fbpx
Wikipedia

Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company

January 21, 2023

Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company Limited, often referred to simply as "Palmers", was a British shipbuilding company. The Company was based in Jarrow, County Durham, in north-eastern England, and also had operations in Hebburn and Willington Quay on the River Tyne.

Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company
Launch of HMS Queen Mary beneath the distinctive gantry cranes of Palmers' yard
TypePublic
IndustryShipbuilding
Founded1852
FateCollapsed 1933
SuccessorArmstrong Whitworth
HeadquartersJarrow, UK

History

Early history and growth

 
A Reed water tube boiler built by Palmers, as used in their torpedo boat destroyers
 
A triple expansion steam engine built in Palmers' engine works, as used in their torpedo boat destroyers

The company was established in 1852 by Charles Mark Palmer as Palmer Brothers & Co. in Jarrow.[1] Later that year it launched the John Bowes, the first iron screw collier.[1][2] By 1900 the business was known as Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company.[3][Fn 1] At that time, besides building ships, it manufactured and processed its own steel and other metals, and its products included Reed water tube boilers and marine steam engines.[6][Fn 2] By 1902 Palmers' base at Jarrow occupied about 100 acres (41 hectares) and included 0.75 miles (1.2 kilometres) of the southern bank of the River Tyne, and employed about 10,000 men and boys.[8] In 1910 Sir Charles Palmer's interest in the business was acquired by Lord Furness who, as Chairman, expanded the business by acquiring a lease over a new graving dock at Hebburn from Robert Stephenson and Company.[9] In 1919 Palmers laid down the SS Gairsoppa, which was sunk by a German U-boat in 1941, causing the loss of 84 lives and 200 long tons (203 tonnes) of silver.[10][11]

Depression and collapse

The Great Depression, which began in 1929, all but destroyed the shipbuilding industry, which would not rebound until the Second World War. In 1931, Palmers posted a loss of £88,867 (equivalent to £6,424,000 in 2021). The company received a moratorium from its creditors in order to extend repayment. In January 1933, the majority of the company's unsecured creditors met in London and agreed to extend the moratorium a further six months.[12]

However, Palmers' was unable to survive and collapsed by the end of the year. The company's blast furnaces and steel works—which covered 37 acres—were put up for auction.[13] The Jarrow yard was sold to National Shipbuilders Securities, which closed it down in order to sell it, causing much unemployment and leading to the Jarrow March.[14] After the shipyard closed, following support from the industrialist, Sir John Jarvis, the site was used the engine shop as a steel foundry for another 18 months.[15]

The company retained the yard at Hebburn and was subsequently acquired by Armstrong Whitworth, becoming Palmers Hebburn Company.[16] In 1973, Vickers-Armstrongs, successor to Armstrong Whitworth, sold the Palmers Dock at Hebburn to Swan Hunter and developed it as the Hebburn Shipbuilding Dock.[17] This facility was acquired in turn from the receivers of Swan Hunter by Tyne Tees Dockyard in 1994, which sold it to Cammell Laird in 1995. When the latter entered receivership in 2001, the dock was acquired by A&P Group.[18][19] The yard remains in use as a ship repair and refurbishment facility.[20]

Ships built by Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company

Ships built by Palmers included:

Naval

Battlecruisers

Battleships

 
Battleship HMS Defence of 1861, as she appeared from 1866
 
Battleship HMS Resolution of 1915, as seen in the 1930s

Cruisers

 
Cruiser HMS Orlando of 1886, as seen in the 1890s

Destroyers

 
Torpedo boat destroyer HMS Spiteful, built by Palmers and launched in 1899, became the first warship to be powered only using fuel oil in 1904.
 
Destroyer HMS Diana of 1932, as seen in 1933

Monitors

 
Monitor HMS Marshal Ney in 1915

River gunboats

 
River gunboat HMS Spey of 1876
  • HMS Dee   Royal Navy (1877)
  • HMS Don   Royal Navy (1877)
  • HMS Esk   Royal Navy (1877)
  • HMS Medina   Royal Navy (1876)
  • HMS Medway   Royal Navy (1876)
  • SMS Planet   Austro-Hungarian Navy (1889)
  • HMS Sabrina   Royal Navy (1876)
  • HMS Slaney   Royal Navy (1877)
  • HMS Spey   Royal Navy (1876)
  • HMS Tay   Royal Navy (1876)
  • HMS Tees   Royal Navy (1876)
  • HMS Trent   Royal Navy (1877)
  • HMS Tweed   Royal Navy (1877)

Merchant and leisure

 
SS John Bowes of 1852, the first iron screw collier
 
SS Meriones of 1922

Cable ships

Cargo ships

Oil tankers

  • British Ardour   British Tanker Company (1928)
  • British Aviator   British Tanker Company (1924)
  • British Captain   British Tanker Company (1923)
  • British Chemist   British Tanker Company (1925)
  • British Chivalry   British Tanker Company (1929)
  • British Corporal   British Tanker Company (1922)
  • British Freedom   British Tanker Company (1928)
  • British General   British Tanker Company (1922)
  • British Honour   British Tanker Company (1928)
  • British Industry   British Tanker Company (1927)
  • British Inventor   British Tanker Company (1926)[22]
  • British Justice   British Tanker Company (1928)
  • British Light   British Tanker Company (1917)
  • British Loyalty   British Tanker Company (1928)
  • British Mariner   British Tanker Company (1922)
  • British Officer   British Tanker Company (1922)
  • British Premier   British Tanker Company (1922)
  • British Science   British Tanker Company (1931)
  • British Sergeant   British Tanker Company (1922)
  • British Splendour   British Tanker Company (1931)
  • British Strength   British Tanker Company (1931)
  • British Yeoman   British Tanker Company (1923)

Passenger ships

Steam yachts

Tugs

  • PT Northumberland   G. Wascoe, Shields, 1852 Yard number 1[23][24]

Cargo vessels

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Some 19th-century and later sources refer to the company as "Palmer's Shipbuilding and Iron Company", with an apostrophe, but in Some Account of the Works of Palmers Shipbuilding & Iron Company Limited, which was compiled by the business's company secretary Malcom Dillon and published in 1900, the name is given throughout as "Palmers ...", without the apostrophe.[4][5][3]
  2. ^ "A speciality of [Palmers' engine works] is the manufacture of the 'Reed' water-tube boiler, the invention of Mr J. W. Reed, manager of the engine works department, which has been adopted with well-known results in ... high-speed [torpedo boat destroyers] ..., and also in vessels constructed for the Admiralty on the Clyde. It may be observed that nearly 25 miles [40 km] of tubes are used in the manufacture of the boilers and machinery of each 30-knot destroyer."[7]

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Building for the world". The Journal. 22 May 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  2. ^ Dillon 1900, pp. 16–7.
  3. ^ a b Dillon 1900.
  4. ^ Gibbs 1896, p. 8.
  5. ^ Anon. 1899, p. 475.
  6. ^ Dillon 1900, pp. 28–50.
  7. ^ Dillon 1900, pp. 33–4.
  8. ^ Anon. 1902, pp. 613, 616.
  9. ^ "Christopher Furness, Obituary". The Times. 11 November 1912. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  10. ^ "Shipwreck of SS Gairsoppa reveals £150m silver haul". BBC News. 26 September 2011. from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  11. ^ C. Michael Hogan (Lead Author); Peter Saundry (Topic Editor) (21 May 2012). Cleveland, Cutler J (ed.). . Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2017. {{cite journal}}: |author1= has generic name (help)
  12. ^ "Palmers' Moratorium". Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette. 14 January 1933. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  13. ^ "Steel Works to be Sold at Auction". The Times. 10 July 1934. p. 11.
  14. ^ Charles Palmer 8 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ "Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company". Grace's Guide. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  16. ^ Crockett, Margaret; Foster, Janet (October 2005). (PDF). Tyne & Wear Archives. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  17. ^ . swanhunter.com. 2010. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  18. ^ "Shipbuilder: Palmers Hebburn Co Ltd, Hebburn (1934 – 1973)". Tyne Built Ships. n.d. from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  19. ^ "UK north east yards extend dock capacity". Motor Ship. 1995. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  20. ^ "New owner for A&P Tyne shipyard". The Journal. 2 March 2011. from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  21. ^ "Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Co - Graces Guide".
  22. ^ "Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Co - Graces Guide".
  23. ^ "Palmer Tyne shipbuilder Jarrow Willington Quay".
  24. ^ "Tyne tug Northumberland 1852".

Bibliography

  • Anon. (1899), "Launches and Trial Trips", The Marine Engineer, 20: 474–6, OCLC 10460390
  • Anon. (1902), "Palmer's Shipbuilding and Iron Company, Jarrow-on-Tyne", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers: 613–6, OCLC 863604422
  • Cuthbert, Jim; Smith, Ken (2004). Palmers of Jarrow 1851-1933. ISBN 1-85795-196-4.
  • Dillon, Malcolm (1900), Some Account of the Works of Palmers Shipbuilding & Iron Company Limited, Franklin, OCLC 68103311
  • Gibbs, Frederick T. M. (1896), The Illustrated Guide to the Royal Navy and Foreign Navies; Also Mercantile Marine Steamers Available as Armed Cruisers and Transports, &c., Waterlow Bros. & Layton, OCLC 12714917
  • Friedman, Norman (2009). British Destroyers: From Earliest Days to the Second World War. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-049-9.
  • Johnston, Ian; Buxton, Ian (2013). The Battleship Builders - Constructing and Arming British Capital Ships (Hardback). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-027-6.
  • Wilkinson, Ellen (1939). The Town That Was Murdered, The Life-Story of Jarrow. Victor Gollancz Ltd.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company.

January 21, 2023
palmers, shipbuilding, iron, company, limited, often, referred, simply, palmers, british, shipbuilding, company, company, based, jarrow, county, durham, north, eastern, england, also, operations, hebburn, willington, quay, river, tyne, launch, queen, mary, ben. Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company Limited often referred to simply as Palmers was a British shipbuilding company The Company was based in Jarrow County Durham in north eastern England and also had operations in Hebburn and Willington Quay on the River Tyne Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron CompanyLaunch of HMS Queen Mary beneath the distinctive gantry cranes of Palmers yardTypePublicIndustryShipbuildingFounded1852FateCollapsed 1933SuccessorArmstrong WhitworthHeadquartersJarrow UK Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history and growth 1 2 Depression and collapse 2 Ships built by Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company 2 1 Naval 2 1 1 Battlecruisers 2 1 2 Battleships 2 1 3 Cruisers 2 1 4 Destroyers 2 1 5 Monitors 2 1 6 River gunboats 2 2 Merchant and leisure 2 2 1 Cable ships 2 2 2 Cargo ships 2 2 3 Oil tankers 2 2 4 Passenger ships 2 2 5 Steam yachts 2 2 6 Tugs 2 2 7 Cargo vessels 3 See also 4 References 4 1 Footnotes 4 2 Notes 5 Bibliography 6 External linksHistory EditEarly history and growth Edit A Reed water tube boiler built by Palmers as used in their torpedo boat destroyers A triple expansion steam engine built in Palmers engine works as used in their torpedo boat destroyers The company was established in 1852 by Charles Mark Palmer as Palmer Brothers amp Co in Jarrow 1 Later that year it launched the John Bowes the first iron screw collier 1 2 By 1900 the business was known as Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company 3 Fn 1 At that time besides building ships it manufactured and processed its own steel and other metals and its products included Reed water tube boilers and marine steam engines 6 Fn 2 By 1902 Palmers base at Jarrow occupied about 100 acres 41 hectares and included 0 75 miles 1 2 kilometres of the southern bank of the River Tyne and employed about 10 000 men and boys 8 In 1910 Sir Charles Palmer s interest in the business was acquired by Lord Furness who as Chairman expanded the business by acquiring a lease over a new graving dock at Hebburn from Robert Stephenson and Company 9 In 1919 Palmers laid down the SS Gairsoppa which was sunk by a German U boat in 1941 causing the loss of 84 lives and 200 long tons 203 tonnes of silver 10 11 Depression and collapse Edit The Great Depression which began in 1929 all but destroyed the shipbuilding industry which would not rebound until the Second World War In 1931 Palmers posted a loss of 88 867 equivalent to 6 424 000 in 2021 The company received a moratorium from its creditors in order to extend repayment In January 1933 the majority of the company s unsecured creditors met in London and agreed to extend the moratorium a further six months 12 However Palmers was unable to survive and collapsed by the end of the year The company s blast furnaces and steel works which covered 37 acres were put up for auction 13 The Jarrow yard was sold to National Shipbuilders Securities which closed it down in order to sell it causing much unemployment and leading to the Jarrow March 14 After the shipyard closed following support from the industrialist Sir John Jarvis the site was used the engine shop as a steel foundry for another 18 months 15 The company retained the yard at Hebburn and was subsequently acquired by Armstrong Whitworth becoming Palmers Hebburn Company 16 In 1973 Vickers Armstrongs successor to Armstrong Whitworth sold the Palmers Dock at Hebburn to Swan Hunter and developed it as the Hebburn Shipbuilding Dock 17 This facility was acquired in turn from the receivers of Swan Hunter by Tyne Tees Dockyard in 1994 which sold it to Cammell Laird in 1995 When the latter entered receivership in 2001 the dock was acquired by A amp P Group 18 19 The yard remains in use as a ship repair and refurbishment facility 20 Ships built by Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company EditThis list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items March 2013 Ships built by Palmers included Naval Edit Battlecruisers Edit HMS Queen Mary Royal Navy 1912 Battleships Edit Battleship HMS Defence of 1861 as she appeared from 1866 Battleship HMS Resolution of 1915 as seen in the 1930s HMS Defence Royal Navy 1861 HMS Hercules Royal Navy 1910 HMS Lord Nelson Royal Navy 1906 HMS Resolution Royal Navy 1892 HMS Resolution Royal Navy 1915 HMS Revenge Royal Navy 1892 HMS Russell Royal Navy 1901 HMS Swiftsure Royal Navy 1870 HMS Terror Royal Navy 1856 HMS Triumph Royal Navy 1870 Cruisers Edit Cruiser HMS Orlando of 1886 as seen in the 1890s HMS Alacrity Royal Navy 1885 HMS Dauntless Royal Navy 1918 HMS Orlando Royal Navy 1886 HMS Pegasus Royal Navy 1897 HMS Pique Royal Navy 1890 HMS Pyramus Royal Navy 1897 HMCS Rainbow Royal Canadian Navy 1891 HMS Retribution Royal Navy 1891 HMS Surprise Royal Navy 1885 HMS Undaunted Royal Navy 1886 HMS York Royal Navy 1928 Destroyers Edit Torpedo boat destroyer HMS Spiteful built by Palmers and launched in 1899 became the first warship to be powered only using fuel oil in 1904 Destroyer HMS Diana of 1932 as seen in 1933 HMS Bat Royal Navy 1896 HMS Chamois Royal Navy 1896 HMS Cherwell Royal Navy 1903 HMS Crane Royal Navy 1896 HMS Dee Royal Navy 1903 HMS Diana Royal Navy 1932 HMS Duchess Royal Navy 1932 HMS Erne Royal Navy 1903 HMS Exe Royal Navy 1903 HMS Ettrick Royal Navy 1903 HMS Fawn Royal Navy 1897 HMS Flirt Royal Navy 1897 HMS Flying Fish Royal Navy 1897 HMS Janus Royal Navy 1895 HMS Kangaroo Royal Navy 1900 HMS Lightning Royal Navy 1895 HMCS Margaree Royal Canadian Navy 1932 HMS Myrmidon Royal Navy 1900 HMS Peterel Royal Navy 1899 HMS Porcupine Royal Navy 1895 HMS Rother Royal Navy 1904 HMS Spiteful Royal Navy 1899 HMS Star Royal Navy 1896 HMS Swale Royal Navy 1905 HMS Syren Royal Navy 1900 HMS Ure Royal Navy 1904 HMS Wear Royal Navy 1905 HMS Whiting Royal Navy 1896 HMS Wryneck Royal Navy 1918 Monitors Edit Monitor HMS Marshal Ney in 1915 HMVS Cerberus Victorian Navy 1868 HMS General Wolfe Royal Navy 1915 HMS Gorgon Royal Navy 1871 HMS Marshal Ney Royal Navy 1915 HMS Marshal Soult Royal Navy 1915 River gunboats Edit River gunboat HMS Spey of 1876 HMS Dee Royal Navy 1877 HMS Don Royal Navy 1877 HMS Esk Royal Navy 1877 HMS Medina Royal Navy 1876 HMS Medway Royal Navy 1876 SMS Planet Austro Hungarian Navy 1889 HMS Sabrina Royal Navy 1876 HMS Slaney Royal Navy 1877 HMS Spey Royal Navy 1876 HMS Tay Royal Navy 1876 HMS Tees Royal Navy 1876 HMS Trent Royal Navy 1877 HMS Tweed Royal Navy 1877 Merchant and leisure Edit SS John Bowes of 1852 the first iron screw collier SS Meriones of 1922 Cable ships Edit CS Faraday Atlantic Telegraph Company 1923 Cargo ships Edit Anne Thomas Evan Thomas Radcliffe 1882 Anthony Radcliffe Evan Thomas Radcliffe 1893 Automedon Alfred Holt and Company 1922 Clarrisa Radcliffe Evan Thomas Radcliffe 1889 Douglas Hill Evan Thomas Radcliffe 1890 Gairsoppa British India Steam Navigation Company 1919 Gwenllian Thomas Evan Thomas Radcliffe 1882 Iolo Morganwg Evan Thomas Radcliffe 1882 John Bowes Charles Palmer 1852 21 Kate Thomas Evan Thomas Radcliffe 1884 Lady Palmer Evan Thomas Radcliffe 1889 Mary Thomas Evan Thomas Radcliffe 1889 Meriones China Mutual Steam Navigation Company 1922 Slavic Prince Prince Line Ltd Newcastle 1918 Oil tankers Edit British Ardour British Tanker Company 1928 British Aviator British Tanker Company 1924 British Captain British Tanker Company 1923 British Chemist British Tanker Company 1925 British Chivalry British Tanker Company 1929 British Corporal British Tanker Company 1922 British Freedom British Tanker Company 1928 British General British Tanker Company 1922 British Honour British Tanker Company 1928 British Industry British Tanker Company 1927 British Inventor British Tanker Company 1926 22 British Justice British Tanker Company 1928 British Light British Tanker Company 1917 British Loyalty British Tanker Company 1928 British Mariner British Tanker Company 1922 British Officer British Tanker Company 1922 British Premier British Tanker Company 1922 British Science British Tanker Company 1931 British Sergeant British Tanker Company 1922 British Splendour British Tanker Company 1931 British Strength British Tanker Company 1931 British Yeoman British Tanker Company 1923 Passenger ships Edit SS Connaught 1860 SS Armenia 1896 Steam yachts Edit Xantha Henry Paget 2nd Marquess of Anglesey 1867 Tugs Edit PT Northumberland G Wascoe Shields 1852 Yard number 1 23 24 Cargo vessels Edit S S Socotra 1897See also EditList of shipbuilders and shipyardsReferences EditFootnotes Edit Some 19th century and later sources refer to the company as Palmer s Shipbuilding and Iron Company with an apostrophe but in Some Account of the Works of Palmers Shipbuilding amp Iron Company Limited which was compiled by the business s company secretary Malcom Dillon and published in 1900 the name is given throughout as Palmers without the apostrophe 4 5 3 A speciality of Palmers engine works is the manufacture of the Reed water tube boiler the invention of Mr J W Reed manager of the engine works department which has been adopted with well known results in high speed torpedo boat destroyers and also in vessels constructed for the Admiralty on the Clyde It may be observed that nearly 25 miles 40 km of tubes are used in the manufacture of the boilers and machinery of each 30 knot destroyer 7 Notes Edit a b Building for the world The Journal 22 May 2007 Retrieved 10 November 2012 Dillon 1900 pp 16 7 a b Dillon 1900 Gibbs 1896 p 8 Anon 1899 p 475 Dillon 1900 pp 28 50 Dillon 1900 pp 33 4 Anon 1902 pp 613 616 Christopher Furness Obituary The Times 11 November 1912 Retrieved 10 November 2012 Shipwreck of SS Gairsoppa reveals 150m silver haul BBC News 26 September 2011 Archived from the original on 26 November 2016 Retrieved 10 February 2017 C Michael Hogan Lead Author Peter Saundry Topic Editor 21 May 2012 Cleveland Cutler J ed SS Gairsoppa recovery Encyclopedia of Earth Washington D C Environmental Information Coalition National Council for Science and the Environment Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 Retrieved 10 February 2017 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a author1 has generic name help Palmers Moratorium Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette 14 January 1933 Retrieved 12 August 2017 Steel Works to be Sold at Auction The Times 10 July 1934 p 11 Charles Palmer Archived 8 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company Grace s Guide Retrieved 3 April 2021 Crockett Margaret Foster Janet October 2005 Report on the Access to Shipbuilding Collections in North East England ARK Project PDF Tyne amp Wear Archives Archived from the original PDF on 3 November 2013 Retrieved 10 November 2012 Swan Hunter History Naval ships swanhunter com 2010 Archived from the original on 22 February 2012 Retrieved 10 November 2012 Shipbuilder Palmers Hebburn Co Ltd Hebburn 1934 1973 Tyne Built Ships n d Archived from the original on 1 March 2014 Retrieved 10 February 2017 UK north east yards extend dock capacity Motor Ship 1995 Retrieved 10 November 2012 New owner for A amp P Tyne shipyard The Journal 2 March 2011 Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 Retrieved 10 February 2017 Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Co Graces Guide Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Co Graces Guide Palmer Tyne shipbuilder Jarrow Willington Quay Tyne tug Northumberland 1852 Bibliography EditAnon 1899 Launches and Trial Trips The Marine Engineer 20 474 6 OCLC 10460390 Anon 1902 Palmer s Shipbuilding and Iron Company Jarrow on Tyne Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 613 6 OCLC 863604422 Cuthbert Jim Smith Ken 2004 Palmers of Jarrow 1851 1933 ISBN 1 85795 196 4 Dillon Malcolm 1900 Some Account of the Works of Palmers Shipbuilding amp Iron Company Limited Franklin OCLC 68103311 Gibbs Frederick T M 1896 The Illustrated Guide to the Royal Navy and Foreign Navies Also Mercantile Marine Steamers Available as Armed Cruisers and Transports amp c Waterlow Bros amp Layton OCLC 12714917 Friedman Norman 2009 British Destroyers From Earliest Days to the Second World War Barnsley UK Seaforth Publishing ISBN 978 1 84832 049 9 Johnston Ian Buxton Ian 2013 The Battleship Builders Constructing and Arming British Capital Ships Hardback Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press ISBN 978 1 59114 027 6 Wilkinson Ellen 1939 The Town That Was Murdered The Life Story of Jarrow Victor Gollancz Ltd External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company Archival material relating to Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company UK National Archives Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company amp oldid 1078122453, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.