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Pakistan–Syria relations

August 25, 2023

Pakistan–Syria relations are the historic, international, and bilateral relations between Syria and Pakistan. Syria has an embassy in Islamabad. Pakistan is represented in Syria through its embassy in Damascus.[1] Through the ancient civilization exchange, areas of modern Pakistan were part of the silk route with the Syria and for centuries, Syrian Islamic missionaries that introduced Islam in the parts of now integrated in Pakistan after 711 AD were from Syria.

Pakistan-Syria relations

Pakistan
Syria

Pakistan has raised its voice for the support for President Bashar al-Assad,[2] and supports a peaceful solution of Syrian crises as well as opposing any military actions against Syria.[3][4]

History

 
Umayyad Caliphate (greatest extent)

The regions comprising modern Syria and Pakistan have been under the rule of contiguous empires at various points in history, including during the reign of the Persian Empire, the conquests of Alexander the Great, Seleucid Empire and Sassanid Persia. However, the most influential impact was made during the duration of the Umayyad Caliphate, which stretched from Spain to India at its height and was centered at Damascus. The Indian provinces of the Caliphate corresponded to modern Sindh, Balochistan and southern Punjab, and during their administration, Indian (as well as Greek, Persian and Egyptian) craftsmen were conscripted to help construct the Great Mosque of Damascus.

Foreign relations

1960s–70s: Political relations

The foreign relations began to grow during the 1960s when Pakistan Armed Forces contingent were dispatched to Syria, specifically the fighter pilots to fly Syrian Air Force's Mig fighter jets.

In the 1970s, Syrian President Hafez al-Assad came to Pakistan to participate in the international Organization of Islamic Conference, being the first Syrian President to have visited Pakistan.[5] Assad was believed to be a close ally of former Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.[5] In a view of former statesman, Khurshid Kasuri, Pakistan's silence is a product of "historical links between the Bhutto and al-Assad families."[5] After the death of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Syrian President Hafez al-Assad ultimately awarded asylum to Benazir, Murtaza and Shahnavaz Bhutto in 1979 to support for their leftist campaign against President General Zia-ul-Haq.[5]

Pakistan and the Yom Kippur War

Main articles: Yom Kippur War and UN peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan

In the events leading to the Yom Kippur War against Israel in 1973 which is usually referred to as the Ramadan War in Pakistan, a strong Pakistan military contingent was dispatched by Prime Minister Zulfiakr Bhutto to Syrian Armed Forces to help and to provide necessary military combat training, requested by Syrian President Hafez al-Assad.[6] From 1973 to 1977, the Pakistan military advisers trained the Syrian Army personnel in various military tactics while maintaining a strong combat division to provide protection of Damascus from any possible Israeli Army attacks during the course of the war.[6] The Pakistan Navy also played an active role in providing the naval hardware to Syrian navy while the PAF dispatched a sizable unit of its fighter pilots to fly the Syrian Air Force fighter jets, operating from Inchass field of Egyptian Air Force.[7] The PAF wing led by Wing Commander Masood Hatif, the PAF and navy fighter pilots flew several of Syrian Air Forces' MiG 21 fighter jets and reportedly made aggressive patrols over Syrian-Israeli border.[6]

According to modern Pakistani sources, in 1974, one of the PAF's notable fighter pilot Flight-Lieutenant Sattar Alvi who flew Syrian Air Force's MiG-21, shot down IAF's Mirage-IIIC fighter jet which was piloted by Captain M. Lutz, who later succumbed to wounds he sustained during ejection.[8][9] However, no major sources from the time reported on such an incident,[10][11][12] and there is no mention of "Captain Lutz" in Israel's Ministry of Defense's record of Israel's casualties of war.[13] After the battle, Flight Lieutenant Alvi and Squadron Leader Arif Manzoor were awarded two of Syria's highest decorations for gallantry awards in 1973 by President Hafez al-Assad in a public ceremony.[14]

1970s–80s: Cooling and normalizing of relations

After the removal of Bhutto, Pakistan's relations with Syria had nose-dived after President Zia-ul-Haq assumed the control of the country in 1978.[15] In 1981, the relations deteriorated when the PIA commercial flight, Boeing 720, was hijacked by the operatives of al-Zulfikar in Damascus. The Pakistan government had long assessed that the al-Zulfikar had the enjoyed the support from the President Hafez al-Assad.[15]

Tensions increased when Syria treated the hijackers as state guests, and the Foreign ministry delegation led by Major-General Rahim Khan was ill-treated.[15] The relations tensed until the next five years when the Foreign ministry successful negotiations normalized relations with Syria.[15] In 1987, President Zia-ul-Haq made a surprise state visit to Damascus and had a one-to-one meeting with President Hafez al-Assad to lead the discussion to normalize the relations.[15] Concerning about the political instability in Pakistan and suppression of left-wing alliance led by Benazir Bhutto, President al-Assad declared in audience: "Had Pakistan adopted Arabic, the language of the Quran, as the national language, the lingual rifts and political divisions and anarchy would not have occurred. Pakistan would have remained a united country."[15]

After President Zia-ul-Haq's death and Benazir Bhutto becoming the Prime minister, the relations were warmed once again as Prime minister Benazir Bhutto promoted strong left-wing ideas and relations with Moscow.[15]

1980s–2000s: Commerce, trade and education

In the 1990s, Syria successfully sought help from Pakistan to establish its own tractor factory in the country. Since the 1990s, Pakistan helped upgrade Syria's sugar, cement, fertilizer, and paper industry as well as cooperation has been increased in agriculture process.[16]

Under a Pakistan Technical Assistance Programme (PTAP), Pakistan awards semester scholarships to Syrian students to study agriculture science at the University of Faisalabad; Pakistan also invested in establishing the institutes for computer science and informatics in Damascus in late 1990s.[16] Since Benazir Bhutto and Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) coming to power in 1993, the relations were warmed when Syria supported Pakistan's case for Kashmir and refers to the illegal Indian occupation of Eastern Kashmir as "an open aggression." However, Syria recognizes that Kashmir is a bilateral issue between India and Pakistan. After long negotiations, Pakistan and Syria have agreed for mutual cooperation and exchange of experts in the field of science and technology which led to the establishment of Pak-Syria Joint Committee on Science and Technology in 2005.[17]

Moral and diplomatic support of Pakistan continued for Syria's position on Golan Heights in the UN after the Six-Day War. On annual basis, Pakistan exports a large cache of wheat and cotton to Syria on minimum prices in return for Syria providing crude oil to Pakistan at a lesser rates.[citation needed]

2010–present

In 2010, President Asif Zardari paid a state visit to Syria to meet with President Bashar al-Assad to expedite exchange of delegations in both government and private levels in political and economic sectors, eventually signing a trade treaty in 2010.[18]

Ultimately after the start of the Syrian civil war, Pakistan adopted a policy of neutrality and pushed its non-belligerent role during the conflict.[19] Official stand of Pakistan keenly oppose the strong use of military strikes against Syria.[20] At the meeting of the UNSC, Pakistan abstained from vote on an anti-Syria resolution in the UN General Assembly. Conference held by Iran, Pakistan urged the international community to respect Syria's sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity.[2]

Pakistan has strongly urged the United States and western powers to avoid use of military force in Syria. In a statement, the Foreign Office spokesperson Aizaz Chaudhry maintained that Syria's sovereignty and territorial integrity must be respected. Pakistan has greatly expressed deep concerns over the ongoing violence and threat of possible American military action looming large over already embattled Syria.[21] The Pakistan Foreign ministry also strongly condemned the alleged use of chemical weapons of Syrian government, "All the engaged parties should adopt course of dialogue instead of violence and peaceful resolution of the conflict should be sought out", the Foreign Office quoted.[22] The National Security Adviser, Sartaj Aziz, has quoted at the United Nations that: "Pakistan condemns the use of chemical weapons, but it does not support aerial strikes which the U.S. proposes as it will only make the situation "more concerning".[4] Aziz strongly exhorted to the U.S and UK, "We should wait for the UN mission’s report on Syria."[23]

On 17 February 2014, Islamabad stated its support for "the formation of a transitional governing body with full executive powers enabling it to take charge of the affairs of the country". The statement, which was made in the wake of a Saudi delegation's visit to Pakistan, was thought to suggest a policy shift although a Pakistani government official stated that there was no change in Pakistan's principle policy on Syria.[24]

By December 2015, Pakistan foreign affairs stated that it is against any attempt to topple the government of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.[25]

By 2018, the Pakistan International School of Damascus, which is under the auspices of the Pakistani Embassy, has become a leading school in the country.[26] In 2022, Shahid Akhtar was appointed as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Pakistan to Syria.[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Embassy of Pakistan - Damascus, Syeria". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan). Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  2. ^ a b Baqir Sajjad Syed (2012-08-09). "Pakistan backs Syrian govt, opposes foreign intervention". Dawn News archives, area studies. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  3. ^ Subohi, Afshan (1 September 2013). "Syrian crisis: fallout on Pakistan". Dawn News (area studies) views. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  4. ^ a b Kamran Yousaf (August 30, 2013). "FO briefing: Pakistan opposes military action in Syria". Express Tribune. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d Imtiaz, Saba (August 9, 2011). "Rights violations: Pakistan maintains discreet silence over Syria protest". Express Tribune. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  6. ^ a b c Chengappa, Bidanda M. (2004). Pakistan, Islamisation, armed forces, and foreign policy. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publ. ISBN 8176485489.
  7. ^ . PAF. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  8. ^ . Govt. Pakistan. PAF Museum sources. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  9. ^ "50 years on: Memories of the 1973 Arab-Israeli Conflict". The Express Tribune. 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  10. ^ "⁨מעריב⁩ | עמוד 1 | 28 אפריל 1974 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית". www.nli.org.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  11. ^ "April 1974 Broadcast Index | Vanderbilt Television News Archive". tvnews.vanderbilt.edu. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  12. ^ "Results 1 to 13 of 13 for syria israel — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  13. ^ "אתר ההנצחה לחללי מערכות ישראל". אתר ההנצחה לחללי מערכות ישראל (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  14. ^ Global Sec. Pike (2000). "Pakistan Air Force Combat Experience". Global Security Inc. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Khan, Ayaz Ahmad (28 July 2012). "Syria-Pakistan relations". Dawn News Area studies, 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  16. ^ a b Zehra, Nasim (August 2000). "Revitalizing Pakistan-Syria Policy". Pakistan Defence Journal. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  17. ^ "Pakistan, Syria agree for science and technology cooperation". Behrain News Agency. 1 August 2005. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  18. ^ Staff (10 January 2010). "Pakistan, Syria agree to boost ties". The Nation. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  19. ^ Web Edition (1 September 2013). "Pakistan wants peaceful solutions ti Syria Crises". The News International. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  20. ^ sTAFF (31 August 2013). "Pakistan opposes use of force in Syria". Zee News. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  21. ^ . The Nation. Pakistan. 2 September 2013. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  22. ^ . Archived from the original on 2013-11-26. Retrieved 2013-09-02.
  23. ^ APP (August 30, 2013). "Breakthrough expected on drone issue, says Sartaj Aziz". Express Tribune. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  24. ^ "Ouster of Assad regime: Riyadh wins Islamabad's support on Syria". Express Tribune. 17 February 2014. from the original on 18 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  25. ^ "Syrian crisis: Pakistan against any attempt to topple Bashar al-Assad". 24 December 2015.
  26. ^ . Archived from the original on 2019-04-07. Retrieved 2018-12-25.
  27. ^ "President al-Assad accepts credentials of Pakistani Ambassador in Damascus". SANA. 5 December 2022.

August 25, 2023
pakistan, syria, relations, historic, international, bilateral, relations, between, syria, pakistan, syria, embassy, islamabad, pakistan, represented, syria, through, embassy, damascus, through, ancient, civilization, exchange, areas, modern, pakistan, were, p. Pakistan Syria relations are the historic international and bilateral relations between Syria and Pakistan Syria has an embassy in Islamabad Pakistan is represented in Syria through its embassy in Damascus 1 Through the ancient civilization exchange areas of modern Pakistan were part of the silk route with the Syria and for centuries Syrian Islamic missionaries that introduced Islam in the parts of now integrated in Pakistan after 711 AD were from Syria Pakistan Syria relationsPakistan SyriaPakistan has raised its voice for the support for President Bashar al Assad 2 and supports a peaceful solution of Syrian crises as well as opposing any military actions against Syria 3 4 Contents 1 History 2 Foreign relations 2 1 1960s 70s Political relations 2 1 1 Pakistan and the Yom Kippur War 2 2 1970s 80s Cooling and normalizing of relations 2 3 1980s 2000s Commerce trade and education 2 4 2010 present 3 See also 4 ReferencesHistory Edit Umayyad Caliphate greatest extent The regions comprising modern Syria and Pakistan have been under the rule of contiguous empires at various points in history including during the reign of the Persian Empire the conquests of Alexander the Great Seleucid Empire and Sassanid Persia However the most influential impact was made during the duration of the Umayyad Caliphate which stretched from Spain to India at its height and was centered at Damascus The Indian provinces of the Caliphate corresponded to modern Sindh Balochistan and southern Punjab and during their administration Indian as well as Greek Persian and Egyptian craftsmen were conscripted to help construct the Great Mosque of Damascus Foreign relations Edit1960s 70s Political relations Edit The foreign relations began to grow during the 1960s when Pakistan Armed Forces contingent were dispatched to Syria specifically the fighter pilots to fly Syrian Air Force s Mig fighter jets In the 1970s Syrian President Hafez al Assad came to Pakistan to participate in the international Organization of Islamic Conference being the first Syrian President to have visited Pakistan 5 Assad was believed to be a close ally of former Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 5 In a view of former statesman Khurshid Kasuri Pakistan s silence is a product of historical links between the Bhutto and al Assad families 5 After the death of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Syrian President Hafez al Assad ultimately awarded asylum to Benazir Murtaza and Shahnavaz Bhutto in 1979 to support for their leftist campaign against President General Zia ul Haq 5 Pakistan and the Yom Kippur War Edit Main articles Yom Kippur War and UN peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan In the events leading to the Yom Kippur War against Israel in 1973 which is usually referred to as the Ramadan War in Pakistan a strong Pakistan military contingent was dispatched by Prime Minister Zulfiakr Bhutto to Syrian Armed Forces to help and to provide necessary military combat training requested by Syrian President Hafez al Assad 6 From 1973 to 1977 the Pakistan military advisers trained the Syrian Army personnel in various military tactics while maintaining a strong combat division to provide protection of Damascus from any possible Israeli Army attacks during the course of the war 6 The Pakistan Navy also played an active role in providing the naval hardware to Syrian navy while the PAF dispatched a sizable unit of its fighter pilots to fly the Syrian Air Force fighter jets operating from Inchass field of Egyptian Air Force 7 The PAF wing led by Wing Commander Masood Hatif the PAF and navy fighter pilots flew several of Syrian Air Forces MiG 21 fighter jets and reportedly made aggressive patrols over Syrian Israeli border 6 According to modern Pakistani sources in 1974 one of the PAF s notable fighter pilot Flight Lieutenant Sattar Alvi who flew Syrian Air Force s MiG 21 shot down IAF s Mirage IIIC fighter jet which was piloted by Captain M Lutz who later succumbed to wounds he sustained during ejection 8 9 However no major sources from the time reported on such an incident 10 11 12 and there is no mention of Captain Lutz in Israel s Ministry of Defense s record of Israel s casualties of war 13 After the battle Flight Lieutenant Alvi and Squadron Leader Arif Manzoor were awarded two of Syria s highest decorations for gallantry awards in 1973 by President Hafez al Assad in a public ceremony 14 1970s 80s Cooling and normalizing of relations Edit After the removal of Bhutto Pakistan s relations with Syria had nose dived after President Zia ul Haq assumed the control of the country in 1978 15 In 1981 the relations deteriorated when the PIA commercial flight Boeing 720 was hijacked by the operatives of al Zulfikar in Damascus The Pakistan government had long assessed that the al Zulfikar had the enjoyed the support from the President Hafez al Assad 15 Tensions increased when Syria treated the hijackers as state guests and the Foreign ministry delegation led by Major General Rahim Khan was ill treated 15 The relations tensed until the next five years when the Foreign ministry successful negotiations normalized relations with Syria 15 In 1987 President Zia ul Haq made a surprise state visit to Damascus and had a one to one meeting with President Hafez al Assad to lead the discussion to normalize the relations 15 Concerning about the political instability in Pakistan and suppression of left wing alliance led by Benazir Bhutto President al Assad declared in audience Had Pakistan adopted Arabic the language of the Quran as the national language the lingual rifts and political divisions and anarchy would not have occurred Pakistan would have remained a united country 15 After President Zia ul Haq s death and Benazir Bhutto becoming the Prime minister the relations were warmed once again as Prime minister Benazir Bhutto promoted strong left wing ideas and relations with Moscow 15 1980s 2000s Commerce trade and education Edit In the 1990s Syria successfully sought help from Pakistan to establish its own tractor factory in the country Since the 1990s Pakistan helped upgrade Syria s sugar cement fertilizer and paper industry as well as cooperation has been increased in agriculture process 16 Under a Pakistan Technical Assistance Programme PTAP Pakistan awards semester scholarships to Syrian students to study agriculture science at the University of Faisalabad Pakistan also invested in establishing the institutes for computer science and informatics in Damascus in late 1990s 16 Since Benazir Bhutto and Pakistan Peoples Party PPP coming to power in 1993 the relations were warmed when Syria supported Pakistan s case for Kashmir and refers to the illegal Indian occupation of Eastern Kashmir as an open aggression However Syria recognizes that Kashmir is a bilateral issue between India and Pakistan After long negotiations Pakistan and Syria have agreed for mutual cooperation and exchange of experts in the field of science and technology which led to the establishment of Pak Syria Joint Committee on Science and Technology in 2005 17 Moral and diplomatic support of Pakistan continued for Syria s position on Golan Heights in the UN after the Six Day War On annual basis Pakistan exports a large cache of wheat and cotton to Syria on minimum prices in return for Syria providing crude oil to Pakistan at a lesser rates citation needed 2010 present Edit In 2010 President Asif Zardari paid a state visit to Syria to meet with President Bashar al Assad to expedite exchange of delegations in both government and private levels in political and economic sectors eventually signing a trade treaty in 2010 18 Ultimately after the start of the Syrian civil war Pakistan adopted a policy of neutrality and pushed its non belligerent role during the conflict 19 Official stand of Pakistan keenly oppose the strong use of military strikes against Syria 20 At the meeting of the UNSC Pakistan abstained from vote on an anti Syria resolution in the UN General Assembly Conference held by Iran Pakistan urged the international community to respect Syria s sovereignty independence and territorial integrity 2 Pakistan has strongly urged the United States and western powers to avoid use of military force in Syria In a statement the Foreign Office spokesperson Aizaz Chaudhry maintained that Syria s sovereignty and territorial integrity must be respected Pakistan has greatly expressed deep concerns over the ongoing violence and threat of possible American military action looming large over already embattled Syria 21 The Pakistan Foreign ministry also strongly condemned the alleged use of chemical weapons of Syrian government All the engaged parties should adopt course of dialogue instead of violence and peaceful resolution of the conflict should be sought out the Foreign Office quoted 22 The National Security Adviser Sartaj Aziz has quoted at the United Nations that Pakistan condemns the use of chemical weapons but it does not support aerial strikes which the U S proposes as it will only make the situation more concerning 4 Aziz strongly exhorted to the U S and UK We should wait for the UN mission s report on Syria 23 On 17 February 2014 Islamabad stated its support for the formation of a transitional governing body with full executive powers enabling it to take charge of the affairs of the country The statement which was made in the wake of a Saudi delegation s visit to Pakistan was thought to suggest a policy shift although a Pakistani government official stated that there was no change in Pakistan s principle policy on Syria 24 By December 2015 Pakistan foreign affairs stated that it is against any attempt to topple the government of Syrian President Bashar al Assad 25 By 2018 the Pakistan International School of Damascus which is under the auspices of the Pakistani Embassy has become a leading school in the country 26 In 2022 Shahid Akhtar was appointed as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Pakistan to Syria 27 See also EditForeign relations of Pakistan Foreign relations of SyriaReferences Edit Embassy of Pakistan Damascus Syeria Ministry of Foreign Affairs Pakistan Retrieved 12 March 2022 a b Baqir Sajjad Syed 2012 08 09 Pakistan backs Syrian govt opposes foreign intervention Dawn News archives area studies Retrieved 31 August 2013 Subohi Afshan 1 September 2013 Syrian crisis fallout on Pakistan Dawn News area studies views Retrieved 2 September 2013 a b Kamran Yousaf August 30 2013 FO briefing Pakistan opposes military action in Syria Express Tribune Retrieved 2 September 2013 a b c d Imtiaz Saba August 9 2011 Rights violations Pakistan maintains discreet silence over Syria protest Express Tribune Retrieved 28 August 2013 a b c Chengappa Bidanda M 2004 Pakistan Islamisation armed forces and foreign policy New Delhi A P H Publ ISBN 8176485489 PAF during Yom Kippur War Egypt PAF Archived from the original on 7 December 2013 Retrieved 28 August 2013 PAF Pilot downs an Israeli Mirage 26th April 1974 Govt Pakistan PAF Museum sources Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 Retrieved 28 August 2013 50 years on Memories of the 1973 Arab Israeli Conflict The Express Tribune 2015 03 19 Retrieved 2023 04 15 מעריב עמוד 1 28 אפריל 1974 אוסף העיתונות הספרייה הלאומית www nli org il in Hebrew Retrieved 2023 04 15 April 1974 Broadcast Index Vanderbilt Television News Archive tvnews vanderbilt edu Retrieved 2023 04 15 Results 1 to 13 of 13 for syria israel California Digital Newspaper Collection cdnc ucr edu Retrieved 2023 04 15 אתר ההנצחה לחללי מערכות ישראל אתר ההנצחה לחללי מערכות ישראל in Hebrew Retrieved 2023 04 15 Global Sec Pike 2000 Pakistan Air Force Combat Experience Global Security Inc Retrieved 28 August 2013 a b c d e f g Khan Ayaz Ahmad 28 July 2012 Syria Pakistan relations Dawn News Area studies 2012 Retrieved 28 August 2013 a b Zehra Nasim August 2000 Revitalizing Pakistan Syria Policy Pakistan Defence Journal Retrieved 28 August 2013 Pakistan Syria agree for science and technology cooperation Behrain News Agency 1 August 2005 Retrieved 28 August 2013 Staff 10 January 2010 Pakistan Syria agree to boost ties The Nation Archived from the original on 28 August 2013 Retrieved 28 August 2013 Web Edition 1 September 2013 Pakistan wants peaceful solutions ti Syria Crises The News International Retrieved 31 August 2013 sTAFF 31 August 2013 Pakistan opposes use of force in Syria Zee News Retrieved 30 August 2013 Pakistan strongly urged Americans to restraint over Syria The Nation Pakistan 2 September 2013 Archived from the original on 26 November 2013 Retrieved 2 September 2013 Pakistan urges strong American restraint over Syria Archived from the original on 2013 11 26 Retrieved 2013 09 02 APP August 30 2013 Breakthrough expected on drone issue says Sartaj Aziz Express Tribune Retrieved 2 September 2013 Ouster of Assad regime Riyadh wins Islamabad s support on Syria Express Tribune 17 February 2014 Archived from the original on 18 February 2014 Retrieved 18 February 2014 Syrian crisis Pakistan against any attempt to topple Bashar al Assad 24 December 2015 The Pakistan International School of Damascus The unreported and silent success story of diplomacy the Express Tribune Blog Archived from the original on 2019 04 07 Retrieved 2018 12 25 President al Assad accepts credentials of Pakistani Ambassador in Damascus SANA 5 December 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pakistan Syria relations amp oldid 1166933826, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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