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Indian pond heron

March 06, 2024

The Indian pond heron or paddybird (Ardeola grayii) is a small heron. It is of Old World origins, breeding in southern Iran and east to the Indian subcontinent, Burma, and Sri Lanka. They are widespread and common but can be easily missed when they stalk prey at the edge of small water-bodies or even when they roost close to human habitations.

Indian pond heron
In non-breeding plumage (Sri Lanka)
Breeding plumage (India)
Call
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Pelecaniformes
Family: Ardeidae
Genus: Ardeola
Species:
A. grayii
Binomial name
Ardeola grayii
(Sykes, 1832)
Synonyms

Ardeola leucoptera

They are distinctive when they take off, with bright white wings flashing in contrast to the cryptic streaked olive and brown colours of the body. Their camouflage is so excellent that they can be approached closely before they take to flight, a behaviour which has resulted in folk names and beliefs that the birds are short-sighted or blind.[2][3]

Description edit

Indian pond herons are stocky with short necks, short thick bills and buff-brown backs. In summer, adults have long neck feathers. Their appearance is transformed from dull colours when they take to flight and the white of the wings makes them very prominent. They are very similar to the squacco herons, Ardeola ralloides, but darker backed. To the east of their range, they are replaced by the Chinese pond herons, Ardeola bacchus.

During the breeding season, there are records of individuals with red legs. The numbers do not suggest that this is a normal change for adults during the breeding season and some have suggested the possibility of it being genetic variants.[4][5][6][7]

Erythristic plumage has been noted.[8] The race phillipsi has been suggested for the populations found in the Maldives, without much acceptance.[9] It forms a superspecies with the closely related Chinese pond heron, Javan pond heron and the Madagascar pond heron.[citation needed]

They are usually silent but may make a harsh croak in alarm when flushed or near their nests.[9]

This bird was first described by Colonel W. H. Sykes in 1832 and given its scientific name in honour of John Edward Gray. Karyology studies indicate that pond herons have 68 chromosomes (2N).[10]

Behaviour and ecology edit

 
When flushed the contrasting white wings flash into view
 
Usually hunched, they appear short necked

They are very common in India, and are usually solitary foragers but numbers of them may sometimes feed in close proximity during the dry seasons[11] when small wetlands have a high concentration of prey. They are semi-colonial breeders. They may also forage at garbage heaps. During dry seasons, they sometimes take to foraging on well watered lawns or even dry grassland. When foraging, they allow close approach and flush only at close range. They sometimes form communal roosts, often in avenue trees over busy urban areas.[12]

Food and feeding edit

The Indian pond heron's feeding habitat is marshy wetlands. They usually feed at the edge of ponds but make extensive use of floating vegetation such as water hyacinth to access deeper water. They may also on occasion swim on water or fish from the air and land in deeper waters.[13][14][15][16] They have also been observed to fly and capture fishes leaping out of water.[17][18] Sometimes, they fly low over water to drive frogs and fishes towards the shore before settling along the shoreline.[19] They have been noted to pick up crumbs of bread and drop them on the water surface to bait fishes.[20]

The primary food of these birds includes crustaceans, aquatic insects, fishes, tadpoles and sometimes leeches (Herpobdelloides sp.).[21] Outside wetlands, these herons feed on insects (including crickets, dragonflies[22] and bees[23]), fish (Barilius noted as important in a study in Chandigarh) and amphibians.[24]

Breeding edit

 
Pair at nest in Kolkata, West Bengal, India
 
Indian pond heron with bright red legs in breeding season

The breeding season begins with the onset of the monsoons. They nest in small colonies, often with other wading birds, usually on platforms of sticks in trees or shrubs. Most nests are built at a height of about 9 to 10 m in large leafy trees. The nest material is collected by the male while the female builds the nest. Three to five eggs are laid.[25] The eggs hatch asynchronously, taking 18 to 24 days to hatch. Both parents feed the young.[26] Fish are the main diet fed to young.[11] Nest sites that are not disturbed may be reused year after year.[27]

Mortality factors edit

They have few predators but injured birds may be taken by birds of prey.[28]

An arbovirus that causes "Balagodu", trematodes[29] and several other parasites have been isolated from the species.[30][31][32][33][34] Antibodies to Japanese encephalitis and West Nile virus has been detected in pond herons and cattle egrets from southern India.[35] Traces of heavy metals acquired from feeding in polluted waters may be particularly concentrated in the tail feathers.[36]

In culture edit

 
Large numbers in a drying pond

The habit of standing still and flushing only at the last moment has led to widespread folk beliefs that they are semi-blind and their name in many languages includes such suggestions. In Sri Lanka the bird is called kana koka which translates as "half-blind heron" in the Sinhala language.[2] The Hindustani phrase "bagla bhagat" has been used to describe a "wolf in sheep's clothing" or a hypocrite appearing like a meditating saint[37] and occurs in a Marathi proverb.[38] The paddy-bird also appears as a character in the Hitopadesha where, in one story, it takes injury to itself to save a king.[39] The bird was noted by Anglo-Indian naturalist-writers for the surprising transformation in colours. Phil Robinson described the bird as one that sits all dingy gray and flies all white.[40] It is said to have been eaten by many in India in former times.[41]

During the height of the plume trade, feathers were collected from the "paddy bird" and exported to Britain.[42]

References edit

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Ardeola grayii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697128A93600400. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697128A93600400.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Anonymous (1998). "Vernacular Names of the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent" (PDF). Buceros. 3 (1): 53–109.
  3. ^ Yule, Henry; Burnell, A. C. (1903). Crooke, William (ed.). Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive. London, UK: John Murray. p. 650.
  4. ^ Gopisundar, K. S. (2004). (PDF). Forktail. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-11.
  5. ^ Abdulali, H. & Alexander, H. G. (1952). "Ardeidae with red legs". Ibis. 94 (2): 363. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1952.tb01829.x.
  6. ^ Wesley, H. D. (1993). "Genetics of the red tarsi and feet in the Pond Heron". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 33 (4): 73.
  7. ^ Sundar, Gopi KS (2005). "Distribution and extent of Pond Herons Ardeola grayii with red legs in India" (PDF). Indian Birds. 1 (5): 108–115.
  8. ^ Parasharya, BM (1983). "An erythristic pond heron". Pavo. 21 (1&2): 107–108.
  9. ^ a b Rasmussen, PC; JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia:The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions.
  10. ^ M. K. Mohanty; S. P. Bhunya (1990). "Karyological studies in four species of ardeid birds (Ardeldae, Ciconiiformes)". Genetica. 81 (3): 211–214. doi:10.1007/BF00360867. S2CID 29647762.
  11. ^ a b Begum, S. (2003). (PDF). Zoos' Print Journal. 18 (6): 1113–1116. doi:10.11609/jott.zpj.18.6.1113-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-03. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  12. ^ Gadgil, Madhav; Salim Ali (1975). "Communal roosting habits of Indian birds". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 72 (3): 716–727.
  13. ^ Chandra-Bose, DA (1969). "The Paddybird, Ardeola grayii (Sykes) floating on water". Pavo. 7 (1&2): 74–75.
  14. ^ Neelakantan, KK (1986). "Pond heron afloat". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 26 (5–6): 11–13.
  15. ^ Krishna, MB (1978). "Pond Herons". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 18 (10): 12.
  16. ^ Muir, G.B.F. (1916). "Paddy-birds Ardeola grayii fishing". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 24 (2): 366–367.
  17. ^ Grimwood, I.M .; Brocklehurst, M.J.C. (1984). "Unusual feeding behaviour in the Paddy Bird or Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 81 (3): 696–697.
  18. ^ Sivasubramanian, C (1988). "Aerial feeding by Median Egret (Egretta intermedia), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) and Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 85 (3): 611–612.
  19. ^ Kirkpatrick, K. M. (1953). "Feeding habit of the Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51 (2): 507.
  20. ^ Réglade, Michel Antoine; Dilawar, Mohammed E.; Anand, Ulhas (2015). "Active bait-fishing in Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii". Indian Birds. 10 (5): 124–125.
  21. ^ Mathew, DN; Narendran, TC; Zacharias, VJ (1978). "A comparative study of the feeding habits of certain species of Indian birds affecting agriculture". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 75 (4): 1178–1197.
  22. ^ Santharam, V. (2003). "Indian pond-herons Ardeola grayii feeding on dragonflies". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 100 (1): 108.
  23. ^ Prasad, JN; Hemanth, J (1992). "Pond Heron Ardeola grayii (Sykes) feeding on bees". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 89 (2): 246.
  24. ^ Sodhi, N.S. (1986). "Feeding ecology of Indian pond heron and its comparison with that of little egret". Pavo. 24 (1&2): 97–112.
  25. ^ Pandey, Deep Narayan (1991). "Nesting of the Pond Heron Ardeola grayii (Sykes) on Eucalyptus trees". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 88 (2): 281.
  26. ^ Yesmin, R.; Rahman, K. & Haque, N. (2001). "The breeding biology of the Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii Sykes) in captivity". Tigerpaper. 28 (1): 15–18.
  27. ^ Ali, S.; S. D. Ripley (1978). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 63–64.
  28. ^ Navarro, A (1962). "Pale Harrier taking a Pond Heron". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 59 (2): 653.
  29. ^ Umadevi K; R. Madhavi (2000). "Observations on the morphology and life-cycle of Procerovum varium (Onji & Nishio, 1916) (Trematoda: Heterophyidae)". Systematic Parasitology. 46 (3): 215–225. doi:10.1023/A:1006398205390. PMID 10845654. S2CID 4497926.
  30. ^ Pavri K, Sheikh BH, Singh KR, Rajagopalan PK, Casals J (1969). "Balagodu virus, a new arbovirus isolated from Ardeola grayii (Sykes) in Mysore State, South India". Indian J Med Res. 57 (4): 758–64. PMID 4979767.
  31. ^ Pavri KM, Rajagopalan PK, Arnstein P (1968). "Isolation of Ornithosis bedsoniae from paddy birds, Ardeola grayii (Sykes), in Mysore State India". Indian J. Med. Res. 56 (11): 1592–4. PMID 5715959.
  32. ^ Sahay S, Sahay U, Verma DK (1990). "On a new trematode of the genus Psilorchis (Psilostomidae Looss, 1900) from pond heron Ardeola grayii". Indian Journal of Parasitology. 14 (2): 203–205.
  33. ^ Madhavi, R; Narasimha Rao, N; Rukmini, C (1989). "The life history of Echinochasmus bagulai Verma 1935 (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae)". Acta Parasitologica Polonica. 34 (3): 259–265.
  34. ^ Deshmukh PG (1971). "On the male of Avioserpens multipapillosa Singh, 1949 from Ardeola grayii". Rivista di Parassitologia. 32 (2): 101–3. PMID 5166875.
  35. ^ Paramasivan, R.; A.C. Mishra; D.T. Mourya (2003). (PDF). Indian J Med Res. 118: 101–108. PMID 14700342. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
  36. ^ Muralidharan, S.; Jayakumar, R.; Vishnu, G (2004). "Heavy metals in feathers of six species of birds in the district Nilgiris, India". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 73 (2): 285–291. doi:10.1007/s00128-004-0425-x. PMID 15386041. S2CID 26914063.
  37. ^ Pahwa, Munshi Thakardass (1919). The modern Hindustani scholar of the Pucca munshi. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta.
  38. ^ Manwaring, A. (1899). Marathi proverbs. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 40.
  39. ^ Arnold, Edwin (1893). The Book of Good Counsels from the Sanskrit of the Hitopadesa. London: W.H.Allen and Co. p. 108.
  40. ^ Dewar, Douglas (1896). Bombay Ducks. London: John Lane Company. pp. 111, 235–239.
  41. ^ Susainathan, P. (1921). Bird friends and foes of the farmer. Bulletin NO. 81. Madras: Department of Agriculture. p. 48.
  42. ^ Watt, George (1908). The Commercial Products of India. London: John Murray. p. 139.

Other sources edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ardeola grayii.
  • Lamba B.S. (1963). "Nidification of some Indian birds. No.6. The Indian Pond Heron or Paddy bird Ardeola grayii (Sykes)". Pavo. 1 (1): 35–43.
  • de Boer LEM, van Brink JM (1982). "Cytotaxonomy of the Ciconiiformes (Aves), with karyotypes of eight species new to cytology". Cytogenet Cell Genet. 34 (1–2): 19–34. doi:10.1159/000131791. PMID 7151490.
  • Parasharya BM, Bhat HR (1987). "Unusual feeding strategies of the Little Egret and Pond Heron". Pavo. 25 (1–2): 13–16.

External links edit

  • Internet Bird Collection
  • Calls of Indian Pond Heron
  • media from ARKive  

March 06, 2024
indian, pond, heron, paddybird, ardeola, grayii, small, heron, world, origins, breeding, southern, iran, east, indian, subcontinent, burma, lanka, they, widespread, common, easily, missed, when, they, stalk, prey, edge, small, water, bodies, even, when, they, . The Indian pond heron or paddybird Ardeola grayii is a small heron It is of Old World origins breeding in southern Iran and east to the Indian subcontinent Burma and Sri Lanka They are widespread and common but can be easily missed when they stalk prey at the edge of small water bodies or even when they roost close to human habitations Indian pond heronIn non breeding plumage Sri Lanka Breeding plumage India source source CallConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PelecaniformesFamily ArdeidaeGenus ArdeolaSpecies A grayiiBinomial nameArdeola grayii Sykes 1832 SynonymsArdeola leucopteraThey are distinctive when they take off with bright white wings flashing in contrast to the cryptic streaked olive and brown colours of the body Their camouflage is so excellent that they can be approached closely before they take to flight a behaviour which has resulted in folk names and beliefs that the birds are short sighted or blind 2 3 Contents 1 Description 2 Behaviour and ecology 2 1 Food and feeding 2 2 Breeding 2 3 Mortality factors 3 In culture 4 References 5 Other sources 6 External linksDescription editIndian pond herons are stocky with short necks short thick bills and buff brown backs In summer adults have long neck feathers Their appearance is transformed from dull colours when they take to flight and the white of the wings makes them very prominent They are very similar to the squacco herons Ardeola ralloides but darker backed To the east of their range they are replaced by the Chinese pond herons Ardeola bacchus During the breeding season there are records of individuals with red legs The numbers do not suggest that this is a normal change for adults during the breeding season and some have suggested the possibility of it being genetic variants 4 5 6 7 Erythristic plumage has been noted 8 The race phillipsi has been suggested for the populations found in the Maldives without much acceptance 9 It forms a superspecies with the closely related Chinese pond heron Javan pond heron and the Madagascar pond heron citation needed They are usually silent but may make a harsh croak in alarm when flushed or near their nests 9 This bird was first described by Colonel W H Sykes in 1832 and given its scientific name in honour of John Edward Gray Karyology studies indicate that pond herons have 68 chromosomes 2N 10 Behaviour and ecology edit nbsp When flushed the contrasting white wings flash into view nbsp Usually hunched they appear short neckedThey are very common in India and are usually solitary foragers but numbers of them may sometimes feed in close proximity during the dry seasons 11 when small wetlands have a high concentration of prey They are semi colonial breeders They may also forage at garbage heaps During dry seasons they sometimes take to foraging on well watered lawns or even dry grassland When foraging they allow close approach and flush only at close range They sometimes form communal roosts often in avenue trees over busy urban areas 12 Food and feeding edit The Indian pond heron s feeding habitat is marshy wetlands They usually feed at the edge of ponds but make extensive use of floating vegetation such as water hyacinth to access deeper water They may also on occasion swim on water or fish from the air and land in deeper waters 13 14 15 16 They have also been observed to fly and capture fishes leaping out of water 17 18 Sometimes they fly low over water to drive frogs and fishes towards the shore before settling along the shoreline 19 They have been noted to pick up crumbs of bread and drop them on the water surface to bait fishes 20 The primary food of these birds includes crustaceans aquatic insects fishes tadpoles and sometimes leeches Herpobdelloides sp 21 Outside wetlands these herons feed on insects including crickets dragonflies 22 and bees 23 fish Barilius noted as important in a study in Chandigarh and amphibians 24 Breeding edit nbsp Pair at nest in Kolkata West Bengal India nbsp Indian pond heron with bright red legs in breeding seasonThe breeding season begins with the onset of the monsoons They nest in small colonies often with other wading birds usually on platforms of sticks in trees or shrubs Most nests are built at a height of about 9 to 10 m in large leafy trees The nest material is collected by the male while the female builds the nest Three to five eggs are laid 25 The eggs hatch asynchronously taking 18 to 24 days to hatch Both parents feed the young 26 Fish are the main diet fed to young 11 Nest sites that are not disturbed may be reused year after year 27 Mortality factors edit They have few predators but injured birds may be taken by birds of prey 28 An arbovirus that causes Balagodu trematodes 29 and several other parasites have been isolated from the species 30 31 32 33 34 Antibodies to Japanese encephalitis and West Nile virus has been detected in pond herons and cattle egrets from southern India 35 Traces of heavy metals acquired from feeding in polluted waters may be particularly concentrated in the tail feathers 36 In culture edit nbsp Large numbers in a drying pondThe habit of standing still and flushing only at the last moment has led to widespread folk beliefs that they are semi blind and their name in many languages includes such suggestions In Sri Lanka the bird is called kana koka which translates as half blind heron in the Sinhala language 2 The Hindustani phrase bagla bhagat has been used to describe a wolf in sheep s clothing or a hypocrite appearing like a meditating saint 37 and occurs in a Marathi proverb 38 The paddy bird also appears as a character in the Hitopadesha where in one story it takes injury to itself to save a king 39 The bird was noted by Anglo Indian naturalist writers for the surprising transformation in colours Phil Robinson described the bird as one that sits all dingy gray and flies all white 40 It is said to have been eaten by many in India in former times 41 During the height of the plume trade feathers were collected from the paddy bird and exported to Britain 42 References edit BirdLife International 2016 Ardeola grayii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22697128A93600400 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22697128A93600400 en Retrieved 13 November 2021 a b Anonymous 1998 Vernacular Names of the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent PDF Buceros 3 1 53 109 Yule Henry Burnell A C 1903 Crooke William ed Hobson Jobson A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo Indian Words and Phrases and of Kindred Terms Etymological Historical Geographical and Discursive London UK John Murray p 650 Gopisundar K S 2004 Abundance and seasonality of Indian Pond Herons Ardeola grayii with red legs in Uttar Pradesh India PDF Forktail 20 Archived from the original PDF on 2007 10 11 Abdulali H amp Alexander H G 1952 Ardeidae with red legs Ibis 94 2 363 doi 10 1111 j 1474 919X 1952 tb01829 x Wesley H D 1993 Genetics of the red tarsi and feet in the Pond Heron Newsletter for Birdwatchers 33 4 73 Sundar Gopi KS 2005 Distribution and extent of Pond Herons Ardeola grayii with red legs in India PDF Indian Birds 1 5 108 115 Parasharya BM 1983 An erythristic pond heron Pavo 21 1 amp 2 107 108 a b Rasmussen PC JC Anderton 2005 Birds of South Asia The Ripley Guide Smithsonian Institution amp Lynx Edicions M K Mohanty S P Bhunya 1990 Karyological studies in four species of ardeid birds Ardeldae Ciconiiformes Genetica 81 3 211 214 doi 10 1007 BF00360867 S2CID 29647762 a b Begum S 2003 Colonial nesting behavior in Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii grayii of Bangladesh PDF Zoos Print Journal 18 6 1113 1116 doi 10 11609 jott zpj 18 6 1113 6 Archived from the original PDF on 2018 06 03 Retrieved 2009 05 31 Gadgil Madhav Salim Ali 1975 Communal roosting habits of Indian birds J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 72 3 716 727 Chandra Bose DA 1969 The Paddybird Ardeola grayii Sykes floating on water Pavo 7 1 amp 2 74 75 Neelakantan KK 1986 Pond heron afloat Newsletter for Birdwatchers 26 5 6 11 13 Krishna MB 1978 Pond Herons Newsletter for Birdwatchers 18 10 12 Muir G B F 1916 Paddy birds Ardeola grayii fishing J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 24 2 366 367 Grimwood I M Brocklehurst M J C 1984 Unusual feeding behaviour in the Paddy Bird or Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 81 3 696 697 Sivasubramanian C 1988 Aerial feeding by Median Egret Egretta intermedia Little Egret Egretta garzetta and Pond Heron Ardeola grayii J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 85 3 611 612 Kirkpatrick K M 1953 Feeding habit of the Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 51 2 507 Reglade Michel Antoine Dilawar Mohammed E Anand Ulhas 2015 Active bait fishing in Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii Indian Birds 10 5 124 125 Mathew DN Narendran TC Zacharias VJ 1978 A comparative study of the feeding habits of certain species of Indian birds affecting agriculture J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 75 4 1178 1197 Santharam V 2003 Indian pond herons Ardeola grayii feeding on dragonflies Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 100 1 108 Prasad JN Hemanth J 1992 Pond Heron Ardeola grayii Sykes feeding on bees J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 89 2 246 Sodhi N S 1986 Feeding ecology of Indian pond heron and its comparison with that of little egret Pavo 24 1 amp 2 97 112 Pandey Deep Narayan 1991 Nesting of the Pond Heron Ardeola grayii Sykes on Eucalyptus trees J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 88 2 281 Yesmin R Rahman K amp Haque N 2001 The breeding biology of the Pond Heron Ardeola grayii Sykes in captivity Tigerpaper 28 1 15 18 Ali S S D Ripley 1978 Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan Vol 1 2nd ed New Delhi Oxford University Press pp 63 64 Navarro A 1962 Pale Harrier taking a Pond Heron J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 59 2 653 Umadevi K R Madhavi 2000 Observations on the morphology and life cycle of Procerovum varium Onji amp Nishio 1916 Trematoda Heterophyidae Systematic Parasitology 46 3 215 225 doi 10 1023 A 1006398205390 PMID 10845654 S2CID 4497926 Pavri K Sheikh BH Singh KR Rajagopalan PK Casals J 1969 Balagodu virus a new arbovirus isolated from Ardeola grayii Sykes in Mysore State South India Indian J Med Res 57 4 758 64 PMID 4979767 Pavri KM Rajagopalan PK Arnstein P 1968 Isolation of Ornithosis bedsoniae from paddy birds Ardeola grayii Sykes in Mysore State India Indian J Med Res 56 11 1592 4 PMID 5715959 Sahay S Sahay U Verma DK 1990 On a new trematode of the genus Psilorchis Psilostomidae Looss 1900 from pond heron Ardeola grayii Indian Journal of Parasitology 14 2 203 205 Madhavi R Narasimha Rao N Rukmini C 1989 The life history of Echinochasmus bagulai Verma 1935 Trematoda Echinostomatidae Acta Parasitologica Polonica 34 3 259 265 Deshmukh PG 1971 On the male of Avioserpens multipapillosa Singh 1949 from Ardeola grayii Rivista di Parassitologia 32 2 101 3 PMID 5166875 Paramasivan R A C Mishra D T Mourya 2003 West Nile virus the Indian scenario PDF Indian J Med Res 118 101 108 PMID 14700342 Archived from the original PDF on 2016 03 03 Retrieved 2008 09 23 Muralidharan S Jayakumar R Vishnu G 2004 Heavy metals in feathers of six species of birds in the district Nilgiris India Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 73 2 285 291 doi 10 1007 s00128 004 0425 x PMID 15386041 S2CID 26914063 Pahwa Munshi Thakardass 1919 The modern Hindustani scholar of the Pucca munshi Baptist Mission Press Calcutta Manwaring A 1899 Marathi proverbs Oxford Clarendon Press p 40 Arnold Edwin 1893 The Book of Good Counsels from the Sanskrit of the Hitopadesa London W H Allen and Co p 108 Dewar Douglas 1896 Bombay Ducks London John Lane Company pp 111 235 239 Susainathan P 1921 Bird friends and foes of the farmer Bulletin NO 81 Madras Department of Agriculture p 48 Watt George 1908 The Commercial Products of India London John Murray p 139 Other sources edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ardeola grayii Lamba B S 1963 Nidification of some Indian birds No 6 The Indian Pond Heron or Paddy bird Ardeola grayii Sykes Pavo 1 1 35 43 de Boer LEM van Brink JM 1982 Cytotaxonomy of the Ciconiiformes Aves with karyotypes of eight species new to cytology Cytogenet Cell Genet 34 1 2 19 34 doi 10 1159 000131791 PMID 7151490 Parasharya BM Bhat HR 1987 Unusual feeding strategies of the Little Egret and Pond Heron Pavo 25 1 2 13 16 External links editInternet Bird Collection Calls of Indian Pond Heron Indian pond heron media from ARKive nbsp Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Indian pond heron amp oldid 1147257487, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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