italy Pietro Respighi Archbishop Emeritus of Ferrara Italy Agostino Gaetano Riboldi Archbishop of Ravenna Italy Francois Marie Benjamin Richard de la Vergne Archbishop of Paris France Agostino Richelmy Archbishop of Turin Italy Ciriaco Maria Sancha y Hervas Archbishop of Toledo Spain Alessandro Sanminiatelli Zabarella titular Patriarch of Tyana Italy Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto Patriarch of Venice Italy Francesco Satolli Cardinal Bishop of Frascati Prefect of the Congregation of Studies Italy Francesco Segna Archivist of the Holy Roman Church Italy Lev Skrbensky z Hriste Archbishop of Prague Austria Hungary Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals Italy Andreas Steinhuber Prefect of the Congregation of the Index Germany Domenico Svampa Archbishop of Bologna Italy Emidio Taliani titular Archbishop of Sebastea Apostolic Nuncio to Austria Hungary Italy Luigi Tripepi Prefect of the Congregation of Rites Italy Serafino Vannutelli Cardinal Bishop of Porto Santa Rufina Prefect of the Congregation of Ceremonies Italy Vincenzo Vannutelli Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina Italy Kolos Ferenc Vaszary Archbishop of Esztergom Austria Hungary Jose Calassanc Vives y Tuto Spain Cardinals by country participating Unified Kingdom of Italy 38 French Republic 7 Austro Hungarian Empire 5 Kingdom of Spain 5 German Empire 3 Kingdom of Belgium 1 United Kingdom of Great Britain amp Ireland 1 Kingdom of Portugal 1 United States of America 1 Total 62Notes edit Three leading Catholic heads of state claimed the jus exclusivae the King of France the King of Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor The Emperor never explained his reasons but it was likely provoked by Rampolla s policies as Secretary of State especially his attempt to seek a rapprochement with the anticlerical government of the French Third Republic as Secretary of State The Italian government which had no veto also resented the policies of Rampolla a southern Italian toward their government dominated by northern Italian interests 5 6 References edit a b Burkle Young Francis A 2000 Papal Elections in the Age of Transition 1878 1922 Rowman amp Littlefield pp 161 2 ISBN 0 7391 0114 5 a b Sixty Two Cardinals in Rome for Conclave PDF New York Times 30 July 1903 Retrieved 15 November 2017 Burkle Young Francis A 2000 Papal Elections in the Age of Transition 1878 1922 Rowman amp Littlefield p 72 ISBN 0 7391 0114 5 Barrett David V 2 June 2014 Ballot sheets from 1903 conclave to be sold at auction Catholic Herald Archived from the original on 25 June 2016 Retrieved 16 November 2017 a b nbsp Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Right of Exclusion Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Retrieved 15 November 2017 Walsh Michael 2003 The Conclave A Sometimes Secret and Occasionally Bloody History of Papal Elections Sheed amp Ward p 146 ISBN 9781461601814 Retrieved 17 November 2017 Schmidlin Josef de Waal Anton 1904 Life of His Holiness Pope Pius X Benziger Brothers pp 188 Retrieved 17 November 2017 Pham John Peter 2004 Heirs of the Fisherman Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession Oxford University Press Retrieved 17 November 2017 Schmidlin Josef de Waal Anton 1904 Life of His Holiness Pope Pius X Benziger Brothers pp 186ff Retrieved 17 November 2017 a b c Callahan William R August 31 1948 Boston Pilgrims Recall Personal Contacts with Late Pope Pius X The Boston Globe p 18 Retrieved September 4 2023 Schmidlin Josef de Waal Anton 1904 Life of His Holiness Pope Pius X Benziger Brothers pp 151ff Retrieved 17 November 2017 Additional sources Grissell Hartwell de la Garde 1903 Sede Vacante Being a Diary Written During the Conclave of 1903 with Additional Notes on the Accession and Coronation of Pius X James Parker amp Co Portals nbsp Catholicism nbsp Christianity nbsp Vatican City1903 papal conclave at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp News from Wikinews nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Textbooks from Wikibooks nbsp Resources from Wikiversity nbsp Data from Wikidata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1903 papal conclave amp oldid 1195901308, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.