Pōmare II (?–1850) was originally called Whiria. He was a Māorirangatira (chief) of the Ngāpuhiiwi (tribe) in New Zealand and the leader of the Ngāti Manu hapu (subtribe) of the Ngāpuhi. He was the nephew of Pōmare I.[1] His mother, Haki, was the elder sister of Pōmare I.[1] When he succeeded his uncle as leader of the Ngāti Manu he took his uncle's names, Whetoi and Pōmare. He is referred to as Pōmare II, so as to distinguish him from his uncle.[1]
In 1830, Pōmare II's position as the principal chief of the Ngāti Manu was consolidated during the Girls' War, which is the name given to fighting on the beach at Russell, New Zealand, then known as Kororāreka, in March 1830 between northern and southern hapū of the Ngāpuhi. Pōmare II supported Kiwikiwi, the chief of the Ngāti Manu hapū of Kororāreka, when northern hapū led by Ururoa (also known as Rewharewha), a chief of Whangaroa and brother-in-law of the late Hongi Hika, raided the kūmara gardens at Kororāreka on 5 March 1830. Ururoa was supported by other chiefs from the various northern hapū, including Hone Heke and Rewa of the Ngāti Tawake hapū of Kerikeri.[2]
Henry Williams, William Williams and other members of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) came over the bay from Paihia to attempt to mediate an end to the fighting. The mediation efforts appeared promising, with the missionaries believing that the chiefs would accept that the plunder of the kūmara gardens at Kororāreka would suffice as satisfaction of the earlier insults to Pehi, the daughter of Hongi Hika, and Moewaka, the daughter of Rewa (the reason the battle is called the Girls’ War).[3]: 78–87 However, further fighting occurred, which resulted in the death of Hengi, a chief of Whangaroa. Eventually Henry Williams persuaded the warriors to stop the fighting. Reverend Samuel Marsden had arrived on a visit and over the following weeks he and Henry Williams attempted to negotiate a settlement in which Kororāreka would be ceded by Pōmare II to Tītore as compensation for the death of Hengi, which was accepted by those engaged in the fighting.[3]: 78–87
Events from the Girls' War to the Treaty of Waitangi
Pōmare II strengthened his pā at Otuihu to make it impregnable against any attack by the northern hapu of the Ngāpuhi who now controlled Kororāreka and he also worked to promote trade with the Europeans, who were described by Samual Marsden as "generally men of the most infamous character: runaway convicts, and sailors, and publicans, who have opened grogshops in the pas, where riot, drunkenness, and prostitution are carried out daily".[1][4] He quarreled with European settlors and seized their possessions as compensation. He seized Captain James Clendon's whaleboat in 1832.[1] However, he was usually on friendly terms with Clendon.[5] He also seized Thomas King's boat in 1833.[1] The latter event led to the mediation of the dispute by Henry Williams and the intervention of James Busby, the British Resident, which resulted in HMS Alligator anchoring off Pōmare's pā at Otuihu.
He also fought a three-month war with Tītore in 1837,[6] until a peace agreement was negotiated by Tareha.[1]Hōne Heke fought with Tītore against Pōmare II.[1][7] An underlying cause of the fighting was a dispute as to the boundary line of the Kororāreka block that had been surrendered as a consequence of the death of Hengi some seven years previously in the Girls’ War.[3]: 201–206
Customs duties were put in place in 1841, which Hōne Heke and Pōmare II viewed as damaging the maritime trade from which they benefited - each levied visiting ships a fee to anchor in the Bay of Islands and the imposition of the customs duties resulted in whaling and sealing ships choosing to avoid the Bay of Islands.[10] While Pōmare II had grievances as to the actions of the colonial government following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, he did not support Hōne Heke's actions in what is known as the Flagstaff War.
After the Battle of Kororāreka on 11 March 1845, when Hōne Heke and Te Ruki Kawiti and their warriors sacked Kororāreka and Heke cut down the flagstaff, the colonial government attempted to re-establish its authority. On 28 April 1845, troops, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William Hulme, arrived in the Bay of Islands.[11] The following day the military forces advanced on Pōmare's pā, notwithstanding Pomare's position of neutrality.[1] Letters of a treasonous nature from Pōmare to Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, intercepted, were said to have been the reason for targeting Pomare.[1]
The military forces advanced up to Pōmare's pā and a tense armed standoff. Pōmare acquiesced to requests to come to Hulme, who promptly took him prisoner. Tricked, Pomare then ordered his warriors not to resist and his people escaped into the surrounding bush. He was taken on board HMS North Star. This left the military forces open to enter, loot and burn the pā. This action caused considerable puzzlement since up until that time Pōmare had been considered neutral, by himself and almost everyone else. The military forces also burnt two pubs or grog shops which Pōmare had established within his pā to encourage the Pākehā settlers, sailors, whalers etc. to visit and trade with him. North Star moved on to Auckland.
He was released after the intervention of Tāmati Wāka Nene and he was paid compensation.[1] He remained neutral in the conflict between Hōne Heke and Te Ruki Kawiti against the colonial forces and their Ngāpuhi allies, who were led by Tāmati Wāka Nene.[1]
Legacy
Pōmare II became a Christian. He died in July or August 1850.[1]
^ abcdefghijklmnoBallara, Angela (1990). "Pōmare II". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
^Smith, Stephenson Percy (1910). "The Girls War (so called), 1830". Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century (2 ed.). Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs Limited – via NZETC.
^ abcCarleton, Hugh (1874). The Life of Henry Williams, Archdeacon of Waimate. Vol. 1. Auckland: Upton & Co. – via ENZB.
^Fitzgerald, Caroline (2011). "Letter of Samuel Marsden to the CMS, March 1837". Te Wiremu: Henry Williams—Early Years in the North. New Zealand: Huia Publishers. p. 276. ISBN978-1-86969-439-5.
^Rutherford, James (1966). "Clendon, James Reddy'". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand: An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock. Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
^Fitzgerald, Caroline (2004). "Letter of Samuel Marsden to the CMS, March 1837". Marianne Williams: Letters from the Bay of Islands. Penguin Books, New Zealand. p. 235. ISBN0-14-301929-5.
^Kawharu, Freda Rankin (1990). "Heke Pokai, Hone Wiremu". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
^"Original Correspondence: To the Editor of the Auckland Times. Narrative of Proceedings Leading to the Capture of Pomare". Auckland Times. Vol. 3, no. 124. 24 May 1845. p. 3.
^Roger, Blackley (1984). "Lance-Sergeant John Williams: Military Topographer of the Northern War". Art New Zealand. No. 32. pp. 50–53. Retrieved 17 January 2023 – via Art New Zealand.
^Cowan, James (1922). "3. Heke and the Flagstaff". The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period. Vol. 1, 1845–64. Wellington: R.E. Owen. p. 19 – via NZETC.
^Raugh, Harold E. (2004). The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 225–226. ISBN1-57607-925-2.
^Oliver, Steven (1990). "Pōmare, Hāre and Pomare, Hariata". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
January 25, 2023
pōmare, ngāpuhi, pōmare, 1850, originally, called, whiria, māori, rangatira, chief, ngāpuhi, tribe, zealand, leader, ngāti, manu, hapu, subtribe, ngāpuhi, nephew, pōmare, mother, haki, elder, sister, pōmare, when, succeeded, uncle, leader, ngāti, manu, took, u. Pōmare II 1850 was originally called Whiria He was a Maori rangatira chief of the Ngapuhi iwi tribe in New Zealand and the leader of the Ngati Manu hapu subtribe of the Ngapuhi He was the nephew of Pōmare I 1 His mother Haki was the elder sister of Pōmare I 1 When he succeeded his uncle as leader of the Ngati Manu he took his uncle s names Whetoi and Pōmare He is referred to as Pōmare II so as to distinguish him from his uncle 1 Contents 1 Girls War 1830 2 Events from the Girls War to the Treaty of Waitangi 3 Flagstaff War attack on the pa of Pōmare II 4 Legacy 5 ReferencesGirls War 1830 EditIn 1830 Pōmare II s position as the principal chief of the Ngati Manu was consolidated during the Girls War which is the name given to fighting on the beach at Russell New Zealand then known as Kororareka in March 1830 between northern and southern hapu of the Ngapuhi Pōmare II supported Kiwikiwi the chief of the Ngati Manu hapu of Kororareka when northern hapu led by Ururoa also known as Rewharewha a chief of Whangaroa and brother in law of the late Hongi Hika raided the kumara gardens at Kororareka on 5 March 1830 Ururoa was supported by other chiefs from the various northern hapu including Hone Heke and Rewa of the Ngati Tawake hapu of Kerikeri 2 Henry Williams William Williams and other members of the Church Missionary Society CMS came over the bay from Paihia to attempt to mediate an end to the fighting The mediation efforts appeared promising with the missionaries believing that the chiefs would accept that the plunder of the kumara gardens at Kororareka would suffice as satisfaction of the earlier insults to Pehi the daughter of Hongi Hika and Moewaka the daughter of Rewa the reason the battle is called the Girls War 3 78 87 However further fighting occurred which resulted in the death of Hengi a chief of Whangaroa Eventually Henry Williams persuaded the warriors to stop the fighting Reverend Samuel Marsden had arrived on a visit and over the following weeks he and Henry Williams attempted to negotiate a settlement in which Kororareka would be ceded by Pōmare II to Titore as compensation for the death of Hengi which was accepted by those engaged in the fighting 3 78 87 Events from the Girls War to the Treaty of Waitangi EditPōmare II strengthened his pa at Otuihu to make it impregnable against any attack by the northern hapu of the Ngapuhi who now controlled Kororareka and he also worked to promote trade with the Europeans who were described by Samual Marsden as generally men of the most infamous character runaway convicts and sailors and publicans who have opened grogshops in the pas where riot drunkenness and prostitution are carried out daily 1 4 He quarreled with European settlors and seized their possessions as compensation He seized Captain James Clendon s whaleboat in 1832 1 However he was usually on friendly terms with Clendon 5 He also seized Thomas King s boat in 1833 1 The latter event led to the mediation of the dispute by Henry Williams and the intervention of James Busby the British Resident which resulted in HMS Alligator anchoring off Pōmare s pa at Otuihu He also fought a three month war with Titore in 1837 6 until a peace agreement was negotiated by Tareha 1 Hōne Heke fought with Titore against Pōmare II 1 7 An underlying cause of the fighting was a dispute as to the boundary line of the Kororareka block that had been surrendered as a consequence of the death of Hengi some seven years previously in the Girls War 3 201 206 Pōmare II signed the Treaty of Waitangi on 17 February 1840 1 Flagstaff War attack on the pa of Pōmare II Edit Lt Col Hulme burns Otuihu whilst Pomare is held on board HMS North Star 30 April 1845 Artist John Williams 58th Regt 1845 Alexander Turnbull Library 8 9 Customs duties were put in place in 1841 which Hōne Heke and Pōmare II viewed as damaging the maritime trade from which they benefited each levied visiting ships a fee to anchor in the Bay of Islands and the imposition of the customs duties resulted in whaling and sealing ships choosing to avoid the Bay of Islands 10 While Pōmare II had grievances as to the actions of the colonial government following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi he did not support Hōne Heke s actions in what is known as the Flagstaff War After the Battle of Kororareka on 11 March 1845 when Hōne Heke and Te Ruki Kawiti and their warriors sacked Kororareka and Heke cut down the flagstaff the colonial government attempted to re establish its authority On 28 April 1845 troops under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William Hulme arrived in the Bay of Islands 11 The following day the military forces advanced on Pōmare s pa notwithstanding Pomare s position of neutrality 1 Letters of a treasonous nature from Pōmare to Pōtatau Te Wherowhero intercepted were said to have been the reason for targeting Pomare 1 The military forces advanced up to Pōmare s pa and a tense armed standoff Pōmare acquiesced to requests to come to Hulme who promptly took him prisoner Tricked Pomare then ordered his warriors not to resist and his people escaped into the surrounding bush He was taken on board HMS North Star This left the military forces open to enter loot and burn the pa This action caused considerable puzzlement since up until that time Pōmare had been considered neutral by himself and almost everyone else The military forces also burnt two pubs or grog shops which Pōmare had established within his pa to encourage the Pakeha settlers sailors whalers etc to visit and trade with him North Star moved on to Auckland He was released after the intervention of Tamati Waka Nene and he was paid compensation 1 He remained neutral in the conflict between Hōne Heke and Te Ruki Kawiti against the colonial forces and their Ngapuhi allies who were led by Tamati Waka Nene 1 Legacy EditPōmare II became a Christian He died in July or August 1850 1 Hare Pomare 1864 was the son of Pōmare II 1 12 References Edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Ballara Angela 1990 Pōmare II Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand Dictionary of New Zealand Biography Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga Retrieved 9 January 2017 Smith Stephenson Percy 1910 The Girls War so called 1830 Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century 2 ed Christchurch Whitcombe and Tombs Limited via NZETC a b c Carleton Hugh 1874 The Life of Henry Williams Archdeacon of Waimate Vol 1 Auckland Upton amp Co via ENZB Fitzgerald Caroline 2011 Letter of Samuel Marsden to the CMS March 1837 Te Wiremu Henry Williams Early Years in the North New Zealand Huia Publishers p 276 ISBN 978 1 86969 439 5 Rutherford James 1966 Clendon James Reddy Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand edited by A H McLintock Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga Retrieved 17 January 2023 Fitzgerald Caroline 2004 Letter of Samuel Marsden to the CMS March 1837 Marianne Williams Letters from the Bay of Islands Penguin Books New Zealand p 235 ISBN 0 14 301929 5 Kawharu Freda Rankin 1990 Heke Pokai Hone Wiremu Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand Dictionary of New Zealand Biography Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga Retrieved 9 January 2017 Original Correspondence To the Editor of the Auckland Times Narrative of Proceedings Leading to the Capture of Pomare Auckland Times Vol 3 no 124 24 May 1845 p 3 Roger Blackley 1984 Lance Sergeant John Williams Military Topographer of the Northern War Art New Zealand No 32 pp 50 53 Retrieved 17 January 2023 via Art New Zealand Cowan James 1922 3 Heke and the Flagstaff The New Zealand Wars A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period Vol 1 1845 64 Wellington R E Owen p 19 via NZETC Raugh Harold E 2004 The Victorians at War 1815 1914 An Encyclopedia of British Military History ABC CLIO pp 225 226 ISBN 1 57607 925 2 Oliver Steven 1990 Pōmare Hare and Pomare Hariata Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand Dictionary of New Zealand Biography Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga Retrieved 9 January 2017 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pōmare II Ngapuhi amp oldid 1134079582, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
