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Passenger ship

A passenger ship is a merchant ship whose primary function is to carry passengers on the sea. The category does not include cargo vessels which have accommodations for limited numbers of passengers, such as the ubiquitous twelve-passenger freighters[definition needed] once common on the seas in which the transport of passengers is secondary to the carriage of freight. The type does however include many classes of ships designed to transport substantial numbers of passengers as well as freight. Indeed, until recently virtually all ocean liners were able to transport mail, package freight and express, and other cargo in addition to passenger luggage, and were equipped with cargo holds and derricks, kingposts, or other cargo-handling gear for that purpose. Only in more recent ocean liners and in virtually all cruise ships has this cargo capacity been eliminated.

An ocean liner, Queen Elizabeth 2

While typically passenger ships are part of the merchant marine, passenger ships have also been used as troopships and often are commissioned as naval ships when used as for that purpose.

Description

 
An ocean liner, Normandie
 
A cruise ship, Freedom of the Seas
 
A ferry, Mega Smeralda

Passenger Ship Types: Passenger ships include ferries, which are vessels for day to day or overnight short-sea trips moving passengers and vehicles (whether road or rail); ocean liners, which typically are passenger or passenger-cargo vessels transporting passengers and often cargo on longer line voyages; and cruise ships, which often transport passengers on round-trips, in which the trip itself and the attractions of the ship and ports visited are the principal draw.

There are several main types:

  1. Cruise ships
  2. Ferries
  3. Ocean liners

Rough synopses of passenger ship types

  1. Cruise ships: For a long time, cruise ships were smaller than the old ocean liners had been, but in the 1980s, this changed when Knut Kloster, the director of Norwegian Caribbean Lines, bought one of the biggest surviving liners, the SS France, and transformed her into a huge cruise ship, which he renamed the SS Norway. Her success demonstrated that there was a market for large cruise ships. Successive classes of ever-larger ships were ordered, until the Cunard liner Queen Elizabeth was finally dethroned from her 56-year reign as the largest passenger ship ever built (a dethronement that led to numerous further dethronements from the same position).
  2. Ferries: They are vessels for day to day or overnight short-sea trips moving passengers and vehicles (whether road or rail). There also exist Cruise ferries, designed for longer routes, lasting from one to a couple of days. They are named such because they tend to include amenities common on cruise ships (pools, discos, spas, etc...)
  3. Ocean liners: An ocean liner is the traditional form of passenger ship. Once such liners operated on scheduled line voyages to all inhabited parts of the world. With the advent of airliners transporting passengers and specialized cargo vessels hauling freight, line voyages have almost died out. But with their decline came an increase in sea trips for pleasure and fun, and in the latter part of the 20th century ocean liners gave way to cruise ships as the predominant form of large passenger ship containing from hundreds to thousands of people, with the main area of activity changing from the North Atlantic Ocean to the Caribbean Sea.

Cruise ships vs. ocean liners

Although some ships have characteristics of both types, the design priorities of the two forms are different: ocean liners value speed and traditional luxury while cruise ships value amenities (swimming pools, theaters, ball rooms, casinos, sports facilities, etc.) rather than speed. These priorities produce different designs. In addition, ocean liners typically were built to cross the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and the United States or travel even further to South America or Asia while cruise ships typically serve shorter routes with more stops along coastlines or among various islands.

Both the Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) (1969) and her successor as Cunard's flagship RMS Queen Mary 2 (QM2), which entered service in 2004, are of hybrid construction. Like transatlantic ocean liners, they are fast ships and strongly built to withstand the rigors of the North Atlantic in line voyage service,[1] but both ships are also designed to operate as cruise ships, with the amenities expected in that trade. QM2 was superseded by the Freedom of the Seas of the Royal Caribbean line as the largest passenger ship ever built; however, QM2 still hold the record for the largest ocean liner. The Freedom of the Seas was superseded by the Oasis of the Seas in October 2009.[2]

Measures of size

 
Ocean liner Titanic (1912), 46,328 GRT, 52,310 tons displacement
 
Ocean liner Queen Mary (1936), approximately 81,000 – 83,000 GRT, displacement over 80,000 tons
 
Ocean liner Queen Mary 2 (2003), 148,528 GT, approximately 76,000 tons displacement
 
Oasis of the Seas (2009), 225,282 GT, approximately 100,000 tons displacement

Because of changes in historic measurement systems, it is difficult to make meaningful and accurate comparisons of ship sizes. Historically, gross register tonnage (GRT) was a measure of the internal volume of certain enclosed areas of a ship divided into "tons" equivalent to 100 cubic feet (2.8 m3) of space. Gross tonnage (GT) is a comparatively new measure, adopted in 1982 to replace GRT. It is calculated based on "the moulded volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship", and is used to determine things such as a ship's manning regulations, safety rules, registration fees, and port dues. It is produced by a mathematical formula, and does not distinguish between mechanical and passenger spaces, and thus is not directly comparable to historic GRT measurements. Displacement, a measure of mass, is not commonly used for passenger vessels. While a high displacement can indicate better sea keeping abilities,[3] gross tonnage is promoted as the most important measure of size for passenger vessels, as the ratio of gross tonnage per passenger – the Passenger/Space Ratio – gives a sense of the spaciousness of a ship, an important consideration in cruise liners where the onboard amenities are of high importance.[4][5]

Historically, a ship's GRT and displacement were somewhat similar in number. For example, Titanic, put in service in 1912, had a GRT of 46,328 and a displacement reported at over 52,000 tons.[6] Similarly, Cunard Line's mid-1930s RMS Queen Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth were of approximately 81,000 – 83,000 GRT and had displacements of over 80,000 tons.[7]

Today, due to changes in construction, engineering, function, architecture, and, crucially, measurement system – which measures functionally all of a ship's internal volume, not just part of it – modern passenger ships' GT values are much higher than their displacements. The Cunard Queens' current successor, the 148,528 GT Queen Mary 2,[8][9] has been estimated to only displace approximately 76,000 tons.[10] With the completion in 2009 of the first of the over 225,000 GT Oasis-class cruise ships, Oasis of the Seas, passenger ships' displacements rose to 100,000 tons,[11] well less than half their GT.

This new class is characteristic of an explosive growth in gross tonnage, which has more than doubled from the largest cruise ships of the late 1990s. This reflects the much lower relative weight of enclosed space in the comparatively light superstructure of a ship versus its heavily reinforced and machinery-laden hull space, as cruise ships have grown slab-sided vertically from their maximum beam to accommodate more passengers within a given hull size.

Safety regulations

Passenger ships are subject to two major International Maritime Organization requirements : to perform musters of the passengers (...) within 24 hours after their embarkation and to be able to perform full abandonment within a period of 30 minutes from the time the abandon-ship signal is given.[12]

Transportation Research Board research from 2019 reported passenger vessels, much more than freight vessels, are subject to degradations in stability as a result of increases in lightship weight. Passenger vessels appear to be more pressing candidates for lightship weight-tracking programs than freight vessels.[13]

Design considerations

Passengers on ships without backup generators suffer substantial distress due to lack of water, refrigeration, and sewage systems in the event of loss of the main engines or generators due to fire or other emergency. Power is also unavailable to the crew of the ship to operate electrically powered mechanisms. Lack of an adequate backup system to propel the ship can, in rough seas, render it dead in the water and result in loss of the ship.[14] The 2006 Revised Passenger Ship Safety Standards address these issues, and others, requiring that ships ordered after July, 2010 conform to safe return to port regulations; however, as of 2013 many ships remain in service which lack this capacity.[15]

After October 1, 2010, the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) requires passenger ships operating in international waters must either be constructed or upgraded to exclude combustible materials. It is believed some owners and operators of ships built before 1980, which are required to upgrade or retire their vessels, will be unable to conform to the regulations.[15] Fred. Olsen Cruise Line's Black Prince, built in 1966 was one such ship, but was reported to be headed for inter-island service in Venezuelan waters.[16]

External safety measures

The International Ice Patrol was formed in 1914 after the sinking of the Titanic to address the long-outstanding issue of iceberg collision.[17]

Notes

  1. ^ "Winter 03-04: A Ship for the Sea". Cruise Industry News. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
  2. ^ . Boston Globe. Associated Press. 6 February 2006. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009.
  3. ^ Rahn, Charles. (PDF). theyachtreport.com. Archived from rahn.pdf the original (PDF) on 7 April 2004. Retrieved 16 October 2021. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  4. ^ . Information and Explanations. choosecruising.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-29. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  5. ^ . 123Ttravel.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  6. ^ . Archived from the original on 27 May 2006.
  7. ^ "Queen Mary Home". Atlanticliners.com. Retrieved 2012-05-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ . United States Coast Guard Maritime Information Exchange. Archived from the original on 2013-05-23. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  9. ^ "Queen Mary 2 (9241061)". LR Class Direct. Lloyd's Register. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  10. ^ Maxtone-Graham, John. . twbookmark.com. Archived from the original on 2006-06-28. Retrieved 2006-06-21.
  11. ^ "If Royal Caribbean builds it, 6,400 could come". Boston Globe. Associated Press. 7 February 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ . Lloyd's List Australia. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  13. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering (2020-01-09). Review and Update of U.S. Coast Guard Vessel Stability Regulations and Guidance. doi:10.17226/25565. ISBN 978-0-309-49721-3. S2CID 203502771.
  14. ^ Meier, Barry; Schwartz, John (February 24, 2013). "Lack of Backup Power Puts Cruise Passengers at the Ocean's Mercy". The New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  15. ^ a b "Hidden Depths of SOLAS"WorldCruise-Network.com 8 September 2010, accessed February 25, 2013 25 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Reinikainen, Kari (2009-05-06). . Cruise Business Online. Cruise Media Oy Ltd. Archived from the original on 2009-10-11. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  17. ^ "The History of the International Ice Patrol". The Maritime Executive. Retrieved 2021-04-09.

References

  • Durand, Jean-François. Autour du Monde Paquebots: Cruise Ships Around the World. Editions marines, 1996. [bilingual text]
  • Marin, Pierre-Henri. Les paquebots, ambassadeurs des mers, collection " Découvertes Gallimard " (nº 75), série Techniques. Paris: Gallimard, 1990.

External links


passenger, ship, passenger, ship, merchant, ship, whose, primary, function, carry, passengers, category, does, include, cargo, vessels, which, have, accommodations, limited, numbers, passengers, such, ubiquitous, twelve, passenger, freighters, definition, need. A passenger ship is a merchant ship whose primary function is to carry passengers on the sea The category does not include cargo vessels which have accommodations for limited numbers of passengers such as the ubiquitous twelve passenger freighters definition needed once common on the seas in which the transport of passengers is secondary to the carriage of freight The type does however include many classes of ships designed to transport substantial numbers of passengers as well as freight Indeed until recently virtually all ocean liners were able to transport mail package freight and express and other cargo in addition to passenger luggage and were equipped with cargo holds and derricks kingposts or other cargo handling gear for that purpose Only in more recent ocean liners and in virtually all cruise ships has this cargo capacity been eliminated An ocean liner Queen Elizabeth 2 While typically passenger ships are part of the merchant marine passenger ships have also been used as troopships and often are commissioned as naval ships when used as for that purpose Contents 1 Description 1 1 Rough synopses of passenger ship types 1 2 Cruise ships vs ocean liners 1 3 Measures of size 2 Safety regulations 2 1 Design considerations 2 2 External safety measures 3 Notes 4 References 5 External linksDescription Edit An ocean liner Normandie A cruise ship Freedom of the Seas A ferry Mega Smeralda Passenger Ship Types Passenger ships include ferries which are vessels for day to day or overnight short sea trips moving passengers and vehicles whether road or rail ocean liners which typically are passenger or passenger cargo vessels transporting passengers and often cargo on longer line voyages and cruise ships which often transport passengers on round trips in which the trip itself and the attractions of the ship and ports visited are the principal draw There are several main types Cruise ships Ferries Ocean linersRough synopses of passenger ship types Edit Cruise ships For a long time cruise ships were smaller than the old ocean liners had been but in the 1980s this changed when Knut Kloster the director of Norwegian Caribbean Lines bought one of the biggest surviving liners the SS France and transformed her into a huge cruise ship which he renamed the SS Norway Her success demonstrated that there was a market for large cruise ships Successive classes of ever larger ships were ordered until the Cunard liner Queen Elizabeth was finally dethroned from her 56 year reign as the largest passenger ship ever built a dethronement that led to numerous further dethronements from the same position Ferries They are vessels for day to day or overnight short sea trips moving passengers and vehicles whether road or rail There also exist Cruise ferries designed for longer routes lasting from one to a couple of days They are named such because they tend to include amenities common on cruise ships pools discos spas etc Ocean liners An ocean liner is the traditional form of passenger ship Once such liners operated on scheduled line voyages to all inhabited parts of the world With the advent of airliners transporting passengers and specialized cargo vessels hauling freight line voyages have almost died out But with their decline came an increase in sea trips for pleasure and fun and in the latter part of the 20th century ocean liners gave way to cruise ships as the predominant form of large passenger ship containing from hundreds to thousands of people with the main area of activity changing from the North Atlantic Ocean to the Caribbean Sea Cruise ships vs ocean liners Edit Although some ships have characteristics of both types the design priorities of the two forms are different ocean liners value speed and traditional luxury while cruise ships value amenities swimming pools theaters ball rooms casinos sports facilities etc rather than speed These priorities produce different designs In addition ocean liners typically were built to cross the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and the United States or travel even further to South America or Asia while cruise ships typically serve shorter routes with more stops along coastlines or among various islands Both the Queen Elizabeth 2 QE2 1969 and her successor as Cunard s flagship RMS Queen Mary 2 QM2 which entered service in 2004 are of hybrid construction Like transatlantic ocean liners they are fast ships and strongly built to withstand the rigors of the North Atlantic in line voyage service 1 but both ships are also designed to operate as cruise ships with the amenities expected in that trade QM2 was superseded by the Freedom of the Seas of the Royal Caribbean line as the largest passenger ship ever built however QM2 still hold the record for the largest ocean liner The Freedom of the Seas was superseded by the Oasis of the Seas in October 2009 2 Measures of size Edit Further information Timeline of largest passenger ships Ocean liner Titanic 1912 46 328 GRT 52 310 tons displacement Ocean liner Queen Mary 1936 approximately 81 000 83 000 GRT displacement over 80 000 tons Ocean liner Queen Mary 2 2003 148 528 GT approximately 76 000 tons displacement Oasis of the Seas 2009 225 282 GT approximately 100 000 tons displacement Because of changes in historic measurement systems it is difficult to make meaningful and accurate comparisons of ship sizes Historically gross register tonnage GRT was a measure of the internal volume of certain enclosed areas of a ship divided into tons equivalent to 100 cubic feet 2 8 m3 of space Gross tonnage GT is a comparatively new measure adopted in 1982 to replace GRT It is calculated based on the moulded volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship and is used to determine things such as a ship s manning regulations safety rules registration fees and port dues It is produced by a mathematical formula and does not distinguish between mechanical and passenger spaces and thus is not directly comparable to historic GRT measurements Displacement a measure of mass is not commonly used for passenger vessels While a high displacement can indicate better sea keeping abilities 3 gross tonnage is promoted as the most important measure of size for passenger vessels as the ratio of gross tonnage per passenger the Passenger Space Ratio gives a sense of the spaciousness of a ship an important consideration in cruise liners where the onboard amenities are of high importance 4 5 Historically a ship s GRT and displacement were somewhat similar in number For example Titanic put in service in 1912 had a GRT of 46 328 and a displacement reported at over 52 000 tons 6 Similarly Cunard Line s mid 1930s RMS Queen Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth were of approximately 81 000 83 000 GRT and had displacements of over 80 000 tons 7 Today due to changes in construction engineering function architecture and crucially measurement system which measures functionally all of a ship s internal volume not just part of it modern passenger ships GT values are much higher than their displacements The Cunard Queens current successor the 148 528 GT Queen Mary 2 8 9 has been estimated to only displace approximately 76 000 tons 10 With the completion in 2009 of the first of the over 225 000 GT Oasis class cruise ships Oasis of the Seas passenger ships displacements rose to 100 000 tons 11 well less than half their GT This new class is characteristic of an explosive growth in gross tonnage which has more than doubled from the largest cruise ships of the late 1990s This reflects the much lower relative weight of enclosed space in the comparatively light superstructure of a ship versus its heavily reinforced and machinery laden hull space as cruise ships have grown slab sided vertically from their maximum beam to accommodate more passengers within a given hull size Safety regulations EditSee also International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea Passenger ships are subject to two major International Maritime Organization requirements to perform musters of the passengers within 24 hours after their embarkation and to be able to perform full abandonment within a period of 30 minutes from the time the abandon ship signal is given 12 Transportation Research Board research from 2019 reported passenger vessels much more than freight vessels are subject to degradations in stability as a result of increases in lightship weight Passenger vessels appear to be more pressing candidates for lightship weight tracking programs than freight vessels 13 Design considerations Edit Passengers on ships without backup generators suffer substantial distress due to lack of water refrigeration and sewage systems in the event of loss of the main engines or generators due to fire or other emergency Power is also unavailable to the crew of the ship to operate electrically powered mechanisms Lack of an adequate backup system to propel the ship can in rough seas render it dead in the water and result in loss of the ship 14 The 2006 Revised Passenger Ship Safety Standards address these issues and others requiring that ships ordered after July 2010 conform to safe return to port regulations however as of 2013 many ships remain in service which lack this capacity 15 After October 1 2010 the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea SOLAS requires passenger ships operating in international waters must either be constructed or upgraded to exclude combustible materials It is believed some owners and operators of ships built before 1980 which are required to upgrade or retire their vessels will be unable to conform to the regulations 15 Fred Olsen Cruise Line s Black Prince built in 1966 was one such ship but was reported to be headed for inter island service in Venezuelan waters 16 External safety measures Edit The International Ice Patrol was formed in 1914 after the sinking of the Titanic to address the long outstanding issue of iceberg collision 17 Notes Edit Winter 03 04 A Ship for the Sea Cruise Industry News Retrieved 2012 05 23 Royal Caribbean orders 1 24B cruise ship Boston Globe Associated Press 6 February 2006 Archived from the original on 20 February 2009 Rahn Charles Gross Tonnage Versus Displacement PDF theyachtreport com Archived from rahn pdf the original PDF on 7 April 2004 Retrieved 16 October 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Check url value help Glossary definition of Passenger Space Ratio Information and Explanations choosecruising com Archived from the original on 2010 08 29 Retrieved 2007 12 28 Cruise Ship Tonnage 123Ttravel com Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 28 Titanic s Dimensions Archived from the original on 27 May 2006 Queen Mary Home Atlanticliners com Retrieved 2012 05 23 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Queen Mary 2 United States Coast Guard Maritime Information Exchange Archived from the original on 2013 05 23 Retrieved 16 October 2021 Queen Mary 2 9241061 LR Class Direct Lloyd s Register Retrieved 2012 07 19 Maxtone Graham John Queen Mary 2 twbookmark com Archived from the original on 2006 06 28 Retrieved 2006 06 21 If Royal Caribbean builds it 6 400 could come Boston Globe Associated Press 7 February 2006 Retrieved 16 October 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link A ship is its own best lifeboat Lloyd s List Australia 18 January 2012 Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 Retrieved 20 January 2012 National Academies of Sciences Engineering 2020 01 09 Review and Update of U S Coast Guard Vessel Stability Regulations and Guidance doi 10 17226 25565 ISBN 978 0 309 49721 3 S2CID 203502771 Meier Barry Schwartz John February 24 2013 Lack of Backup Power Puts Cruise Passengers at the Ocean s Mercy The New York Times Retrieved February 25 2013 a b Hidden Depths of SOLAS WorldCruise Network com 8 September 2010 accessed February 25 2013 Archived 25 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine Reinikainen Kari 2009 05 06 Fred Olsen sells Black Prince for further trading Cruise Business Online Cruise Media Oy Ltd Archived from the original on 2009 10 11 Retrieved 2009 05 10 The History of the International Ice Patrol The Maritime Executive Retrieved 2021 04 09 References EditDurand Jean Francois Autour du Monde Paquebots Cruise Ships Around the World Editions marines 1996 bilingual text Marin Pierre Henri Les paquebots ambassadeurs des mers collection Decouvertes Gallimard nº 75 serie Techniques Paris Gallimard 1990 External links Edit Transport portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passenger ships Ships at Curlie Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Passenger ship amp oldid 1098413886, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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