Palatability (or palatableness) is the hedonic reward (i.e., pleasure) provided by foods or fluids that are agreeable to the "palate", which often varies relative to the homeostatic satisfaction of nutritional, water, or energy needs.[1] The palatability of a food or fluid, unlike its flavor or taste, varies with the state of an individual: it is lower after consumption and higher when deprived. It has increasingly been appreciated that this can create a hunger that is independent of homeostatic needs.[2]
Advertisement of castor oil as a medicine by Scott & Bowne company, 19th century
The palatability of a substance is determined by opioid receptor-related processes in the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum.[3] The opioid processes involve mu opioid receptors and are present in the rostromedial shell part of the nucleus accumbens[4] on its spiny neurons.[5] This area has been called the "opioid eating site".[6]
The rewardfulness of consumption associated with palatability is dissociable from desire or incentive value which is the motivation to seek out a specific commodity.[3] Desire or incentive value is processed by opioid receptor-related processes in the basolateral amygdala.[3] Unlike the liking palatability for food, the incentive salience wanting is not downregulated by the physiological consequences of food consumption and may be largely independent of homoeostatic processes influencing food intake.[7]
Though the wanting of incentive salience may be informed by palatability it is independent and not necessarily reduced to it.[3] It has been suggested that a third system exists that links opioid processes in the two parts of the brain: "Logically this raises the possibility that a third system, with which the accumbens shell, ventral pallidum, and basolateral amygdala are associated, distributes the affective signals elicited by specific commodities across distinct functional systems to control reward seeking... At present we do not have any direct evidence for a system of this kind, but indirect evidence suggests it may reside within the motivationally rich circuits linking hypothalamic and brainstem viscerogenic structures such as the parabrachial nucleus.[3]
It has also been suggested that "hedonic hunger" can be driven both in regard to "wanting" and "liking"[2] and that a palatability subtype of neuron may also exist in the basolateral amygdala.[8]
Satiety and palatability
Appetite is controlled by a direct loop and an indirect one. In both the direct and indirect loops there are two feedback mechanisms. First a positive feedback involving its stimulation by palatability food cues, and second, a negative feedback due to satiation and satiety cues following ingestion.[9] In the indirect loop these cues are learnt by association such as meal plate size and work by modulating the potency of the cues of the direct loop.[10] The influence of these processes can exist without subjective awareness.[11]
The cessation of a desire to eat after a meal "satiation" is likely to be due to different processes and cues.[12] More palatable foods reduce the effects of such cues upon satiation causing a larger food intake.[13][14] In contrast, unpalatability of certain foods can serve as a deterrent from feeding on those foods in the future. For example, the variable checkerspot butterfly contains iridoid compounds that are unpalatable to avian predators, thus reducing the risk of predation.[15]
^Friedman MI, Stricker EM. (1976). The physiological psychology of hunger: a physiological perspective. Psychol Rev. 83(6):409-31. PMID 1005583
^ abLowe MR, Butryn ML. (2007). Hedonic hunger: a new dimension of appetite? Physiol Behav. Jul 24;91(4):432-9. PMID 17531274
^ abcdeWassum KM, Ostlund SB, Maidment NT, Balleine BW. (2009). Distinct opioid circuits determine the palatability and the desirability of rewarding events. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106:12512–12517 PMID 19597155 doi:10.1073/pnas.0905874106
^Peciña S, Berridge KC. (2005). Hedonic hot spot in nucleus accumbens shell: where do mu-opioids cause increased hedonic impact of sweetness? J Neurosci. 14;25(50):11777-86. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2329-05.2005 PMID 16354936
^Kelley AE, Bakshi VP, Haber SN, Steininger TL, Will MJ, Zhang M. (2002). Opioid modulation of taste hedonics within the ventral striatum. Physiol Behav. 76(3):365-77. PMID 12117573
^Peciña S, Berridge KC. (2000).Opioid site in nucleus accumbens shell mediates eating and hedonic 'liking' for food: map based on microinjection Fos plumes. Brain Res. 863(1-2):71-86. PMID 10773195
^Finlayson G, King N, Blundell J. (2008). The role of implicit wanting in relation to explicit liking and wanting for food: implications for appetite control. Appetite. 50(1):120-7. PMID 17655972
^Fontanini A, Grossman SE, Figueroa JA, Katz DB. (2009). Distinct subtypes of basolateral amygdala taste neurons reflect palatability and reward. J Neurosci. 29(8):2486-95. PMID 19244523
^Smith GP. (2000). The controls of eating: a shift from nutritional homeostasis to behavioral neuroscience. Nutrition. 16(10):814-20. PMID 11054585
^Smith GP. (1996). The direct and indirect controls of meal size. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 20(1):41-6. PMID 8622828
^Berridge KC. (1996). Food reward: brain substrates of wanting and liking. Neurosci Biobehav Rev.; 20(1):1-25. PMID 8622814
^Blundell JE. Rogers PJ. (1991). Hunger, hedonics, and the control of satiation and satiety. pp. 127–148. In: M.I. Friedman, M.G. Tordoff and M.R. Kare, (Editors) Appetite and nutrition, Dekker, New York ISBN978-0-8247-8371-6
^Yeomans MR, Lee MD, Gray RW, French SJ. (2001). Effects of test-meal palatability on compensatory eating following disguised fat and carbohydrate preloads. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 25(8):1215-24. PMID 11477507
^Robinson TM, Gray RW, Yeomans MR, French SJ. (2005).Test-meal palatability alters the effects of intragastric fat but not carbohydrate preloads on intake and rated appetite in healthy volunteers. Physiol Behav. 84(2):193-203. PMID 15708771
^Bowers, M. D. "Unpalatability as a Defense Strategy of Western Checkerspot Butterflies (Euphydryas Scudder, Nymphalidae)." Evolution 35.2 (1981): 367-75.
palatability, palatableness, hedonic, reward, pleasure, provided, foods, fluids, that, agreeable, palate, which, often, varies, relative, homeostatic, satisfaction, nutritional, water, energy, needs, palatability, food, fluid, unlike, flavor, taste, varies, wi. Palatability or palatableness is the hedonic reward i e pleasure provided by foods or fluids that are agreeable to the palate which often varies relative to the homeostatic satisfaction of nutritional water or energy needs 1 The palatability of a food or fluid unlike its flavor or taste varies with the state of an individual it is lower after consumption and higher when deprived It has increasingly been appreciated that this can create a hunger that is independent of homeostatic needs 2 Contents 1 Brain mechanism 2 Satiety and palatability 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksBrain mechanism Edit Advertisement of castor oil as a medicine by Scott amp Bowne company 19th century The palatability of a substance is determined by opioid receptor related processes in the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum 3 The opioid processes involve mu opioid receptors and are present in the rostromedial shell part of the nucleus accumbens 4 on its spiny neurons 5 This area has been called the opioid eating site 6 The rewardfulness of consumption associated with palatability is dissociable from desire or incentive value which is the motivation to seek out a specific commodity 3 Desire or incentive value is processed by opioid receptor related processes in the basolateral amygdala 3 Unlike the liking palatability for food the incentive salience wanting is not downregulated by the physiological consequences of food consumption and may be largely independent of homoeostatic processes influencing food intake 7 Though the wanting of incentive salience may be informed by palatability it is independent and not necessarily reduced to it 3 It has been suggested that a third system exists that links opioid processes in the two parts of the brain Logically this raises the possibility that a third system with which the accumbens shell ventral pallidum and basolateral amygdala are associated distributes the affective signals elicited by specific commodities across distinct functional systems to control reward seeking At present we do not have any direct evidence for a system of this kind but indirect evidence suggests it may reside within the motivationally rich circuits linking hypothalamic and brainstem viscerogenic structures such as the parabrachial nucleus 3 It has also been suggested that hedonic hunger can be driven both in regard to wanting and liking 2 and that a palatability subtype of neuron may also exist in the basolateral amygdala 8 Satiety and palatability EditAppetite is controlled by a direct loop and an indirect one In both the direct and indirect loops there are two feedback mechanisms First a positive feedback involving its stimulation by palatability food cues and second a negative feedback due to satiation and satiety cues following ingestion 9 In the indirect loop these cues are learnt by association such as meal plate size and work by modulating the potency of the cues of the direct loop 10 The influence of these processes can exist without subjective awareness 11 The cessation of a desire to eat after a meal satiation is likely to be due to different processes and cues 12 More palatable foods reduce the effects of such cues upon satiation causing a larger food intake 13 14 In contrast unpalatability of certain foods can serve as a deterrent from feeding on those foods in the future For example the variable checkerspot butterfly contains iridoid compounds that are unpalatable to avian predators thus reducing the risk of predation 15 See also EditAcquired taste Flavor Food craving Motivation Nutrition Pleasure centerReferences Edit Friedman MI Stricker EM 1976 The physiological psychology of hunger a physiological perspective Psychol Rev 83 6 409 31 PMID 1005583 a b Lowe MR Butryn ML 2007 Hedonic hunger a new dimension of appetite Physiol Behav Jul 24 91 4 432 9 PMID 17531274 a b c d e Wassum KM Ostlund SB Maidment NT Balleine BW 2009 Distinct opioid circuits determine the palatability and the desirability of rewarding events Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 12512 12517 PMID 19597155 doi 10 1073 pnas 0905874106 Pecina S Berridge KC 2005 Hedonic hot spot in nucleus accumbens shell where do mu opioids cause increased hedonic impact of sweetness J Neurosci 14 25 50 11777 86 doi 10 1523 JNEUROSCI 2329 05 2005 PMID 16354936 Kelley AE Bakshi VP Haber SN Steininger TL Will MJ Zhang M 2002 Opioid modulation of taste hedonics within the ventral striatum Physiol Behav 76 3 365 77 PMID 12117573 Pecina S Berridge KC 2000 Opioid site in nucleus accumbens shell mediates eating and hedonic liking for food map based on microinjection Fos plumes Brain Res 863 1 2 71 86 PMID 10773195 Finlayson G King N Blundell J 2008 The role of implicit wanting in relation to explicit liking and wanting for food implications for appetite control Appetite 50 1 120 7 PMID 17655972 Fontanini A Grossman SE Figueroa JA Katz DB 2009 Distinct subtypes of basolateral amygdala taste neurons reflect palatability and reward J Neurosci 29 8 2486 95 PMID 19244523 Smith GP 2000 The controls of eating a shift from nutritional homeostasis to behavioral neuroscience Nutrition 16 10 814 20 PMID 11054585 Smith GP 1996 The direct and indirect controls of meal size Neurosci Biobehav Rev 20 1 41 6 PMID 8622828 Berridge KC 1996 Food reward brain substrates of wanting and liking Neurosci Biobehav Rev 20 1 1 25 PMID 8622814 Blundell JE Rogers PJ 1991 Hunger hedonics and the control of satiation and satiety pp 127 148 In M I Friedman M G Tordoff and M R Kare Editors Appetite and nutrition Dekker New York ISBN 978 0 8247 8371 6 Yeomans MR Lee MD Gray RW French SJ 2001 Effects of test meal palatability on compensatory eating following disguised fat and carbohydrate preloads Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25 8 1215 24 PMID 11477507 Robinson TM Gray RW Yeomans MR French SJ 2005 Test meal palatability alters the effects of intragastric fat but not carbohydrate preloads on intake and rated appetite in healthy volunteers Physiol Behav 84 2 193 203 PMID 15708771 Bowers M D Unpalatability as a Defense Strategy of Western Checkerspot Butterflies Euphydryas Scudder Nymphalidae Evolution 35 2 1981 367 75 External links EditThe effect of palatability on satiety permanent dead link Martin R Yeomans Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Palatability amp oldid 1118575770, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
