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1758 papal conclave

December 01, 2023

The 1758 papal conclave (May 15 – July 6), convoked after the death of Pope Benedict XIV, elected Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico of Venice, who took the name Clement XIII.

Papal conclave
May–July 1758
Dates and location
15 May – 6 July 1758
Apostolic Palace, Papal States
Key officials
DeanRainiero d'Elci
Sub-deanGiovanni Antonio Guadagni
CamerlengoHenry Benedict Stuart
ProtopriestThomas-Philipp d'Alcase
ProtodeaconAlessandro Albani
Election
VetoedCarlo Alberto Guidoboni Cavalchini
Elected pope
Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico
Name taken: Clement XIII
← 1740
1769 →

The conclave edit

Divisions among cardinals edit

College of Cardinals was divided into several factions, which initially formed two blocs:[1]

Many cardinals created by Benedict XIV (called "Juniors") did not belong to any faction, but majority of them aligned themselves with "Union of Crowns", particularly with Spanish protector Portocarrero.

During the conclave, however, these two groups mixed with each other. Near the end of the conclave, on the one side there was the Imperial faction together with Zelanti, and on the other side Anziani, together with the Bourbon faction (defending the interests of the Bourbon crowns).

Because of the absence of the political representatives of the main Catholic courts the ambassadors of France and the Empire asked the electors for delay voting until their arrival. This demand was rejected before the conclave began.

The beginning and the early candidates edit

Only twenty-seven cardinals entered the conclave on May 15.[3] Eighteen more cardinals arrived in Rome by June 29. In the meantime, however, Cardinal Bardi had to leave the conclave due to illness.

No serious candidates were proposed in the early ballots. In the first scrutiny on May 16 the greatest number of votes (eight in the ballot and three more in the accessus) were received Dean of the College of Cardinals Rainiero d'Elci, who was 88 years old.[4] It does not mean, however, that no efforts to obtain the support for the candidates were made by the leaders present in the conclave. In particular Corsini worked vigorously for the election of Giuseppe Spinelli, leader of the Zelanti, but met with the strong opposition of Orsini, Cardinal Protector of the Kingdom of Naples. The protector of Spain, Portocarrero, also rejected Spinelli, and was able to join many of the "Juniors" to his party. Finally, the candidature of Spinelli had to be withdrawn.[5]

The first candidate with serious chances for election was Alberico Archinto, Secretary of State and Vice-Chancellor of the deceased pope. He had a strong support both among Zelanti and some of the "Crown-Cardinals", but the faction of Corsini did not agree to support him and produced as counter-candidate Marcello Crescenzi. Eventually, as had occurred many times before and later, the candidatures of Archinto and Crescenzi eliminated each other.[5]

The arrival of the French cardinals and their exclusion against Cavalchini edit

Gradually, the representatives of royal courts arrived in Rome with instructions from their monarchs. On June 4 entered Cardinal Luynes with the instructions of Louis XV of France. Five days later he officially announced the nomination of Cardinal Prospero Colonna di Sciarra to the post of Protector of France.[6] But the Imperial Cardinal von Rodt was still awaited.

During the next days the new candidate Carlo Alberto Guidobono Cavalchini, received still more votes, promoted by Corsini and Portocarrero working together. On June 19 he obtained twenty-one votes, on June 21 twenty-six, and in the evening of June 22 as many as twenty-eight out of forty-three, which meant that he was only one vote short of being elected. But after that ballot Cardinal Luynes informed the Dean of the Sacred College Rainiero d’Elci of the official veto of the King of France against Cavalchini. France opposed Cavalchini because of his support of the beatification of Robert Bellarmine and in the matters connected with the anti-Jansenist bull Unigenitus.[7] The exclusion met with strong protests, but Cavalchini himself said, "It is a manifest proof that God deems me unworthy to fill the functions of his vicar upon earth".[8]

After the collapse of Cavalchini's candidacy, Portocarrero advanced as a new candidate Paolucci, but he was rejected by French, who – together with the faction of Corsini, voted again for Crescenzi.[9]

The arrival of Cardinal von Rodt edit

The arrival of Cardinal von Rodt on June 29 with the instructions of the Imperial Court was the turning point of the conclave. He initially tried to achieve an agreement with the French, but having failed, he turned toward the Zelanti faction. Direct negotiations between von Rodt and Spinelli resulted in the proposal for election of the Venetian Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico, bishop of Padua. On July 6 in the morning the bishop of Padua received eight votes in the ballot and four additional in the accessus. Portocarrero, Albani and the French cardinals initially opposed, but finally agreed for him. After the consultations of French Cardinals with ambassador Laon it became clear that Rezzonico would be elected to the Papacy.[10]

The election of Pope Clement XIII edit

On July 6 in the evening Carlo Rezzonico was elected Pope, receiving thirty-one votes out of forty-four, one more than the required majority of two-thirds. The remaining thirteen (including his own) fell to Cardinal Dean Rainiero d'Elci.[8] Rezzonico accepted his election and took the name of Clement XIII, in honour of Pope Clement XII, who had elevated him to the cardinalate in 1737.[11] He was crowned on July 16 in the loggia of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica by protodeacon Alessandro Albani.[12]

List of participants edit

Pope Benedict XIV died on May 3, 1758. Forty-five out of fifty-five Cardinals participated in the subsequent conclave. Only forty-four, however, voted in the final ballot, because Cardinal Bardi left the conclave because of illness on June 24:[13]

Thirty five electors were created by Benedict XIV, eight by Clement XII, one by Benedict XIII (Borghese) and Innocent XIII (A. Albani).

Absentees edit

Ten cardinals were entirely absent from this conclave:[13]

All the absentees were creatures of Benedict XIV, except d'Alsace, who was created by Clement XI, and Lamberg, who was appointed by Clement XII.

Notes edit

  1. ^ L. Pastor, p. 146
  2. ^ a b c Adams, John Paul. "Sede Vacante 1758", Sede Vacante, California State University, Northridge, September 29, 2015
  3. ^ L. Pastor, p. 149
  4. ^ L. Pastor, p. 149-150
  5. ^ a b Pastor, p. 150.
  6. ^ L. Pastor, p. 151
  7. ^ L. Pastor, p. 152-153
  8. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
  9. ^ L. Pastor, p. 154-155
  10. ^ L. Pastor, p. 155
  11. ^ L. Pastor, p. 156
  12. ^ S. Miranda: Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico (Pope Clement XIII)
  13. ^ a b List of participants of the papal conclave of 1758 (by Salvador Miranda).
  14. ^ Left the conclave on June 24 because of illness and did not participate in the final ballot

Sources edit

  • List of participants of conclave, 1758 by S. Miranda
  • Ludwig von Pastor , London 1941

December 01, 2023
1758, papal, conclave, july, convoked, after, death, pope, benedict, elected, cardinal, carlo, rezzonico, venice, took, name, clement, xiii, papal, conclavemay, july, 1758dates, location15, july, 1758apostolic, palace, papal, stateskey, officialsdeanrainiero, . The 1758 papal conclave May 15 July 6 convoked after the death of Pope Benedict XIV elected Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico of Venice who took the name Clement XIII Papal conclaveMay July 1758Dates and location15 May 6 July 1758Apostolic Palace Papal StatesKey officialsDeanRainiero d ElciSub deanGiovanni Antonio GuadagniCamerlengoHenry Benedict StuartProtopriestThomas Philipp d AlcaseProtodeaconAlessandro AlbaniElectionVetoedCarlo Alberto Guidoboni CavalchiniElected popeCarlo della Torre di RezzonicoName taken Clement XIII 17401769 Contents 1 The conclave 1 1 Divisions among cardinals 1 2 The beginning and the early candidates 1 3 The arrival of the French cardinals and their exclusion against Cavalchini 1 4 The arrival of Cardinal von Rodt 2 The election of Pope Clement XIII 3 List of participants 4 Absentees 5 Notes 6 SourcesThe conclave editDivisions among cardinals edit College of Cardinals was divided into several factions which initially formed two blocs 1 Curial group it included two factions of curial Cardinals Anziani the small party of the Cardinals created by Pope Clement XII with his Cardinal nephew Neri Maria Corsini as leader and Zelanti the group of the conservative Cardinals headed by Cardinal Giuseppe Spinelli 2 who generally opposed any secular influence on the Church Union of Crowns it included representatives and allies of the Catholic courts The interests of Ferdinand VI of Spain were represented by Portocarrero those of Charles V of Sicily Charles VII of Naples by Orsini and those of Maria Theresa of Austria and her consort Francis I Holy Roman Emperor by Alessandro Albani also protector of Sardinia and von Rodt The French faction was leaderless at the time of death of Benedict XIV because Cardinal protector of France Pierre Guerin de Tencin died on March 2 1758 King Louis XV of France appointed Cardinal Prospero Colonna di Sciarra as his successor but this nomination became publicly known only on June 9 almost a month after the beginning of the conclave Many cardinals created by Benedict XIV called Juniors did not belong to any faction but majority of them aligned themselves with Union of Crowns particularly with Spanish protector Portocarrero During the conclave however these two groups mixed with each other Near the end of the conclave on the one side there was the Imperial faction together with Zelanti and on the other side Anziani together with the Bourbon faction defending the interests of the Bourbon crowns Because of the absence of the political representatives of the main Catholic courts the ambassadors of France and the Empire asked the electors for delay voting until their arrival This demand was rejected before the conclave began The beginning and the early candidates edit Only twenty seven cardinals entered the conclave on May 15 3 Eighteen more cardinals arrived in Rome by June 29 In the meantime however Cardinal Bardi had to leave the conclave due to illness No serious candidates were proposed in the early ballots In the first scrutiny on May 16 the greatest number of votes eight in the ballot and three more in the accessus were received Dean of the College of Cardinals Rainiero d Elci who was 88 years old 4 It does not mean however that no efforts to obtain the support for the candidates were made by the leaders present in the conclave In particular Corsini worked vigorously for the election of Giuseppe Spinelli leader of the Zelanti but met with the strong opposition of Orsini Cardinal Protector of the Kingdom of Naples The protector of Spain Portocarrero also rejected Spinelli and was able to join many of the Juniors to his party Finally the candidature of Spinelli had to be withdrawn 5 The first candidate with serious chances for election was Alberico Archinto Secretary of State and Vice Chancellor of the deceased pope He had a strong support both among Zelanti and some of the Crown Cardinals but the faction of Corsini did not agree to support him and produced as counter candidate Marcello Crescenzi Eventually as had occurred many times before and later the candidatures of Archinto and Crescenzi eliminated each other 5 The arrival of the French cardinals and their exclusion against Cavalchini edit Gradually the representatives of royal courts arrived in Rome with instructions from their monarchs On June 4 entered Cardinal Luynes with the instructions of Louis XV of France Five days later he officially announced the nomination of Cardinal Prospero Colonna di Sciarra to the post of Protector of France 6 But the Imperial Cardinal von Rodt was still awaited During the next days the new candidate Carlo Alberto Guidobono Cavalchini received still more votes promoted by Corsini and Portocarrero working together On June 19 he obtained twenty one votes on June 21 twenty six and in the evening of June 22 as many as twenty eight out of forty three which meant that he was only one vote short of being elected But after that ballot Cardinal Luynes informed the Dean of the Sacred College Rainiero d Elci of the official veto of the King of France against Cavalchini France opposed Cavalchini because of his support of the beatification of Robert Bellarmine and in the matters connected with the anti Jansenist bull Unigenitus 7 The exclusion met with strong protests but Cavalchini himself said It is a manifest proof that God deems me unworthy to fill the functions of his vicar upon earth 8 After the collapse of Cavalchini s candidacy Portocarrero advanced as a new candidate Paolucci but he was rejected by French who together with the faction of Corsini voted again for Crescenzi 9 The arrival of Cardinal von Rodt edit The arrival of Cardinal von Rodt on June 29 with the instructions of the Imperial Court was the turning point of the conclave He initially tried to achieve an agreement with the French but having failed he turned toward the Zelanti faction Direct negotiations between von Rodt and Spinelli resulted in the proposal for election of the Venetian Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico bishop of Padua On July 6 in the morning the bishop of Padua received eight votes in the ballot and four additional in the accessus Portocarrero Albani and the French cardinals initially opposed but finally agreed for him After the consultations of French Cardinals with ambassador Laon it became clear that Rezzonico would be elected to the Papacy 10 The election of Pope Clement XIII editOn July 6 in the evening Carlo Rezzonico was elected Pope receiving thirty one votes out of forty four one more than the required majority of two thirds The remaining thirteen including his own fell to Cardinal Dean Rainiero d Elci 8 Rezzonico accepted his election and took the name of Clement XIII in honour of Pope Clement XII who had elevated him to the cardinalate in 1737 11 He was crowned on July 16 in the loggia of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica by protodeacon Alessandro Albani 12 List of participants editPope Benedict XIV died on May 3 1758 Forty five out of fifty five Cardinals participated in the subsequent conclave Only forty four however voted in the final ballot because Cardinal Bardi left the conclave because of illness on June 24 13 Rainiero d Elci created Cardinal on December 20 1737 Cardinal Bishop of Ostia e Velletri commendatario of S Sabina Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals 2 Prefect of the S C of Ceremonies Giovanni Antonio Guadagni September 24 1731 Cardinal Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina Sub Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals Vicar General of Rome Francesco Scipione Maria Borghese July 6 1729 Cardinal Bishop of Albano Cardinal protector of Order of Franciscans Giuseppe Spinelli January 17 1735 Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina Prefect of the S C for the Propagation of Faith Carlo Maria Sacripante September 30 1739 Cardinal Bishop of Frascati Joaquin Fernandez Portocarrero Mendoza September 9 1743 Cardinal Bishop of Sabina Prefect of the S C of Indulgences and Sacred Relics Cardinal protector of the Kingdom of Spain Carlo Rezzonico December 20 1737 Cardinal Priest of S Marco Bishop of Padua Domenico Passionei June 23 1738 Cardinal Priest of S Prassede commendatario of S Bartolomeo all Isola Secretary of Apostolic Briefs Librarian of the Holy Roman Church Camillo Paolucci September 9 1743 Cardinal Priest of S Maria in Trastevere commendatario of SS Giovanni e Paolo Cardinal protector of the Order Carmelites Carlo Alberto Guidobono Cavalchini September 9 1743 Cardinal Priest of S Maria della Pace Prefect of the S C of Bishops and Regulars Giacomo Oddi September 9 1743 Cardinal Priest of S Anastasia Archbishop of Viterbo e Toscanella Federico Marcello Lante September 9 1743 Cardinal Priest of S Silvestro in Capite Governor of Balneario Marcello Crescenzi September 9 1743 Cardinal Priest of S Maria in Transpontina Archbishop of Ferrara Giorgio Doria September 9 1743 Cardinal Priest of S Cecilia commendatario of S Agostino Prefect of the S C of Good Government Giuseppe Pozzobonelli September 9 1743 Cardinal Priest of S Maria in Via Archbishop of Milan Girolamo de Bardi September 9 1743 Cardinal Priest of S Maria degli Angeli alla Terme 14 Fortunato Tamburini September 9 1743 Cardinal Priest of S Callisto Prefect of the S C of Rites Daniele Delfino April 10 1747 Cardinal Priest of S Maria sopra Minerva archbishop of Udine Carlo Vittorio Amedeo delle Lanze April 10 1747 Cardinal Priest of S Sisto Titular Archbishop of Nicosia Henry Benedict Stuart July 3 1747 Cardinal Priest of SS XII Apostoli commendatario of S Maria in Portico Archpriest of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals Giuseppe Maria Feroni November 26 1753 Cardinal Priest of S Pancrazio Fabrizio Serbelloni November 26 1753 Cardinal Priest of S Stefano al Monte Celio Legate in Bologna Giovanni Francesco Stoppani November 26 1753 Cardinal Priest of S Martino ai Monti Legate in Romagna Luca Melchiorre Tempi November 26 1753 Cardinal Priest of S Croce in Gerusalemme Carlo Francesco Durini November 26 1753 Cardinal Priest of SS IV Coronati Archbishop of Pavia Cosimo Imperiali November 26 1753 Cardinal Priest of S Clemente Vincenzo Malvezzi November 26 1753 Cardinal Priest of SS Marcellino e Pietro Archbishop of Bologna Clemente Argenvilliers November 26 1753 Cardinal Priest of SS Trinita al Monte Pincio Prefect of the S C of the Tridentine Council Antonio Andrea Galli November 26 1753 Cardinal Priest of S Pietro in Vincoli Grand penitentiary Prefect of the S C of Index Antonio Sersale April 22 1754 Cardinal Priest of S Pudenziana Archbishop of Naples Alberico Archinto April 5 1756 Cardinal Priest of S Lorenzo in Damaso Cardinal Secretary of State Vice Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church Giovanni Battista Rotario April 5 1756 Cardinal Priest of S Crisogono Archbishop of Turin Paul d Albert de Luynes April 5 1756 Cardinal Priest of S Tommaso in Parione Archbishop of Sens Etienne Rene Potier de Gesvres April 5 1756 Cardinal Priest of S Agnese fuori le mura Bishop of Beauvais Franz Konrad Casimir von Rodt April 5 1756 Cardinal Priest of S Maria del Popolo Bishop of Constance Alessandro Albani July 16 1721 Cardinal Deacon of S Maria in Via Lata commendatario of S Maria in Cosmedin Protodeacon of the Sacred College of Cardinals Cardinal protector of the Habsburg monarchy and of the Kingdom of Sardinia Neri Maria Corsini August 14 1730 Cardinal Deacon of S Eustachio Archpriest of the patriarchal Lateran Basilica Secretary of the Supreme S C Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition Prefect of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Justice Cardinal protector of the Kingdom of Portugal Agapito Mosca October 1 1732 Cardinal Deacon of S Agata in Suburra Girolamo Colonna di Sciarra September 9 1743 Cardinal Deacon of SS Cosma e Damiano Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church 2 Archpriest of the patriarchal Liberian Basilica Prospero Colonna di Sciarra September 9 1743 Cardinal Deacon of S Maria ad Martyres Prefect of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Grace Cardinal protector of the Kingdom of France Domenico Orsini d Aragona September 9 1743 Cardinal Deacon of S Nicola in Carcere Tulliano Cardinal protector of the Kingdom of Naples Gian Francesco Albani April 10 1747 Cardinal Deacon of S Cesareo in Palatio Cardinal protector of the Kingdom of Poland Flavio II Chigi November 26 1753 Cardinal Deacon of S Angelo in Pescheria Giovanni Francesco Banchieri November 26 1753 Cardinal Deacon of S Adriano Legate in Ferrara Luigi Maria Torregiani November 26 1753 Cardinal Deacon of SS Vito e ModestoThirty five electors were created by Benedict XIV eight by Clement XII one by Benedict XIII Borghese and Innocent XIII A Albani Absentees editTen cardinals were entirely absent from this conclave 13 Cardinal d Alsace November 29 1719 Cardinal Priest of S Lorenzo in Lucina Protopriest of the Sacred College of Cardinals Archbishop of Mechelen Joseph Dominicus von Lamberg December 20 1737 Cardinal Priest of S Pietro in Montorio Bishop of Passau John Theodore of Bavaria September 9 1743 Cardinal Priest of S Lorenzo in Panisperna Bishop of Liege Administrator of Freising and Ratisbon Alvaro Eugenio de Mendoza Caamano y Sotomayor April 10 1747 Cardinal Priest no titulus assigned Patriarch of the West Indies Titular Archbishop of Farsalos Giovanni Battista Mesmer April 10 1747 Cardinal Priest of S Onofrio Jose Manuel d Atalaia April 10 1747 Cardinal Priest no titulus assigned Patriarch of Lisbon Luis Fernandez de Cordoba December 18 1754 Cardinal Priest no titulus assigned Archbishop of Toledo Nicholas de Saulx Tavannes April 5 1756 Cardinal Priest no titulus assigned Archbishop of Rouen Francisco de Solis Folch de Cardona April 5 1756 Cardinal Priest no titulus assigned Archbishop of Seville Francisco de Saldanha da Gama April 5 1756 Cardinal Deacon no deaconry assigned All the absentees were creatures of Benedict XIV except d Alsace who was created by Clement XI and Lamberg who was appointed by Clement XII Notes edit L Pastor p 146 a b c Adams John Paul Sede Vacante 1758 Sede Vacante California State University Northridge September 29 2015 L Pastor p 149 L Pastor p 149 150 a b Pastor p 150 L Pastor p 151 L Pastor p 152 153 a b Papal Library Archived from the original on 2008 10 07 Retrieved 2008 02 27 L Pastor p 154 155 L Pastor p 155 L Pastor p 156 S Miranda Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico Pope Clement XIII a b List of participants of the papal conclave of 1758 by Salvador Miranda Left the conclave on June 24 because of illness and did not participate in the final ballotSources editList of participants of conclave 1758 by S Miranda Papal Library biography of Pope Clement XIII Ludwig von Pastor History of the Popes vol XXXVI London 1941 Portals nbsp Catholicism nbsp Christianity nbsp Vatican City1758 papal conclave at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp News from Wikinews nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Textbooks from Wikibooks nbsp Resources from Wikiversity nbsp Data from Wikidata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1758 papal conclave amp oldid 1179521249, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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