The Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 were a series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of a "transcontinental railroad" (the Pacific Railroad) in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies. In 1853, the War Department under then Secretary of War Jefferson Davis was authorized by the Congress to conduct surveys of five different potential transcontinental routes from the Mississippi ranging from north to south. It submitted a massive twelve volume report to Congress with the results in early 1855. However, no route or bill could be agreed upon and passed authorizing the Government's financial support and land grants until the secession of the southern states in 1861 removed their opposition to a central route. The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 (12 Stat. 489) was the original act. Some of its provisions were subsequently modified, expanded, or repealed by four additional amending Acts: The Pacific Railroad Act of 1863 (12 Stat. 807), Pacific Railroad Act of 1864 (13 Stat. 356), Pacific Railroad Act of 1865 (13 Stat. 504), and Pacific Railroad Act of 1866 (14 Stat. 66).
The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 began federal government grant of lands directly to corporations; before that act, the land grants were made to the states, for the benefit of corporations.
An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposes
Section 3 granted an additional 10 square miles (26 km²) of public land for every mile of grade except where railroads ran through cities or crossed rivers. The method of apportioning these additional land grants was specified in the Act as being in the form of "five alternate sections per mile on each side of said railroad, on the line thereof, and within the limits of ten miles on each side" which thus provided the companies with a total of 6,400 acres (2,600 ha) for each mile of their railroad. (The interspersed non-granted area remained as public lands under the custody and control of the U.S. General Land Office.) [7] The U.S. Government Pacific Railroad Bonds were authorized by Section 5 to be issued to the companies at the rate of $16,000 per mile of tracked grade completed west of the designated base of the Sierra Nevadas and east of the designated base of the Rocky Mountains (UPRR).[8] Section 11 of the Act provided that the issuance of bonds "shall be treble the number per mile" (to $48,000) for tracked grade completed over and within the two mountain ranges (but limited to a total of 300 miles (480 km) at this rate), and doubled (to $32,000) per mile of completed grade laid between the two mountain ranges[9]
The 30-year U.S. government bonds authorized by the act would be issued and backed by the U.S. government, which would then provide the capital raised to the railroad companies upon completion of sections of the railroads in exchange for a lien on that section. The liens covered the railroads and all their fixtures, and all the loans were repaid in full (and with interest) by the companies as and when they became due.
First and last pages of the original manuscript of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 (12 Stat. 489) signed by President Lincoln on July 1, 1862 (U.S. National Archives)
Section 10 of the 1864 amending Act (13 Statutes at Large, 356) additionally authorized the two charter companies to issue their own "First Mortgage Bonds"[10] in total amounts up to (but not exceeding) that of the bonds issued by the United States, and that such company issued securities would have priority over the original Government Bonds.[11]
The amending Act of March 3, 1865 ratified and confirmed the assignment made by Central Pacific Railroad to Western Pacific Railroad to construct the westernmost leg of the Pacific Railroad from Sacramento to San Jose and authorized Western Pacific as one of the charter companies.[12]
From 1850 to 1871, the railroads received more than 175 million acres (71 million ha) of public land – an area more than one tenth of the whole United States and larger in area than Texas.[13]
Railroad expansion provided new avenues of migration into the American interior. The railroads sold portions of their land to arriving settlers at a handsome profit. Lands closest to the tracks drew the highest prices, because farmers and ranchers wanted to locate near railway stations.
AN ACT to establish the gauge of the Pacific railroad and its branches.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the gauge of the Pacific railroad and its branches throughout their whole extent, from the Pacific coast to the Missouri river, shall be, and hereby is, established at four feet eight and one-half inches.
This act set the gauge to be used by the railroads at four feet and eight and one-half inches, a gauge that had previously been used by George Stephenson in England for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway (1830) and was already popular with railroads in the Northeastern states. Due in part to the 1863 Act the gauge would come to be widely (but not universally) adopted in the United States and is known as standard gauge. A common gauge choice allowed easy transfer of cars between different railroad companies and facilitates trackage rights between companies.
Thurman ActEdit
An act of Congress (May 7, 1878, 20 Stat. 56), which became known as the Thurman Act, was an amendment to solve disputes over the railroad subsidies, revenues, and loan repayments consequential to the original act.[15]
^Report of the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph (Including a Minority Report and Proposed Pacific Railroad Acts) 34th Congress, 1st Session. Report #358, August 16, 1856
^CPRR Land Map 1924. CPRR.org. Retrieved on November 22, 2016.
^Executive Order of Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, Fixing the Point of Commencement of the Pacific Railroad at Council Bluffs, Iowa, March 7, 1864 38th Congress, 1st Session SENATE Ex. Doc. No. 27
^"Act of March 3, 1865". cprr.org. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
^Digital History. Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Retrieved on November 22, 2016.
^12 Stat. 807. CPPR.org (September 24, 2009). Retrieved on 2016-11-22.
^"United States v. Central Pac. R. Co". Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
Related primary source documents (external links)Edit
Full annotated texts of all Acts and Resolves passed by the Congress of the United States relating to the Pacific Railroad (1862–1874) Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
REPORT OF THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON THE PACIFIC RAILROAD AND TELEGRAPH Including a Minority Report & Proposed Pacific Railroad Acts, 34th Congress, 1st Session, House Report #358 (1856) Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
FIRST MORTGAGE BONDS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD Business Prospects and Operations of the Company, and Exhibit of Earnings, &c., for Quarter Ending Sept. 30, 1867. Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
The General Railroad Law of California. (May 20, 1861); Act to Aid in Carrying Out the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph Act of Congress. (April 4, 1864) Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
Abstract from the 1862 Annual Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office to the Secretary of the Interior relating to Government Land Grants under the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, Western Mineral Lands, and Surveying Estimates. Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
The Official "Date of Completion" of the Transcontinental Railroad under the Provisions of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, et seq., as Established by the Supreme Court of the United States to be November 6, 1869. (99 U.S. 402) 1879 Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF RAILROADS, made to the Secretary of the Interior, for the year ending June 30, 1883. Appendix 1. Transcontinental Railroads. History of Construction. RAILROAD GRANT ACTS. Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
Legislative History of the First Transcontinental Railroad Congressional Globe (1850–1873) Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
October 19, 2023
pacific, railroad, acts, 1862, were, series, acts, congress, that, promoted, construction, transcontinental, railroad, pacific, railroad, united, states, through, authorizing, issuance, government, bonds, grants, land, railroad, companies, 1853, department, un. The Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 were a series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of a transcontinental railroad the Pacific Railroad in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies In 1853 the War Department under then Secretary of War Jefferson Davis was authorized by the Congress to conduct surveys of five different potential transcontinental routes from the Mississippi ranging from north to south It submitted a massive twelve volume report to Congress with the results in early 1855 However no route or bill could be agreed upon and passed authorizing the Government s financial support and land grants until the secession of the southern states in 1861 removed their opposition to a central route The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 12 Stat 489 was the original act Some of its provisions were subsequently modified expanded or repealed by four additional amending Acts The Pacific Railroad Act of 1863 12 Stat 807 Pacific Railroad Act of 1864 13 Stat 356 Pacific Railroad Act of 1865 13 Stat 504 and Pacific Railroad Act of 1866 14 Stat 66 The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 began federal government grant of lands directly to corporations before that act the land grants were made to the states for the benefit of corporations Contents 1 Act of 1862 and amended 1864 65 2 Act of 1863 3 Thurman Act 4 See also 5 References 6 Related primary source documents external links Act of 1862 and amended 1864 65 EditPacific Railroad Act of 1862 nbsp Long titleAn Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal military and other purposesEnacted bythe 37th United States CongressCitationsStatutes at Large12 Stat 489Legislative historySigned into law by President Abraham Lincoln on July 1 1862Major amendmentsMarch 3 1863 1864 March 3 1865The original 1862 Act s long title was An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal military and other purposes It was based largely on a proposed bill originally reported six years earlier on August 16 1856 to the 34th Congress by the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph 1 Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on July 1 1862 the 1862 Act authorized extensive land grants 2 in the Western United States and the issuance of 30 year government bonds at 6 percent to the Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad later the Southern Pacific Railroad companies in order to construct a continuous transcontinental railroad between the eastern side of the Missouri River at Council Bluffs Iowa opposite from Omaha Nebraska 3 4 and the navigable waters of the Sacramento River in Sacramento California 5 Section 2 of the Act granted each Company contiguous rights of way for their rail lines as well as all public lands within 100 feet 30 m on either side of the track 6 Section 3 granted an additional 10 square miles 26 km of public land for every mile of grade except where railroads ran through cities or crossed rivers The method of apportioning these additional land grants was specified in the Act as being in the form of five alternate sections per mile on each side of said railroad on the line thereof and within the limits of ten miles on each side which thus provided the companies with a total of 6 400 acres 2 600 ha for each mile of their railroad The interspersed non granted area remained as public lands under the custody and control of the U S General Land Office 7 The U S Government Pacific Railroad Bonds were authorized by Section 5 to be issued to the companies at the rate of 16 000 per mile of tracked grade completed west of the designated base of the Sierra Nevadas and east of the designated base of the Rocky Mountains UPRR 8 Section 11 of the Act provided that the issuance of bonds shall be treble the number per mile to 48 000 for tracked grade completed over and within the two mountain ranges but limited to a total of 300 miles 480 km at this rate and doubled to 32 000 per mile of completed grade laid between the two mountain ranges 9 The 30 year U S government bonds authorized by the act would be issued and backed by the U S government which would then provide the capital raised to the railroad companies upon completion of sections of the railroads in exchange for a lien on that section The liens covered the railroads and all their fixtures and all the loans were repaid in full and with interest by the companies as and when they became due nbsp First and last pages of the original manuscript of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 12 Stat 489 signed by President Lincoln on July 1 1862 U S National Archives Section 10 of the 1864 amending Act 13 Statutes at Large 356 additionally authorized the two charter companies to issue their own First Mortgage Bonds 10 in total amounts up to but not exceeding that of the bonds issued by the United States and that such company issued securities would have priority over the original Government Bonds 11 The amending Act of March 3 1865 ratified and confirmed the assignment made by Central Pacific Railroad to Western Pacific Railroad to construct the westernmost leg of the Pacific Railroad from Sacramento to San Jose and authorized Western Pacific as one of the charter companies 12 From 1850 to 1871 the railroads received more than 175 million acres 71 million ha of public land an area more than one tenth of the whole United States and larger in area than Texas 13 Railroad expansion provided new avenues of migration into the American interior The railroads sold portions of their land to arriving settlers at a handsome profit Lands closest to the tracks drew the highest prices because farmers and ranchers wanted to locate near railway stations Act of 1863 EditThe act of March 3 1863 12 Sta 807 14 was AN ACT to establish the gauge of the Pacific railroad and its branches Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled That the gauge of the Pacific railroad and its branches throughout their whole extent from the Pacific coast to the Missouri river shall be and hereby is established at four feet eight and one half inches This act set the gauge to be used by the railroads at four feet and eight and one half inches a gauge that had previously been used by George Stephenson in England for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway 1830 and was already popular with railroads in the Northeastern states Due in part to the 1863 Act the gauge would come to be widely but not universally adopted in the United States and is known as standard gauge A common gauge choice allowed easy transfer of cars between different railroad companies and facilitates trackage rights between companies Thurman Act EditAn act of Congress May 7 1878 20 Stat 56 which became known as the Thurman Act was an amendment to solve disputes over the railroad subsidies revenues and loan repayments consequential to the original act 15 See also EditFirst transcontinental railroad Central Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad Western Pacific Railroad 1862 1870 Kansas Pacific Railway Co v Dunmeyer A court case stemming from a disputed land grant History of rail transport in the United StatesReferences Edit Report of the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph Including a Minority Report and Proposed Pacific Railroad Acts 34th Congress 1st Session Report 358 August 16 1856 CPRR Land Map 1924 CPRR org Retrieved on November 22 2016 12 Stat 489 8 CPRR org September 24 2009 Retrieved on 2016 11 22 Executive Order of Abraham Lincoln President of the United States Fixing the Point of Commencement of the Pacific Railroad at Council Bluffs Iowa March 7 1864 38th Congress 1st Session SENATE Ex Doc No 27 12 Stat 489 9 CPRR org September 24 2009 Retrieved on 2016 11 22 12 Stat 489 2 CPRR org September 24 2009 Retrieved on 2016 11 22 12 Stat 489 3 CPRR org September 24 2009 Retrieved on 2016 11 22 12 Stat 489 5 CPRR org September 24 2009 Retrieved on 2016 11 22 12 Stat 489 11 CPRR org September 24 2009 Retrieved on 2016 11 22 CPRR First Mortgage Bond Issue 1867 CPRR org April 25 2015 Retrieved on 2016 11 22 13 Stat 356 4 CPRR org September 24 2009 Retrieved on 2016 11 22 Act of March 3 1865 cprr org Retrieved 20 December 2020 Digital History Digitalhistory uh edu Retrieved on November 22 2016 12 Stat 807 CPPR org September 24 2009 Retrieved on 2016 11 22 United States v Central Pac R Co Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute Retrieved October 8 2019 Related primary source documents external links EditFull annotated texts of all Acts and Resolves passed by the Congress of the United States relating to the Pacific Railroad 1862 1874 Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum REPORT OF THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON THE PACIFIC RAILROAD AND TELEGRAPH Including a Minority Report amp Proposed Pacific Railroad Acts 34th Congress 1st Session House Report 358 1856 Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum FIRST MORTGAGE BONDS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD Business Prospects and Operations of the Company and Exhibit of Earnings amp c for Quarter Ending Sept 30 1867 Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum The General Railroad Law of California May 20 1861 Act to Aid in Carrying Out the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph Act of Congress April 4 1864 Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Abstract from the 1862 Annual Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office to the Secretary of the Interior relating to Government Land Grants under the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 Western Mineral Lands and Surveying Estimates Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum The Official Date of Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad under the Provisions of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 et seq as Established by the Supreme Court of the United States to be November 6 1869 99 U S 402 1879 Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF RAILROADS made to the Secretary of the Interior for the year ending June 30 1883 Appendix 1 Transcontinental Railroads History of Construction RAILROAD GRANT ACTS Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Legislative History of the First Transcontinental Railroad Congressional Globe 1850 1873 Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pacific Railroad Acts amp oldid 1119869094, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
