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Pilot report

January 01, 1970

A pilot report or PIREP is a report of actual flight or ground conditions encountered by an aircraft. Reports commonly include information about atmospheric conditions (like temperature, icing, turbulence) or airport conditions (like runway condition codes or ground equipment failures). This information is usually relayed by radio to the nearest ground station, but other options (e.g. electronic submission) also exist in some regions.[1] The message would then be encoded and relayed to other weather offices and air traffic service units.

Although the actual form used to record the PIREP may differ from one country to another, the standards and criteria will remain almost the same. At a minimum the PIREP must contain a header, aircraft location, time, flight level, aircraft type and one other field.

In recent years, a PIREP will also include UA or UUA used to identify the PIREP as routine or urgent.

Included data edit

Mandatory edit

  • UA or UUA used to identify the PIREP as routine or urgent (In Canada this is indicated by the prefix to the PIREP: "UACN01" for an urgent PIREP or "UACN10" for a normal PIREP)
  • /OV location of the PIREP, in relation to a NAVAID, an aerodrome or geographical coordinates
  • /TM time the PIREP was received from the pilot (UTC)
  • /FL flight level or altitude above sea level at the time the PIREP is filed; it is essential for turbulence and icing reports
  • /TP aircraft type; it is essential for turbulence and icing reports

Optional (at least one is required) edit

AIREP edit

Like PIREPs, Aircraft Reports (AIREP) are reports of actual weather conditions of an aircraft in flight. AIREPs are often automated reports, contrary to PIREPs. Likewise, a different encoding is used for either type.

Body edit

The message identifier "UA" is used when the PIREP contains non-hazardous weather information. If the PIREP contains a report of a tornado, funnel cloud, waterspout, severe turbulence, severe icing, hail, or a low-level wind shear hazard, the identifier "UUA" would be used.

The location (/OV) can be reported in one of three ways: as a direction and distance from a navigation aid (NAVAID), as a direction and distance from an airport, or as the latitude and longitude of the aircraft.

The time (/TM) used is the UTC time that the PIREP is reported.

The flight level (/FL) is reported as either a three digit value that indicates the altitude of the aircraft above sea level in hundreds of feet or can be one of three abbreviations: DURD (during descent or on approach), DURC (during climb or after takeoff) and UNKN (unknown).

Aircraft type (/TP) will be the approved ICAO designator, or UNKN if not reported.

Sky cover (/SK) is used to report the cloud layer amounts and the height of the cloud base. The tops of the cloud layers can also be included, as can more than one layer of cloud. Heights are in hundreds of feet above sea level and are three digits. Abbreviations used in this group are "CLR" (clear), "FEW" (few), "SCT" (scattered), "BKN" (broken) and "OVC" (overcast).[2]

Temperature (/TA) is the air temperature in whole degrees Celsius as a two-digit value, with negative temperatures preceded by a minus (-) sign. In the United States, negative temperatures are preceded by the letter M (M).[3][4]

Wind velocity (/WV) must contain both the wind speed and direction. Direction is reported as a three-digit value in whole degrees true and the wind speed in knots also in three digits.

Turbulence (/TB) and the intensity are reported in a PIREP based on the aircraft and occupants reaction to the turbulence. The altitude of the turbulence should be included using three-digit groups. When the top or the base of the turbulence is unknown then the abbreviation BLO (below) or ABV (above) should be used. Turbulence should be reported as LGT (light), MDT (moderate), SVR (severe) or in exceptional cases EXTRM (extreme). Clear-air turbulence is reported as CAT.

Icing (/IC) is reported by type and the intensity or rate of accretion. The type of ice is reported as "CLR" (clear), "RIME", or "MXD" (mixed). The intensity is reported as "TR" (trace), "LGT" (light), "MDT" (moderate), and "SVR" (severe). (Units are measured in MSL - MEAN SEA LEVEL)

Remarks (/RM) report on other weather conditions that are not covered in the rest of the PIREP may include such things as icing in precipitation, thunderstorms, St. Elmo's fire and frontal conditions. There are many other types of weather conditions that could be reported in a PIREP.

The above explanation of PIREP fields is Canadian. The United States version may also include a weather (/WX) group, while other countries may use other groups and measurements.

Examples of PIREPs edit

These examples are taken from the Canadian MANOBS (Manual of Surface Weather Observations) published by Environment Canada.[citation needed]

  • PIREP:
UACN10 CYQT 192128
YZ WG
UA /OV YSP 090025 /TM 2120 /FL050 /TP BE99 /SK 020BKN040 110OVC /TA -14 /WV 030045 /TB MDT CAT 060-080 /IC LGT RIME 020-040 /RM LGT FZRA INC
Decoded as:
Routine upper air report from Thunder Bay issued at 2128 UTC on the 19th of the month
YZ is Toronto and WG is Winnipeg: these are the Flight Information Regions where the PIREP was issued
Aircraft observation was 25 nmi (46 km) east (090 degrees radial) of the Marathon VOR/DME at 2120 UTC. The aircraft was at 5,000 ft (1,500 m) and is a Beech 99. The clouds were broken at 2,000 ft (610 m) AMSL with tops at 4,000 ft (1,200 m) and an overcast layer at 11,000 ft (3,400 m) AMSL. The temperature is −14 degrees Celsius and the winds are from the northeast (030 degrees true) at 45 kn (83 km/h). There is moderate clear air turbulence between 6,000 ft (1,800 m) and 8,000 ft (2,400 m). There is light rime icing between 2,000 ft (610 m) and 4,000 ft (1,200 m). Note this would indicate that the icing is picked up in the cloud. The remarks section says that light freezing rain was encountered in the cloud.
  • PIREP
UACN10 CYXU 032133
YZ
UA /OV YUX 09010 /TM 2120 /FL030 /TP C172 /TB MDT /RM MDT TURB BLO 050 CYKF CYXU
Decoded as:
Routine message from London, issued at 2133 UTC on the 3rd of the month
The Flight Information Region is Toronto
The aircraft was 10 nmi (19 km) east (090 degrees radial) of the London VOR at 2120 UTC. The aircraft was at 3,000 ft (910 m) and was a Cessna 172. The pilot reported moderate turbulence. The remarks says that the turbulence was below 5,000 ft (1,500 m) between Kitchener/Waterloo and London.

Soliciting PIREPs edit

In the US, air traffic controllers are required to solicit PIREPs upon request of other facilities or pilots, or when any of the following conditions exists or is forecast in their area:[5]

At least once hourly, terminal controllers must obtain a descent/climb-out PIREP, including cloud information and other related phenomena.

See also edit

  • AMDAR – aircraft meteorological data relay, a WMO FM-42 code for an automatic meteorological report from an aircraft
  • ACARS – ARINC Communications Addressing and Reporting System
  • SIGMET
  • AIRMET

References edit

  1. ^ Marsh, Alton K. (2014-07-28). "Historic pilot report made on way to Oshkosh". AOPA. Retrieved 2015-01-24.
  2. ^ Homepage, NOAA's National Weather Service-Aviation Weather Center. "AWC - Aviation Weather Center". www.aviationweather.gov.
  3. ^ https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentID/1030235 [bare URL]
  4. ^ http://www.faraim.org/aim/aim-4-03-14-472.html
  5. ^ Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-1-20 Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs)

External links edit

  • FAA Pilot Weather Report

January 01, 1970
pilot, report, this, article, uses, bare, urls, which, uninformative, vulnerable, link, please, consider, converting, them, full, citations, ensure, article, remains, verifiable, maintains, consistent, citation, style, several, templates, tools, available, ass. This article uses bare URLs which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting such as reFill documentation and Citation bot documentation August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this message A pilot report or PIREP is a report of actual flight or ground conditions encountered by an aircraft Reports commonly include information about atmospheric conditions like temperature icing turbulence or airport conditions like runway condition codes or ground equipment failures This information is usually relayed by radio to the nearest ground station but other options e g electronic submission also exist in some regions 1 The message would then be encoded and relayed to other weather offices and air traffic service units Although the actual form used to record the PIREP may differ from one country to another the standards and criteria will remain almost the same At a minimum the PIREP must contain a header aircraft location time flight level aircraft type and one other field In recent years a PIREP will also include UA or UUA used to identify the PIREP as routine or urgent Contents 1 Included data 1 1 Mandatory 1 2 Optional at least one is required 2 AIREP 3 Body 3 1 Examples of PIREPs 4 Soliciting PIREPs 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksIncluded data editMandatory edit UA or UUA used to identify the PIREP as routine or urgent In Canada this is indicated by the prefix to the PIREP UACN01 for an urgent PIREP or UACN10 for a normal PIREP OV location of the PIREP in relation to a NAVAID an aerodrome or geographical coordinates TM time the PIREP was received from the pilot UTC FL flight level or altitude above sea level at the time the PIREP is filed it is essential for turbulence and icing reports TP aircraft type it is essential for turbulence and icing reports Optional at least one is required edit SK sky cover TA ambient temperature important for icing reports WV wind vector referenced in terms of true north ICAO or magnetic north in the United States TB turbulence intensity whether it occurred in or near clouds and duration IC icing RM remarks WX flight visibility and weatherAIREP editLike PIREPs Aircraft Reports AIREP are reports of actual weather conditions of an aircraft in flight AIREPs are often automated reports contrary to PIREPs Likewise a different encoding is used for either type Body editThe message identifier UA is used when the PIREP contains non hazardous weather information If the PIREP contains a report of a tornado funnel cloud waterspout severe turbulence severe icing hail or a low level wind shear hazard the identifier UUA would be used The location OV can be reported in one of three ways as a direction and distance from a navigation aid NAVAID as a direction and distance from an airport or as the latitude and longitude of the aircraft The time TM used is the UTC time that the PIREP is reported The flight level FL is reported as either a three digit value that indicates the altitude of the aircraft above sea level in hundreds of feet or can be one of three abbreviations DURD during descent or on approach DURC during climb or after takeoff and UNKN unknown Aircraft type TP will be the approved ICAO designator or UNKN if not reported Sky cover SK is used to report the cloud layer amounts and the height of the cloud base The tops of the cloud layers can also be included as can more than one layer of cloud Heights are in hundreds of feet above sea level and are three digits Abbreviations used in this group are CLR clear FEW few SCT scattered BKN broken and OVC overcast 2 Temperature TA is the air temperature in whole degrees Celsius as a two digit value with negative temperatures preceded by a minus sign In the United States negative temperatures are preceded by the letter M M 3 4 Wind velocity WV must contain both the wind speed and direction Direction is reported as a three digit value in whole degrees true and the wind speed in knots also in three digits Turbulence TB and the intensity are reported in a PIREP based on the aircraft and occupants reaction to the turbulence The altitude of the turbulence should be included using three digit groups When the top or the base of the turbulence is unknown then the abbreviation BLO below or ABV above should be used Turbulence should be reported as LGT light MDT moderate SVR severe or in exceptional cases EXTRM extreme Clear air turbulence is reported as CAT Icing IC is reported by type and the intensity or rate of accretion The type of ice is reported as CLR clear RIME or MXD mixed The intensity is reported as TR trace LGT light MDT moderate and SVR severe Units are measured in MSL MEAN SEA LEVEL Remarks RM report on other weather conditions that are not covered in the rest of the PIREP may include such things as icing in precipitation thunderstorms St Elmo s fire and frontal conditions There are many other types of weather conditions that could be reported in a PIREP The above explanation of PIREP fields is Canadian The United States version may also include a weather WX group while other countries may use other groups and measurements Examples of PIREPs edit These examples are taken from the Canadian MANOBS Manual of Surface Weather Observations published by Environment Canada citation needed PIREP UACN10 CYQT 192128 YZ WG UA OV YSP 090025 TM 2120 FL050 TP BE99 SK 020BKN040 110OVC TA 14 WV 030045 TB MDT CAT 060 080 IC LGT RIME 020 040 RM LGT FZRA INC dd Decoded as Routine upper air report from Thunder Bay issued at 2128 UTC on the 19th of the month YZ is Toronto and WG is Winnipeg these are the Flight Information Regions where the PIREP was issued Aircraft observation was 25 nmi 46 km east 090 degrees radial of the Marathon VOR DME at 2120 UTC The aircraft was at 5 000 ft 1 500 m and is a Beech 99 The clouds were broken at 2 000 ft 610 m AMSL with tops at 4 000 ft 1 200 m and an overcast layer at 11 000 ft 3 400 m AMSL The temperature is 14 degrees Celsius and the winds are from the northeast 030 degrees true at 45 kn 83 km h There is moderate clear air turbulence between 6 000 ft 1 800 m and 8 000 ft 2 400 m There is light rime icing between 2 000 ft 610 m and 4 000 ft 1 200 m Note this would indicate that the icing is picked up in the cloud The remarks section says that light freezing rain was encountered in the cloud dd PIREP UACN10 CYXU 032133 YZ UA OV YUX 09010 TM 2120 FL030 TP C172 TB MDT RM MDT TURB BLO 050 CYKF CYXU dd Decoded as Routine message from London issued at 2133 UTC on the 3rd of the month The Flight Information Region is Toronto The aircraft was 10 nmi 19 km east 090 degrees radial of the London VOR at 2120 UTC The aircraft was at 3 000 ft 910 m and was a Cessna 172 The pilot reported moderate turbulence The remarks says that the turbulence was below 5 000 ft 1 500 m between Kitchener Waterloo and London dd Soliciting PIREPs editIn the US air traffic controllers are required to solicit PIREPs upon request of other facilities or pilots or when any of the following conditions exists or is forecast in their area 5 Ceilings at or below 5 000 feet 1 500 m Visibility at or less than 5 miles 8 0 km Thunderstorms and related phenomena Turbulence of moderate degree or greater Icing of light degree or greater Wind shear Volcanic ash clouds At least once hourly terminal controllers must obtain a descent climb out PIREP including cloud information and other related phenomena See also editAMDAR aircraft meteorological data relay a WMO FM 42 code for an automatic meteorological report from an aircraft ACARS ARINC Communications Addressing and Reporting System SIGMET AIRMETReferences editAeronautical Information Manual dated April 3 2014 p 472 Marsh Alton K 2014 07 28 Historic pilot report made on way to Oshkosh AOPA Retrieved 2015 01 24 Homepage NOAA s National Weather Service Aviation Weather Center AWC Aviation Weather Center www aviationweather gov https www faa gov regulations policies advisory circulars index cfm go document information documentID 1030235 bare URL http www faraim org aim aim 4 03 14 472 html Aeronautical Information Manual AIM 7 1 20 Pilot Weather Reports PIREPs External links editFAA Pilot Weather Report Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pilot report amp oldid 1132950656, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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