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From the river to the sea

December 16, 2023

"From the river to the sea" (Arabic: من النهر إلى البحر, romanized: min an-nahr ʾilā l-baḥr; Palestinian Arabic: من المية للمية, romanized: min il-ṃayye li-l-ṃayye, lit. 'from the water to the water'[1][2]) is a political slogan that refers geographically to the area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, an area also described as Palestine and Eretz Israel,[3] which currently includes Israel and the Israeli occupied Palestinian territories: the West Bank, which includes East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip.[4][5]

Map showing Israel and the Palestinian Territories as outlined by the Oslo Accords. The Jordan River is on the right, and the Mediterranean Sea is on the left.

The phrase was popularised in the 1960s as part of a wider call for Palestinian liberation creating a democratic state freeing Palestinians from oppression from Israeli as well as from other Arab regimes such as Jordan and Egypt.[6][7] In the 1960s, the PLO used it to call for a democratic secular state encompassing the entirety of mandatory Palestine which was initially stated to only include the Palestinians and the descendants of Jews who had lived in Palestine before the first Aliyah, although this was later expanded.[8] The 1964 and 1968 charters of the Palestine National Council (PNC) demanded "the recovery of the usurped homeland in its entirety" and the restoration of land and rights-including the right of self-determination-to the indigenous population. In other words, the PNC was calling for decolonization, but this did not mean the elimination or exclusion of all Jews from a Palestinian nation. According to the 1964 Charter, "Jews who are of Palestinian origin shall be considered Palestinians if they are willing to live peacefully and loyally in Palestine.' ... Thus, by 1969, "Free Palestine from the river to the sea" came to mean one democratic secular state that would supersede the ethno-religious state of Israel".[9]

Palestinian progressives use the phrase to call for a united democracy over the whole territory[10] while others say "it's a call for peace and equality after ... decades-long, open-ended Israeli military rule over millions of Palestinians."[11]

This slogan has come under international scrutiny following its usage by various Palestinian factions, particularly since Islamist militant faction Hamas used the phrase in its 2017 charter. The slogan's usage by such Palestinian militant groups has led critics to argue that the slogan implicitly advocates for the dismantling of Israel, and a call for the removal or extermination of the Jewish population.[12] Some countries have considered criminalizing its use.[13][14]

The 1977 election manifesto of the right-wing Israeli Likud party said: "Between the sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty."[15][16][17] Similar wording has also been used more recently by other Israeli politicians.[3]

Context

Further information: Zionism, Mandatory Palestine, United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, 1948 Palestine War, and Israeli–Palestinian conflict

According to Elliott Colla in a Mondoweiss article, the relevant historical context for understanding the 'from the river to the sea' slogan is the history of partition and fragmentation in Palestine, along with Israeli appropriation and annexation of Palestinian lands.[18] Colla cites the 1947 UN Partition plan for Palestine, which proposed to divide the land between the river and the sea; the 1948 Nakba, in which that plan materialized; the 1967 War, after which Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza; the Oslo Accords, which fragmented the Palestinian territory in the West Bank into Palestinian enclaves or "an archipelago of Bantustans surrounded by Israeli settlements, bases, and checkpoints;" and the Israeli separation wall first erected after the Second Intifada.[18]

History of the phrase

The precise origins of the phrase are disputed.[19] According to American historian Robin D. G. Kelley, the phrase "began as a Zionist slogan signifying the boundaries of Eretz Israel."[3] Israeli-American historian Omer Bartov notes that Zionist usage of such language predates the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 and began with the Revisionist movement of Zionism led by Vladimir Jabotinski, which spoke of establishing a Jewish state in all of Palestine and had a song with the slogan: "The Jordan has two banks; this one is ours, and the other one too," suggesting a Jewish state extending even beyond the Jordan River.[20]

Kelley writes that the phrase was adopted by the Palestine Liberation Organization in the mid-1960s; the 1964 charter of the PLO's Palestinian National Council called for "the recovery of the usurped homeland in its entirety". The 1964 charter stated that "Jews who are of Palestinian origin shall be considered Palestinians if they are willing to live peacefully and loyally in Palestine", specifically defining "Palestinian" as those who had "normally resided in Palestine until 1947".[21] In the 1968 revision, the charter was further revised, stating that "Jews who had resided normally in Palestine until the beginning of the Zionist invasion" would be considered Palestinian.[21] According to Maha Nassar of the University of Arizona, the phrase was popularized in the 1960s as part of a wider call for Palestinian liberation, creating a democratic state and freeing Palestinians from oppression from Israeli as well as from other Arab regimes such as Jordan and Egypt.[7]

In 1977, the concept appeared in an election manifesto of the Israeli political party Likud, which stated that “between the sea and the Jordan there will be only Israeli sovereignty.”[22][23]

For Elliott Colla, "it is unclear when and where the slogan "from the river to the sea," first emerged within Palestinian protest culture."[18] In November 2023, Colla wrote that he had not encountered the phrase – in either Standard nor Levantine Arabic – in Palestinian revolutionary media of the 1960s and 1970s and noted that "the phrase appears nowhere in the Palestinian National Charters of 1964 or 1968, nor in the Hamas Charter of 1988."[18]

In 1979, the phrase was invoked by delegates attending the Palestine Congress of North America.[24]

Colla notes that activists of the First Intifada (1987-1993) "remember hearing variations of the phrase in Arabic from the late 1980s onwards" and that the phrases have been documented in graffiti from the period in works such as Saleh Abd al-Jawad's "Faṣā'il al-ḥaraka al-waṭaniyya al-Filasṭīniyya fi-l-arāḍī al-muḥtalla wa-shu'ārāt al-judrān" (1991) and Julie Peteet's "The Writing on the Walls: The Graffiti of the Intifada" (1996).[18]

The phrase appeared in a 2021 B'Tselem report entitled "A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This Is Apartheid" that described Israel's de facto rule over the territory from the river to the sea, through its occupation of the West Bank and blockade of the Gaza Strip, as a regime of apartheid.[25][26]

Protest chant variations

The concept of "from the river to the sea" has appeared in various protest chants, typically as the first line of a rhyming couplet.

In Arabic

The version min an-nahr ʾilā l-baḥr / Filasṭīn sa-tatḥarrar (من النهر إلى البحر / فلسطين ستتحرر, "from the river to the sea / Palestine will be free") has a focus on freedom.[27]

The version min il-ṃayye li-l-ṃayye / Falasṭīn ʿarabiyye (من المية للمية / فلسطين عربية, "from the water to the water / Palestine is Arab") has an Arab nationalist sentiment, and the version min il-ṃayye li-l-ṃayye / Falasṭīn islāmiyye (من المية للمية / فلسطين إسلامية, "from the water to the water / Palestine is Islamic") has Islamic sentiment.[18] According to Colla, scholars of Palestine attest to the documentation of both versions in the graffiti of the late 1980s, the period of the First Intifada.[18]

In English

"From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free"—the translation of min an-nahr ʾilā l-baḥr / Filasṭīn sa-tatḥarrar—is the version that has circulated among English speakers expressing solidarity with Palestine since at least the 1990s.[18]

Usage

Use by militant groups

See also: Calls for the destruction of Israel

"Hamas, as part of its revised 2017 charter, rejected "any alternative to the full and complete liberation of Palestine, from the river to the sea", referring to all areas of former Mandatory Palestine and by extension, the end of Jewish sovereignty in the region.[3][6][28] Islamic Jihad declared that "from the river to the sea – [Palestine] is an Arab Islamic land that [it] is legally forbidden from abandoning any inch of, and the Israeli presence in Palestine is a null existence, which is forbidden by law to recognize.[29] Islamists have used a version "Palestine is Islamic from the river to the sea"[30]

The phrase was used as part of its 2017 revised platform where they state "Hamas rejects any alternative to the full and complete liberation of Palestine, from the river to the sea [...] along the lines of the 4th of June 1967".[31]

Similar sayings by the Israeli right

The phrase was also used by the Israeli ruling Likud party as part of their 1977 election manifesto which stated "Judea and Samaria will not be handed to any foreign administration; between the Sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty."[15][16][17] This slogan was repeated by Menachem Begin.[32] Similar wording has also been used more recently by other Israeli politicians, like Gideon Sa'ar and also Uri Ariel of The Jewish Home. In 2014 Ariel said, "Between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea there will be only one state, which is Israel."[3] The phrase has been used by the Israeli Prime Minister, Likud's Benjamin Netanyahu, in speeches.[19] Similar wording has also been used more recently by other Israeli politicians.[3]

Use internationally

Iran

Iranian president Ebrahim Raisi, in 2023, has used the phrase in saying "The only solution is a Palestinian state from the river to the sea", referring that the only solution to solve the conflict would be a Palestinian state encompassing all of what was Mandatory Palestine and now includes both Israel and the Palestinian territories.[33][34][35]

United Kingdom

On 30 October 2023, British Member of Parliament Andy McDonald was suspended from the Labour Party after stating in a pro-Palestine rally speech: "We won't rest until we have justice, until all people, Israelis and Palestinians, between the river and the sea can live in peaceful liberty". The party described McDonald's comment as "deeply offensive".[17][36] McDonald said at the time, "These words should not be construed in any other way than they were intended, namely as a heartfelt plea for an end to killings in Israel, Gaza, and the occupied West Bank, and for all peoples in the region to live in freedom without the threat of violence."[11]

As of 1 November 2023, the UK Football Association barred the use of the slogan by its players, stating they made clear to teams "that this phrase is considered offensive to many" and that the league will seek police guidance on how [they] should treat it and respond" if players have used it.[37]

United States

On November 30, 2018, CNN fired American academic Marc Lamont Hill from his position as a political commentator after he delivered a speech at the United Nations on the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People[3][38] ending with the words: "...we have an opportunity, to not just offer solidarity in words, but to commit to political action, grassroots action, local action, and international action that will give us what justice requires. And that is a free Palestine, from the river to the sea."[39] Critics focused on his use of the phrase 'from the river to the sea, Palestine will be free' because Hamas also uses it.[3] The ADL accused Hill of using the phrase "from the river to the sea" as code for the destruction of Israel.[38] Hill apologized, but later tweeted ""You say "River to the Sea" is "universally" understood to mean the destruction of the Jewish State? On what basis do you make this claim? Did it signify destruction when it was the slogan of the Likud Party? Or when currently used by the Israeli Right?"[3]

On 7 November 2023, United States Representative Rashida Tlaib was censured by the House of Representatives in part for using the slogan,[3][40] which Tlaib defended as "an aspirational call for freedom, human rights and peaceful coexistence, not death, destruction or hate". Before the vote, House Democratic leader Hakeem Jeffries criticized the phrase as something which is "widely understood as calling for the complete destruction of Israel".[41] On 8 November 2023, the White House condemned Tlaib for using the phrase. White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said that "when it comes to the phrase that was used, 'from the river to the sea,' it is divisive, it is hurtful, many find it hurtful and many find it antisemitic," and added that the White House "categorically reject[s] applying the term to the (2023 Israel–Hamas) conflict."[42]

Use on social media

The phrase has been used across social media,[43][44] including on Tik Tok.[45]

On November 15, 2023, Jewish influencers and celebrities confronted Tik Tok executives in a private call, to press them to moderate use of the phrase on the platform. Adam Presser, head of operations for Tik Tok, stated that only content "where it is clear exactly what they mean...that content is violative and we take it down," adding that if "someone is just using it casually, then that has been considered acceptable speech." In a statement, Tik Tok said that content using the phrase "in a way that threatens violence and spreads hate" is not allowed on the platform.[45] A report by Fortune described an additional Zoom call between "about 40 mostly Jewish tech leaders," including Anthony Goldbloom, and Tik Tok executives, on November 16, claiming that the platform's algorithm favored "content that supports Palestine over pro-Israel content" and pushing the platform to "reexamine its community guidelines", with the company rejecting "blunt comparisons" of hashtags on the platform and stating that the imbalance of content is not the result of "any kind of intended or unintended bias in its algorithms."[46]

On November 17, 2023, Elon Musk, the owner of Twitter, announced a policy change, stating that users who use terms like "decolonization" and "from the river to the sea," or similar expressions would be suspended. He claimed these terms were used as euphemisms for extreme violence or genocide.[47] Musk's announcement came after he was criticized for "endorsing an antisemitic post" on the platform two days before, and companies such as IBM, Comcast, Apple, Paramount Global, Disney, and Lionsgate announced a pause of ads on the platform.[48][49][50]

Jonathan Greenblatt, the CEO of the Anti-Defamation League applauded Musk's action on November 17, calling it "an important and welcome move" and praising his "leadership in fighting hate."[49] Rolling Stone stated that it was "doubtful" that Twitter users would be suspended for "repeating either phrase."[47] Noah Lanard of Mother Jones wrote that the new policy would "presumably apply only to those who use the phrase [from the river to the sea] in support of Palestinians" and argued that Musk is "trying to cover up for his own bigotry."[51] Pro-Palestinian users criticized Musk's new policy, arguing he was conflating legitimate political speech with "calls for violence" and was "limiting free speech."[52]

Civic usage

 
Pro-Palestinian rally in London, 9 October 2023
 
Pro-Palestinian rally in Columbus, Ohio, 12 October 2023

The slogan has been used widely in pro-Palestinian protest movements.[53] It has often been chanted at pro-Palestinian demonstrations, usually followed or preceded by the phrase "Palestine will be free" (the phrase rhymes in English, not Arabic).[54][55][56][57] Interpretations differ amongst supporters of the slogan. In a survey conducted by the Arab World for Research and Development on November 14, 74.7% Palestinians agreed that they support a single Palestinian state "from the river to the sea", while only 5.4% of respondents supported a "one-state for two peoples" solution.[58][59][60]

Civic figures, activists, and progressive publications have said that the slogan calls for a one-state solution: a single, secular state in all of Historic Palestine where people of all religions have equal citizenship.[61] This stands in contrast to the two-state solution, which envisions a Palestinian state existing alongside a Jewish state.[6][10][62][63] This usage has been described as speaking out for the right of Palestinians "to live freely in the land from the river to the sea", with Palestinian writer Yousef Munayyer describing the phrase as "a rejoinder to the fragmentation of Palestinian land and people by Israeli occupation and discrimination."[17] Others have said it stands for "the equal freedom and dignity of the Palestinian people."[62][9] Elliott Colla traces the first evidence of use of the phrase in Palestinian protest culture to the First Intifada (1987-1993), with documentation in graffiti from the period.[18][64][65]

On November 8, 2023, Amazon told Newsweek that they would not be removing pro-Palestinian merchandise, including garments bearing the slogan, stating that the items do not "contravene our policies," which prohibit sale of products which "promote, incite, or glorify hatred, violence, racial, sexual, or religious intolerance."[66]

Criticism

Some politicians and advocacy groups such as the Anti-Defamation League[7] and American Jewish Committee[7] consider the phrase to be antisemitic, hate speech and incitement to genocide,[7][12][67] suggesting that it denies the right of Jews for self-determination in their "ancestral homeland",[7] or advocates for their removal or extermination.[14][68][69] Such critics of the slogan claim that it has been explicitly used to call for the land to be placed entirely under Arab rule at the cost of the State of Israel and its Jewish citizens.[29][70][71][72]

On 9 November 2023, Harvard University president, Claudine Gay, condemned the phrase.[73]

Response to criticism

Palestinian-American writers such as Yousef Munayyer and University of Arizona professor Maha Nassar have written that accusations that the slogan is a call to genocide, rely on racist and Islamophobic assumptions about Palestinian intent.[18]

Nadia Abu El Haj notes that critics who characterize the slogan as "threatening," "intimidating," or a call to "genocidal violence" when it is used in support of Palestine do not make equivalent claims when the slogan is used by Israelis.[74]

In describing the criticism of the phrase, scholar of political slogans in the Arab world Elliott Colla writes:

It is the first phrase of the slogan—"from the river to the sea"—that has caused so much fury. Dominant Jewish communal institutions, most prominently the ADL and AJC, have insisted that this phrase is antisemitic. Throughout recent years, they have composed new definitions of antisemitism that render many common expressions of Palestine solidarity as ipso facto instances of anti-Jewish hate speech … the slogan "from the river to the sea" figures prominently in their accusations of antisemitic doublespeak.[18]

Legal status

Following the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel, the British home secretary at the time, Suella Braverman, proposed prosecuting those using the slogan in certain contexts.[75] On 11 October 2023, Vienna police banned a pro-Palestinian demonstration, citing the inclusion of the phrase "from the river to the sea" in invitations, as a justification.[68][76]

A majority of the Dutch parliament declared the phrase to be a call for violence. The judiciary, however, ruled in August 2023 that the phrase was protected on free speech grounds, being "subject to various interpretations", including those that "relate to the state of Israel and possibly to people with Israeli citizenship, but do not relate to Jews because of their race or religion". The decision was later upheld by the Dutch Supreme Court.[13][44][77]

Politicians in Austria have also considered declaring use of the phrase to be a criminal offense, with Austrian chancellor Karl Nehammer saying that the phrase would be interpreted as a call for murder.[78][79]

On November 5, 2023, in Tallinn (Estonia), the police opened criminal proceedings against five rally participants who used the slogan "From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free".[80][81]

On November 11, 2023, the slogan was banned in Bavaria (Germany), and "the prosecutor's office and the Bavarian police warned that henceforth the use of this slogan, regardless of language, will be considered as the use of symbols of terrorist organizations. This may result in punishment of up to three years in prison or a fine."[82][83]

On November 16, 2023, it was reported that users of the slogan may now face criminal prosecution in the Czech Republic.[84][85][86]

On November 17, 2023, it was reported that the case of a man charged by the police in Calgary, Canada for using the phrase, had been stayed.[87]

See also

References

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  2. ^ عرب ٤٨ (2 November 2017). "الاحتلال يقمع وقفة منددة بوعد بلفور بالقدس". موقع عرب 48. Retrieved 13 November 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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Bibliography

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to From the river to the sea.
  • Kelley, Robin (Summer 2019). "From the River to the Sea to Every Mountain Top: Solidarity as Worldmaking". Journal of Palestine Studies. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 48 (4): 69–91. doi:10.1525/jps.2019.48.4.69. JSTOR 26873236. S2CID 204447333.
  • Hill, Marc Lamont (30 November 2018). Speech on the 70th Anniversary of the Nakba (Speech). Special Meeting of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People. New York City. Retrieved 11 October 2023.

December 16, 2023
from, river, neutrality, this, article, disputed, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, remove, this, message, until, conditions, december, 2023, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, arabic, من, النهر, إلى, البحر, romanized, nahr, ʾilā, baḥ. The neutrality of this article is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met December 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message From the river to the sea Arabic من النهر إلى البحر romanized min an nahr ʾila l baḥr Palestinian Arabic من المية للمية romanized min il ṃayye li l ṃayye lit from the water to the water 1 2 is a political slogan that refers geographically to the area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea an area also described as Palestine and Eretz Israel 3 which currently includes Israel and the Israeli occupied Palestinian territories the West Bank which includes East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip 4 5 Map showing Israel and the Palestinian Territories as outlined by the Oslo Accords The Jordan River is on the right and the Mediterranean Sea is on the left The phrase was popularised in the 1960s as part of a wider call for Palestinian liberation creating a democratic state freeing Palestinians from oppression from Israeli as well as from other Arab regimes such as Jordan and Egypt 6 7 In the 1960s the PLO used it to call for a democratic secular state encompassing the entirety of mandatory Palestine which was initially stated to only include the Palestinians and the descendants of Jews who had lived in Palestine before the first Aliyah although this was later expanded 8 The 1964 and 1968 charters of the Palestine National Council PNC demanded the recovery of the usurped homeland in its entirety and the restoration of land and rights including the right of self determination to the indigenous population In other words the PNC was calling for decolonization but this did not mean the elimination or exclusion of all Jews from a Palestinian nation According to the 1964 Charter Jews who are of Palestinian origin shall be considered Palestinians if they are willing to live peacefully and loyally in Palestine Thus by 1969 Free Palestine from the river to the sea came to mean one democratic secular state that would supersede the ethno religious state of Israel 9 Palestinian progressives use the phrase to call for a united democracy over the whole territory 10 while others say it s a call for peace and equality after decades long open ended Israeli military rule over millions of Palestinians 11 This slogan has come under international scrutiny following its usage by various Palestinian factions particularly since Islamist militant faction Hamas used the phrase in its 2017 charter The slogan s usage by such Palestinian militant groups has led critics to argue that the slogan implicitly advocates for the dismantling of Israel and a call for the removal or extermination of the Jewish population 12 Some countries have considered criminalizing its use 13 14 The 1977 election manifesto of the right wing Israeli Likud party said Between the sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty 15 16 17 Similar wording has also been used more recently by other Israeli politicians 3 Contents 1 Context 2 History of the phrase 3 Protest chant variations 3 1 In Arabic 3 2 In English 4 Usage 4 1 Use by militant groups 4 2 Similar sayings by the Israeli right 4 3 Use internationally 4 3 1 Iran 4 3 2 United Kingdom 4 3 3 United States 4 4 Use on social media 4 5 Civic usage 5 Criticism 5 1 Response to criticism 6 Legal status 7 See also 8 References 9 BibliographyContextFurther information Zionism Mandatory Palestine United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine 1948 Palestine War and Israeli Palestinian conflict According to Elliott Colla in a Mondoweiss article the relevant historical context for understanding the from the river to the sea slogan is the history of partition and fragmentation in Palestine along with Israeli appropriation and annexation of Palestinian lands 18 Colla cites the 1947 UN Partition plan for Palestine which proposed to divide the land between the river and the sea the 1948 Nakba in which that plan materialized the 1967 War after which Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza the Oslo Accords which fragmented the Palestinian territory in the West Bank into Palestinian enclaves or an archipelago of Bantustans surrounded by Israeli settlements bases and checkpoints and the Israeli separation wall first erected after the Second Intifada 18 History of the phraseThe precise origins of the phrase are disputed 19 According to American historian Robin D G Kelley the phrase began as a Zionist slogan signifying the boundaries of Eretz Israel 3 Israeli American historian Omer Bartov notes that Zionist usage of such language predates the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 and began with the Revisionist movement of Zionism led by Vladimir Jabotinski which spoke of establishing a Jewish state in all of Palestine and had a song with the slogan The Jordan has two banks this one is ours and the other one too suggesting a Jewish state extending even beyond the Jordan River 20 Kelley writes that the phrase was adopted by the Palestine Liberation Organization in the mid 1960s the 1964 charter of the PLO s Palestinian National Council called for the recovery of the usurped homeland in its entirety The 1964 charter stated that Jews who are of Palestinian origin shall be considered Palestinians if they are willing to live peacefully and loyally in Palestine specifically defining Palestinian as those who had normally resided in Palestine until 1947 21 In the 1968 revision the charter was further revised stating that Jews who had resided normally in Palestine until the beginning of the Zionist invasion would be considered Palestinian 21 According to Maha Nassar of the University of Arizona the phrase was popularized in the 1960s as part of a wider call for Palestinian liberation creating a democratic state and freeing Palestinians from oppression from Israeli as well as from other Arab regimes such as Jordan and Egypt 7 In 1977 the concept appeared in an election manifesto of the Israeli political party Likud which stated that between the sea and the Jordan there will be only Israeli sovereignty 22 23 For Elliott Colla it is unclear when and where the slogan from the river to the sea first emerged within Palestinian protest culture 18 In November 2023 Colla wrote that he had not encountered the phrase in either Standard nor Levantine Arabic in Palestinian revolutionary media of the 1960s and 1970s and noted that the phrase appears nowhere in the Palestinian National Charters of 1964 or 1968 nor in the Hamas Charter of 1988 18 In 1979 the phrase was invoked by delegates attending the Palestine Congress of North America 24 Colla notes that activists of the First Intifada 1987 1993 remember hearing variations of the phrase in Arabic from the late 1980s onwards and that the phrases have been documented in graffiti from the period in works such as Saleh Abd al Jawad s Faṣa il al ḥaraka al waṭaniyya al Filasṭiniyya fi l araḍi al muḥtalla wa shu arat al judran 1991 and Julie Peteet s The Writing on the Walls The Graffiti of the Intifada 1996 18 The phrase appeared in a 2021 B Tselem report entitled A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea This Is Apartheid that described Israel s de facto rule over the territory from the river to the sea through its occupation of the West Bank and blockade of the Gaza Strip as a regime of apartheid 25 26 Protest chant variationsThe concept of from the river to the sea has appeared in various protest chants typically as the first line of a rhyming couplet In Arabic The version min an nahr ʾila l baḥr Filasṭin sa tatḥarrar من النهر إلى البحر فلسطين ستتحرر from the river to the sea Palestine will be free has a focus on freedom 27 The version min il ṃayye li l ṃayye Falasṭin ʿarabiyye من المية للمية فلسطين عربية from the water to the water Palestine is Arab has an Arab nationalist sentiment and the version min il ṃayye li l ṃayye Falasṭin islamiyye من المية للمية فلسطين إسلامية from the water to the water Palestine is Islamic has Islamic sentiment 18 According to Colla scholars of Palestine attest to the documentation of both versions in the graffiti of the late 1980s the period of the First Intifada 18 In English From the river to the sea Palestine will be free the translation of min an nahr ʾila l baḥr Filasṭin sa tatḥarrar is the version that has circulated among English speakers expressing solidarity with Palestine since at least the 1990s 18 UsageUse by militant groups See also Calls for the destruction of Israel Hamas as part of its revised 2017 charter rejected any alternative to the full and complete liberation of Palestine from the river to the sea referring to all areas of former Mandatory Palestine and by extension the end of Jewish sovereignty in the region 3 6 28 Islamic Jihad declared that from the river to the sea Palestine is an Arab Islamic land that it is legally forbidden from abandoning any inch of and the Israeli presence in Palestine is a null existence which is forbidden by law to recognize 29 Islamists have used a version Palestine is Islamic from the river to the sea 30 The phrase was used as part of its 2017 revised platform where they state Hamas rejects any alternative to the full and complete liberation of Palestine from the river to the sea along the lines of the 4th of June 1967 31 Similar sayings by the Israeli right The phrase was also used by the Israeli ruling Likud party as part of their 1977 election manifesto which stated Judea and Samaria will not be handed to any foreign administration between the Sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty 15 16 17 This slogan was repeated by Menachem Begin 32 Similar wording has also been used more recently by other Israeli politicians like Gideon Sa ar and also Uri Ariel of The Jewish Home In 2014 Ariel said Between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea there will be only one state which is Israel 3 The phrase has been used by the Israeli Prime Minister Likud s Benjamin Netanyahu in speeches 19 Similar wording has also been used more recently by other Israeli politicians 3 Use internationally Iran Iranian president Ebrahim Raisi in 2023 has used the phrase in saying The only solution is a Palestinian state from the river to the sea referring that the only solution to solve the conflict would be a Palestinian state encompassing all of what was Mandatory Palestine and now includes both Israel and the Palestinian territories 33 34 35 United Kingdom On 30 October 2023 British Member of Parliament Andy McDonald was suspended from the Labour Party after stating in a pro Palestine rally speech We won t rest until we have justice until all people Israelis and Palestinians between the river and the sea can live in peaceful liberty The party described McDonald s comment as deeply offensive 17 36 McDonald said at the time These words should not be construed in any other way than they were intended namely as a heartfelt plea for an end to killings in Israel Gaza and the occupied West Bank and for all peoples in the region to live in freedom without the threat of violence 11 As of 1 November 2023 the UK Football Association barred the use of the slogan by its players stating they made clear to teams that this phrase is considered offensive to many and that the league will seek police guidance on how they should treat it and respond if players have used it 37 United States On November 30 2018 CNN fired American academic Marc Lamont Hill from his position as a political commentator after he delivered a speech at the United Nations on the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People 3 38 ending with the words we have an opportunity to not just offer solidarity in words but to commit to political action grassroots action local action and international action that will give us what justice requires And that is a free Palestine from the river to the sea 39 Critics focused on his use of the phrase from the river to the sea Palestine will be free because Hamas also uses it 3 The ADL accused Hill of using the phrase from the river to the sea as code for the destruction of Israel 38 Hill apologized but later tweeted You say River to the Sea is universally understood to mean the destruction of the Jewish State On what basis do you make this claim Did it signify destruction when it was the slogan of the Likud Party Or when currently used by the Israeli Right 3 On 7 November 2023 United States Representative Rashida Tlaib was censured by the House of Representatives in part for using the slogan 3 40 which Tlaib defended as an aspirational call for freedom human rights and peaceful coexistence not death destruction or hate Before the vote House Democratic leader Hakeem Jeffries criticized the phrase as something which is widely understood as calling for the complete destruction of Israel 41 On 8 November 2023 the White House condemned Tlaib for using the phrase White House Press Secretary Karine Jean Pierre said that when it comes to the phrase that was used from the river to the sea it is divisive it is hurtful many find it hurtful and many find it antisemitic and added that the White House categorically reject s applying the term to the 2023 Israel Hamas conflict 42 Use on social media The phrase has been used across social media 43 44 including on Tik Tok 45 On November 15 2023 Jewish influencers and celebrities confronted Tik Tok executives in a private call to press them to moderate use of the phrase on the platform Adam Presser head of operations for Tik Tok stated that only content where it is clear exactly what they mean that content is violative and we take it down adding that if someone is just using it casually then that has been considered acceptable speech In a statement Tik Tok said that content using the phrase in a way that threatens violence and spreads hate is not allowed on the platform 45 A report by Fortune described an additional Zoom call between about 40 mostly Jewish tech leaders including Anthony Goldbloom and Tik Tok executives on November 16 claiming that the platform s algorithm favored content that supports Palestine over pro Israel content and pushing the platform to reexamine its community guidelines with the company rejecting blunt comparisons of hashtags on the platform and stating that the imbalance of content is not the result of any kind of intended or unintended bias in its algorithms 46 On November 17 2023 Elon Musk the owner of Twitter announced a policy change stating that users who use terms like decolonization and from the river to the sea or similar expressions would be suspended He claimed these terms were used as euphemisms for extreme violence or genocide 47 Musk s announcement came after he was criticized for endorsing an antisemitic post on the platform two days before and companies such as IBM Comcast Apple Paramount Global Disney and Lionsgate announced a pause of ads on the platform 48 49 50 Jonathan Greenblatt the CEO of the Anti Defamation League applauded Musk s action on November 17 calling it an important and welcome move and praising his leadership in fighting hate 49 Rolling Stone stated that it was doubtful that Twitter users would be suspended for repeating either phrase 47 Noah Lanard of Mother Jones wrote that the new policy would presumably apply only to those who use the phrase from the river to the sea in support of Palestinians and argued that Musk is trying to cover up for his own bigotry 51 Pro Palestinian users criticized Musk s new policy arguing he was conflating legitimate political speech with calls for violence and was limiting free speech 52 Civic usage nbsp Pro Palestinian rally in London 9 October 2023 nbsp Pro Palestinian rally in Columbus Ohio 12 October 2023The slogan has been used widely in pro Palestinian protest movements 53 It has often been chanted at pro Palestinian demonstrations usually followed or preceded by the phrase Palestine will be free the phrase rhymes in English not Arabic 54 55 56 57 Interpretations differ amongst supporters of the slogan In a survey conducted by the Arab World for Research and Development on November 14 74 7 Palestinians agreed that they support a single Palestinian state from the river to the sea while only 5 4 of respondents supported a one state for two peoples solution 58 59 60 Civic figures activists and progressive publications have said that the slogan calls for a one state solution a single secular state in all of Historic Palestine where people of all religions have equal citizenship 61 This stands in contrast to the two state solution which envisions a Palestinian state existing alongside a Jewish state 6 10 62 63 This usage has been described as speaking out for the right of Palestinians to live freely in the land from the river to the sea with Palestinian writer Yousef Munayyer describing the phrase as a rejoinder to the fragmentation of Palestinian land and people by Israeli occupation and discrimination 17 Others have said it stands for the equal freedom and dignity of the Palestinian people 62 9 Elliott Colla traces the first evidence of use of the phrase in Palestinian protest culture to the First Intifada 1987 1993 with documentation in graffiti from the period 18 64 65 On November 8 2023 Amazon told Newsweek that they would not be removing pro Palestinian merchandise including garments bearing the slogan stating that the items do not contravene our policies which prohibit sale of products which promote incite or glorify hatred violence racial sexual or religious intolerance 66 CriticismSome politicians and advocacy groups such as the Anti Defamation League 7 and American Jewish Committee 7 consider the phrase to be antisemitic hate speech and incitement to genocide 7 12 67 suggesting that it denies the right of Jews for self determination in their ancestral homeland 7 or advocates for their removal or extermination 14 68 69 Such critics of the slogan claim that it has been explicitly used to call for the land to be placed entirely under Arab rule at the cost of the State of Israel and its Jewish citizens 29 70 71 72 On 9 November 2023 Harvard University president Claudine Gay condemned the phrase 73 Response to criticism Palestinian American writers such as Yousef Munayyer and University of Arizona professor Maha Nassar have written that accusations that the slogan is a call to genocide rely on racist and Islamophobic assumptions about Palestinian intent 18 Nadia Abu El Haj notes that critics who characterize the slogan as threatening intimidating or a call to genocidal violence when it is used in support of Palestine do not make equivalent claims when the slogan is used by Israelis 74 In describing the criticism of the phrase scholar of political slogans in the Arab world Elliott Colla writes It is the first phrase of the slogan from the river to the sea that has caused so much fury Dominant Jewish communal institutions most prominently the ADL and AJC have insisted that this phrase is antisemitic Throughout recent years they have composed new definitions of antisemitism that render many common expressions of Palestine solidarity as ipso facto instances of anti Jewish hate speech the slogan from the river to the sea figures prominently in their accusations of antisemitic doublespeak 18 Legal statusFollowing the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel the British home secretary at the time Suella Braverman proposed prosecuting those using the slogan in certain contexts 75 On 11 October 2023 Vienna police banned a pro Palestinian demonstration citing the inclusion of the phrase from the river to the sea in invitations as a justification 68 76 A majority of the Dutch parliament declared the phrase to be a call for violence The judiciary however ruled in August 2023 that the phrase was protected on free speech grounds being subject to various interpretations including those that relate to the state of Israel and possibly to people with Israeli citizenship but do not relate to Jews because of their race or religion The decision was later upheld by the Dutch Supreme Court 13 44 77 Politicians in Austria have also considered declaring use of the phrase to be a criminal offense with Austrian chancellor Karl Nehammer saying that the phrase would be interpreted as a call for murder 78 79 On November 5 2023 in Tallinn Estonia the police opened criminal proceedings against five rally participants who used the slogan From the river to the sea Palestine will be free 80 81 On November 11 2023 the slogan was banned in Bavaria Germany and the prosecutor s office and the Bavarian police warned that henceforth the use of this slogan regardless of language will be considered as the use of symbols of terrorist organizations This may result in punishment of up to three years in prison or a fine 82 83 On November 16 2023 it was reported that users of the slogan may now face criminal prosecution in the Czech Republic 84 85 86 On November 17 2023 it was reported that the case of a man charged by the police in Calgary Canada for using the phrase had been stayed 87 See alsoAnti Zionism Israeli Palestinian conflict Greater Israel Greater Palestine Am Yisrael ChaiReferences سلامة غمري هبة 3 November 2023 فلسطين من النهر إلى البحر ماذا يعني الشعار ومن أين جاء Icona Al Masry Al Youm عرب ٤٨ 2 November 2017 الاحتلال يقمع وقفة منددة بوعد بلفور بالقدس موقع عرب 48 Retrieved 13 November 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link a b c d e f g h i j Sales Ben 8 November 2023 From the river to the sea The slogan that led to Rashida Tlaib s censure explained The Times of Israel Retrieved 12 December 2023 The culture war over the Gaza war The Economist 28 October 2023 Archived from the original on 30 October 2023 Retrieved 29 October 2023 Stripling Jack 31 December 2023 Colleges braced for antisemitism and violence It s happening The Washington Post Retrieved 1 November 2023 a b c Nasser Maha 3 December 2018 From The River To The Sea Doesn t Mean What You Think It Means The Forward Retrieved 12 December 2023 a b c d e f Hernandez Joe 9 November 2023 How interpretations of the phrase from the river to the sea made it so divisive NPR Retrieved 10 November 2023 Kelley Robin Summer 2019 From the River to the Sea to Every Mountain Top Solidarity as Worldmaking Journal of Palestine Studies Washington D C Taylor amp Francis 48 4 69 91 doi 10 1525 jps 2019 48 4 69 a b From the river to the sea Why a chant for the freedom of an occupied people became so provocative Dawn com 28 October 2023 Retrieved 31 October 2023 a b Zhang Jane 29 October 2023 What does From the river to the sea mean to Palestinians Jews The Chicago Sun Times Retrieved 31 October 2023 a b From the river to the sea Why a 6 word phrase sparks fury and passion over the Israel Hamas war Associated Press 10 November 2023 a b Malik Kenan 23 May 2021 From the river to the sea Jews and Arabs must forge a shared future The Guardian Retrieved 28 October 2023 From the river to the sea Palestine will be free runs a Palestinian slogan Originally a call for a secular state in historic Palestine between the river Jordan and the Mediterranean it soon became a sectarian slogan deeply inflected by antisemitism In the hands of Hamas it is a call for the driving out of all Jews from the region at best a demand for ethnic cleansing at worst for genocide a b From the river to the sea leus is geweldsoproep vindt Kamermeerderheid nos nl in Dutch 25 October 2023 Retrieved 2 November 2023 a b Eichner Itamar 25 October 2023 Austria s Nehammer says pro Hamas chants will become criminal offense Ynetnews Retrieved 26 October 2023 a b Laquer Walter Rubin Barry 2001 The Israel Arab Reader a Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict New York City Penguin Books pp 206 207 ISBN 978 0143113799 a b Likud Party Original Party Platform 1977 Jewish Virtual Library Retrieved 16 November 2023 a b c d Boffey Daniel 31 October 2023 From the river to the sea where does the slogan come from and what does it mean The Guardian a b c d e f g h i j k Colla Elliott 16 November 2023 On the history meaning and power of From the River To the Sea Mondoweiss Retrieved 19 November 2023 a b Coryton Demitri 22 November 2023 From the river to the sea is this slogan anti Semitic Education Journal 542 من النهر إلى البحر شعار أثار الجدل في أوروبا وبريطانيا فما تاريخ هذا الشعار BBC News عربي in Arabic 14 November 2023 Retrieved 29 November 2023 a b Muslih Muhammad Summer 1990 Towards Coexistence An Analysis of the Resolutions of the Palestine National Council Journal of Palestine Studies Oakland California University of California Press on behalf of the Institute for Palestine Studies 19 4 10 doi 10 2307 2537386 JSTOR 2537386 Original Party Platform of the Likud Party www jewishvirtuallibrary org Retrieved 29 November 2023 Zionism s Political Unconscious Verso Retrieved 29 November 2023 Turki Fawaz 1980 The Passions of Exile The Palestine Congress of North America Journal of Palestine Studies 9 4 38 doi 10 2307 2536123 JSTOR 2536123 Retrieved 1 December 2023 Iraqi Amjad 12 January 2021 Why B Tselem is calling Israel an apartheid regime from the river to the sea 972 Magazine Retrieved 28 November 2023 B Tselem Document A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea This Is Apartheid Institute for Palestine Studies 12 January 2021 Retrieved 28 November 2023 Ioanes Ellen 24 November 2023 The controversial phrase from the river to sea explained Vox Retrieved 2 December 2023 A Document of General Principles and Policies Hamas General Charter rev 2017 PDF FAS Hamas Retrieved 27 October 2023 Hamas believes that no part of the land of Palestine shall be compromised or conceded irrespective of the causes the circumstances and the pressures and no matter how long the occupation lasts Hamas rejects any alternative to the full and complete liberation of Palestine from the river to the sea a b Islamic Jihad Movement AlJazeera net Al Jazeera Retrieved 31 October 2023 الالتزام بأن فلسطين من النهر إلى البحر أرض إسلامية عربية يحرم شرعا التفريط في أي شبر منها والوجود الإسرائيلي في فلسطين وجود باطل يحرم شرعا الاعتراف به The commitment that Palestine from the river to the sea is an Arab Islamic land that is legally forbidden from abandoning any inch of it and the Israeli presence in Palestine is a null existence which is forbidden by law to recognize it Oliver Anne Marie Steinberg Paul F 1 February 2005 The Road to Martyrs Square A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber Oxford England Oxford University Press p 33 ISBN 978 0 19 802756 0 a message reminiscent of the popular intifada slogan Palestine is ours from the river to the sea which in the hands of the Islamists became Palestine is Islamic from the river to the sea Demirjian Karoun Stack Liam 9 November 2023 What Does From the River to the Sea Mean The New York Times Retrieved 10 November 2023 Steinberg Gerald M Rubinovitz Ziv 2019 Menachem Begin and the Israel Egypt Peace Process Between Ideology and Political Realism Bloomington Indiana Indiana University Press p 1976 ISBN 978 0143113799 Iran s Raisi The only solution is a Palestinian state from the river to the sea The Times of Israel 11 November 2023 The only solution for this conflict is the resistance continuing against the Israeli oppression until the establishment of the Palestinian state from the river to the sea he says echoing protest chants seen as calling for the destruction of Israel Establishment of Palestinian state is only solution Iran s Raisi en royanews tv Retrieved 11 November 2023 Israel Hamas war Day 36 LIVE updates Iran s Raisi hails Hamas urges Islamic states sanctions on Israel The Hindu 11 November 2023 ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 11 November 2023 Gutteridge Nick 30 October 2023 Labour MP Andy McDonald suspended over between the river and the sea speech The Daily Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Archived from the original on 30 October 2023 Retrieved 30 October 2023 Ofori Morgan 1 November 2023 FA will consult police if players use river to sea phrase on social media The Guardian PA Media Retrieved 1 November 2023 After careful consideration we will be writing to all clubs to make it clear that this phrase is considered offensive to many and should not be used by players in social media posts The player has apologised and deleted the tweet We are strongly encouraging clubs to ensure that players do not post content which may be offensive or inflammatory to any community If this phrase is used again by a football participant we will seek police guidance on how we should treat it and respond a b CNN fires analyst Marc Lamont Hill after UN speech on Israel Associated Press 29 November 2018 Archived from the original on 27 May 2021 Retrieved 11 October 2023 Hill 2018 House censures Rep Rashida Tlaib over Israel remarks NBC News 7 November 2023 Archived from the original on 8 November 2023 Retrieved 9 November 2023 Guo Kayla 7 November 2023 House Moves Closer to Censuring Tlaib Citing River to the Sea Slogan The New York Times Archived from the original on 7 November 2023 Friedman Lisa 8 November 2023 The White House condemns Rashida Tlaib s embrace of the River to the Sea slogan The New York Times Archived from the original on 9 November 2023 Retrieved 7 November 2023 Kellman Laurie 10 November 2023 From the river to the sea Why these 6 words spark fury and passion over the Israel Hamas war Associated Press Archived from the original on 11 November 2023 Retrieved 19 November 2023 a b Pietch Bryan 14 November 2023 From the river to the sea Why a Palestinian rallying cry ignites dispute The Washington Post Archived from the original on 19 November 2023 Retrieved 19 November 2023 a b Maheshwari Sapna 16 November 2023 Jewish Celebrities and Influencers Confront TikTok Executives in Private Call The New York Times Archived from the original on 17 November 2023 Retrieved 19 November 2023 Lev Ram Michael 30 November 2023 Jewish tech leaders met with TikTok s CEO to raise concerns that the platform is biased toward Pro Palestine content Fortune Archived from the original on 1 December 2023 Retrieved 2 December 2023 a b Klee Miles 17 November 2023 Musk Tries to Clean Up His Antisemitic Remark With New Twitter Rule Rolling Stone Archived from the original on 19 November 2023 Retrieved 19 November 2023 Elon Musk Genocidal terms like from the river to the sea to result in suspension Times of Israel 18 November 2023 Archived from the original on 19 November 2023 Retrieved 19 November 2023 a b Vanian Jonathan 17 November 2023 Apple Disney other media companies pause advertising on X after Elon Musk boosted antisemitic tweet CNBC Archived from the original on 19 November 2023 Retrieved 19 November 2023 Korach Natalie Roe Mike 17 November 2023 Disney Apple Warner Bros Among Mass Advertiser Exodus From Elon Musk s X Following Antisemitic Post The Wrap Archived from the original on 18 November 2023 Retrieved 19 November 2023 Lanard Noah 18 November 2023 ADL Celebrates Elon Musk s Crackdown on Pro Palestinian Speech Mother Jones Archived from the original on 19 November 2023 Retrieved 19 November 2023 X boss Elon Musk says using from the river to the sea to result in suspension from platform The New Arab 18 November 2023 Archived from the original on 19 November 2023 Retrieved 19 November 2023 Rubin Barry 2010 The Muslim Brotherhood The Organization and Policies of a Global Islamist Movement New York City Palgrave Macmillan p 124 ISBN 978 0 230 10687 1 Thus the MAB slogan Palestine must be free from the river to the sea is now ubiquitous in anti Israeli demonstrations in the UK Marsi Federica 2 November 2023 From the river to the sea What does the Palestinian slogan really mean Al Jazeera From the river to the sea Jews and Arabs must forge a shared future The Guardian Archived from the original on 31 October 2022 Retrieved 22 September 2023 Tanny Jarrod 16 June 2021 The Real Meaning of From the River to the Sea The Jewish Journal Munayyer Yousef 11 June 2021 What Does From the River to the Sea Really Mean Jewish Currents Retrieved 31 October 2023 Greyman Kennard Danielle 17 November 2023 Palestinians in Gaza West Bank strongly support Hamas October 7 attack The Jerusalem Post Retrieved 18 November 2023 When asked Do you support the solution of establishing one state or two states the majority 74 7 of respondents answered that they support a single Palestinian state from the river to the sea The support for a single Palestinian state was more commonly held by Palestinians living in the West Bank 77 7 than Palestinians living in Gaza 70 4 A total of 17 2 of respondents said they supported a two state solution with Palestinians in Gaza 22 7 supporting this solution to a greater extent than Palestinians living in the West Bank 13 3 Only 5 4 of respondents said they would support a one state for two peoples solution Koningsveld Akiva Van 17 November 2023 Three in four Palestinians support Hamas s massacre JNS org Retrieved 18 November 2023 i24NEWS 16 November 2023 Survey finds majority in the West Bank support the Oct 7 massacre I24news Retrieved 18 November 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Bandler Aaron 1 November 2021 Dem NH Lawmaker Apologizes for From the River to the Sea Tweet The Jewish Journal Archived from the original on 2 November 2021 Retrieved 2 November 2021 a b Sculos Bryant W 2019 A Free Palestine from the River to the Sea The 9 Dirty Words You Can t Say on T V or Anywhere Else Class Race and Corporate Power Miami Florida Florida International University 7 1 Article 6 doi 10 25148 crcp 7 1 008322 ISSN 2330 6297 S2CID 166905010 Retrieved 31 October 2023 MacDonald Alex 23 October 2023 From the river to the sea What does the pro Palestine chant actually mean Middle East Eye Retrieved 31 October 2023 Abd al Jawad Saleh Faṣa il al ḥaraka al waṭaniyya al Filasṭiniyya fi l araḍi al muḥtalla wa shu arat al judran فصائل الحركة الوطنية الفلسطينية في الأراضي المحتلة وشعارات الجدران مؤسسة الدراسات الفلسطينية in Arabic Retrieved 21 November 2023 Peteet Julie 1996 The Writing on the Walls The Graffiti of the Intifada Cultural Anthropology 11 2 139 159 doi 10 1525 can 1996 11 2 02a00010 ISSN 0886 7356 JSTOR 656446 Phillips Aleks 8 November 2023 Amazon Backlash Grows Over Selling Pro Palestinian Merchandise Disgusting Newsweek Archived from the original on 9 November 2023 Retrieved 19 November 2023 Mitnick Joshua 1 May 2017 A revised Hamas charter will moderate its stance toward Israel slightly The Los Angeles Times Retrieved 29 October 2023 While that may be a tacit acknowledgment of Israel s existence the revision stops well short of recognizing Israel and reasserts calls for armed resistance toward a complete liberation of Palestine from the river to the sea Hamas is attempting to fool the world but it will not succeed said a statement from the Israeli prime minister s office Daily Hamas leaders call for genocide of all Jews and the destruction of Israel a b From the river to the sea prompts Vienna to ban pro Palestinian protest Reuters 11 October 2023 Retrieved 28 October 2023 Angelos James 21 October 2023 Israel Hamas war cuts deep into Germany s soul Politico Europe Hamas ideology of extermination against everything Jewish is also having an effect in Germany said the Central Council of Jews in Germany the country s largest umbrella Jewish organization Patterson David 18 October 2010 A Genealogy of Evil Anti Semitism from Nazism to Islamic Jihad Cambridge England Cambridge University Press p 249 ISBN 978 1 139 49243 0 except the boundary indicated in their slogan From the river to the sea which stipulated the obliteration of the Jewish state Muslih Muhammad 1 July 1990 Towards Coexistence An Analysis of the Resolutions of the Palestine National Council Journal of Palestine Studies New York City Taylor amp Francis 19 4 3 29 doi 10 2307 2537386 ISSN 0377 919X JSTOR 2537386 PLO and its leaders remained at bottom committed to Israel s destruction Trigano Shmuel 2019 Deconstructing the Three Stages of the Nakba Myth Jewish Political Studies Review 30 3 4 45 54 ISSN 0792 335X JSTOR 26801117 Meanwhile the endeavor to exterminate the Jews and destroy the state Hartocollis Anemona 11 November 2023 Harvard Columbia and Penn Pledge to Fight Antisemitism on Campus The New York Times El Haj Nadia Abu 17 November 2023 Zionism s Political Unconscious Verso Retrieved 21 November 2023 Syal Rajeev Allegretti Aubrey 10 October 2023 Waving Palestinian flag may be a criminal offence Braverman tells police The Guardian Retrieved 10 October 2023 I would encourage police to consider whether chants such as From the river to the sea Palestine will be free should be understood as an expression of a violent desire to see Israel erased from the world and whether its use in certain contexts may amount to a racially aggravated section 5 public order offence From the river to the sea prompts Vienna to ban pro Palestinian protest Reuters 11 October 2023 Archived from the original on 4 November 2023 Retrieved 19 November 2023 Brown Rivkah 18 October 2023 Dutch Court Rules From the River to the Sea Protected Speech and Not Antisemitic Novara Media Retrieved 10 November 2023 Glenn Matis 25 October 2023 Austrian Chancellor Visits Israel Says From the River Will Be Considered Call to Murder Hamodia Retrieved 28 October 2023 Rajvanshi Astha 20 October 2023 In Europe Free Speech Is Under Threat For Palestine Supporters Time Retrieved 28 October 2023 Policiya obyasnila sluchivsheesya na mitinge v podderzhku Palestiny my neodnokratno govorili o tom chego delat nelzya Archived from the original on 14 November 2023 Retrieved 14 November 2023 Tambur Silver 9 November 2023 Anti Jewish leaflets distributed in Tallinn people arrested for chanting Hamas slogans at protest Estonian World V Bavarii zapretili propalestinskij lozung Ot reki do morya Archived from the original on 12 November 2023 Retrieved 14 November 2023 Zylm Wojciech 9 December 2023 Germany Bans Pro Palestinian Slogan Amid Rising Tension Business News Network Retrieved 12 December 2023 Stanovisko NSZ Zavaznejsi jednani reagujici na deni v Izraeli mohou byt trestna in Czech Retrieved 1 December 2023 SMI v Chehii nachnut presledovat za ispolzovanie lozunga palestinskih radikalov in Russian Archived from the original on 18 November 2023 Retrieved 16 November 2023 V Chehii namereny vozbuzhdat ugolovnye dela za lozungi o svobodnoj Palestine in Russian 15 November 2023 Archived from the original on 18 November 2023 Retrieved 16 November 2023 Charge stayed against Calgary pro Palestinian protester who chanted from the river to the sea National Post 17 November 2023 Archived from the original on 19 November 2023 Retrieved 19 November 2023 Bibliography nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to From the river to the sea Kelley Robin Summer 2019 From the River to the Sea to Every Mountain Top Solidarity as Worldmaking Journal of Palestine Studies Taylor amp Francis Ltd 48 4 69 91 doi 10 1525 jps 2019 48 4 69 JSTOR 26873236 S2CID 204447333 Hill Marc Lamont 30 November 2018 Speech on the 70th Anniversary of the Nakba Speech Special Meeting of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People New York City Retrieved 11 October 2023 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title From the river to the sea amp oldid 1190049846, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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