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Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods

January 01, 1970

Most of the food items which define modern North Indian and Subcontinental cooking have origins inside the Indian subcontinent though many foods that are now a part of them are based on fruits and vegetables that originated outside the Indian subcontinent.

Potato (Aloo)
Tomato (Tamatar)
Okra (Bhindi)
Cauliflower (Phool Gobhi)
Taro (Arbi)

Vegetable origins edit

Vegetable Hindi name Tamil name Telugu name Kannada name Origin Likely time of introduction Notes
Bitter Melon karela Paavarkai Kaakara kaaya Haagalu kaayi Africa[1]
Cabbage Patta Gobhi Muṭṭaikkōs Ele koosu Possibly European During colonial times[2] Derived from Wild Mustard
Calabash Lauki/Pankaj Curaikkāy Anapukaya,sorakaya Sore kaayi China/Japan[3]
Cauliflower Phool Gobhi kosu puvvu Hoo kosu Cyprus[4][5] 1822 CE[6]
Chili pepper Mirch Miḷakāy mirapakaya Menasina kaayi Mesoamerica [7] 1550 CE[7] india
Coriander Dhaniya Kottamalli kotthimeera Kothamari soppu North Africa [8] or Mediterranean 1000 AD [9] by Arabs Mentioned in ancient Egypt
Brinjal Baingan Kattirikkāy vankaya Badane kaayi India/China[10]
Fenugreek Methi Ventayam menthi koora Menthya Near East [11] 326 BC [12] Alexander's campaign to India
Garlic Lahsoon Pūṇṭu Velluli/Elligadda Belluli possibly Middle East [13] Unknown
Lemon Neembú Elumiccai nimmakaya Nimbe hannu South China or Northeastern India[14] 2000-1000 BC[14] Lemon seeds found in the Harappan Bara culture excavations indicate time of spread[14]
Moringa Muruṅkai Munakkaada Nugge kaayi India
Okra Bhindi Veṇṭaikkāy Bendakaaya Bende kaayi Highlands of Ethiopia and india[15] 100-500 CE[15]
Onion Pyaaz Veṅkāyam Ulligadda,ullipaya,erragadda Eerulli India [citation needed] Unknown, but present by 500 BCE[16] Mentioned in the Charaka Samhita
Potato Aloo Uruḷaikkiḻaṅku Bangala Dumpa/Aloo Gadda Aloo gadde South America (Peru/Bolivia) [17] 1600 CE Likely introduced by Portuguese traders
Sweet Potato Shakarkand Iṉippu uruḷaikkiḻaṅku Chilagada dumpa Sihi genasu South America [18] 1600 CE) Via Portugal
Taro Arbi / Arwi/ Guhiyaan Seppankizhangu Chaamadumpa, chaamagadda Unknown (India, Polynesia or SE Asia) Unknown
Tomato Tamatar Takkāḷi Tamata / rama phalam Goode hannu Latin America (Mexico to Peru) [19] 1600 CE Likely introduced by Portuguese traders
Turnip Shalgham Ṭarṉip Gedde kosu West Asia or Eastern Europe [citation needed] 1500 BC Very early presence in the South Asia
Yam Zimikand/Suran/kachalu/banda Karunai kizhangu Kanda Genasu Africa/Asia [citation needed] 7000 BCE Different types of yams by taste, colour, size, skin, acidity

Fruit origins edit

Fruit Hindi Name Telugu Name Tamil Name Origin Likely time of introduction Notes
Apple Seb Āppiḷ Central Asia (Kazakhstan) [20] Unknown
Mango Aam Mamidi Pandu Māṅkaṉi India Unknown Mango is mentioned by Hendrik van Rheede, the Dutch commander of the Malabar region in his 1678 book
Mulberry Shehtoot/Toot Malperi China/Japan Unknown Its white type is toxic whereas red is very sweet
Orange Santara [citation needed] Kamalapandu Ārañcu India Unknown A sweeter Indian variety was introduced by the Portuguese in Europe (ca. 15th century)
Plum Aloo Bokhara Piḷam Armenia Unknown
Tamarind Hunase Hannu/ Imli Chintakaya/Chintapandu Puḷi Africa Unknown Known for savourish taste, the fruit has mention since Harappan times
Tangerine Narangi Narinja Pandu Ṭēṅkariṉ China Unknown

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Renner, Susanne S. (2020-10-06). "Bitter gourd from Africa expanded to Southeast Asia and was domesticated there: A new insight from parallel studies". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (40): 24630–24631. doi:10.1073/pnas.2014454117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7547224. PMID 32994347.
  2. ^ Dabholkar, A. R. (2006). General Plant Breeding. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-8069-242-0.
  3. ^ Erickson, David L.; Smith, Bruce D.; Clarke, Andrew C.; Sandweiss, Daniel H.; Tuross, Noreen (2005-12-20). "An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (51): 18315–18320. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509279102. PMC 1311910. PMID 16352716.
  4. ^ Fenwick, G. Roger; Heaney, Robert K.; Mullin, W. John; VanEtten, Cecil H. (1983-01-01). "Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants". C R C Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 18 (2): 123–201. doi:10.1080/10408398209527361. ISSN 0099-0248. PMID 6337782.
  5. ^ "Cabbage Flowers for Food | Archives | Aggie Horticulture". aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
  6. ^ Gopalakrishnan, T. R. (2007). Vegetable Crops. New India Publishing. ISBN 978-81-89422-41-7.
  7. ^ a b 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden, Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, pp. 126, ISBN 9781586852504, .India, hot peppers were dispersed by the earliest explorers to the Iberian Peninsula ... being cultivated in India by the sixteenth century, with three varieties growing in India by 1542 ...
  8. ^ "Book sources", Wikipedia, retrieved 2021-09-09
  9. ^ "Cuisine and Diplomacy". www.mea.gov.in. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
  10. ^ "Solanum melongena L. GRIN-Global". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
  11. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 122.
  12. ^ "Fennel, Fenugreek and Coriander: 3 Spices that You Thought Were Indian but Aren't". NDTV Food. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
  13. ^ Zohary, Daniel (2000). Domestication of plants in the old world : the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-19-850357-6.
  14. ^ a b c Indian Archaeology in Retrospect: Protohistory, archaeology of the Harappan civilization, Shadaksharappa Settar, Ravi Korisettar, Indian Council of Historical Research, 2002, ISBN 978-81-7304-320-8, ... The only early archaeobotanical evidence for Citrus fruits comes from the Late Harappan (Bara phase) site of Sanghol in Punjab where seeds of lemon (C. limon (L.) Burm. f.) have been reported (Saraswat and Chanchala 1997). This is of great interest as these fruits are thought to have been domesticated somewhere in the area spanning from north-eastern India to south China and South-East Asia, although there remains no firm evidence for precisely where or when ... suggests that lemons diffused westwards, presumably along the Ganga Valley in the early second millennium BC. Further west, in South-West Asia, the citron (C. medical L.) occurs as early as c. 1200 BC, while the lemon arrives later in the first millennium AD ...
  15. ^ a b 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden, Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, ISBN 9781586852504, ... Ancient varieties of okra can still be found growing wild from Ethiopia to the White Nile in Egypt, and this interesting food plant is believed to have originated in Ethiopia. In the absence of any ancient Indian names for it, modern botanists believe it found its way to India ... about AD 200 ...
  16. ^ 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden, Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, pp. 84, ISBN 9781586852504, ... In India, as early as the sixth century BC, the famous herbal treatise Charaka-Sanhita celebrates the onion as good for the heart, the eyes, and the joints ...
  17. ^ "Finding rewrites the evolutionary history of the origin of potatoes". news.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
  18. ^ Geneflow 2009. Bioversity International. ISBN 978-92-9043-813-7.
  19. ^ Smith, Andrew F. (1994). The tomato in America : early history, culture, and cookery. Internet Archive. Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-000-0.
  20. ^ Duan, Naibin; Bai, Yang; Sun, Honghe; Wang, Nan; Ma, Yumin; Li, Mingjun; Wang, Xin; Jiao, Chen; Legall, Noah; Mao, Linyong; Wan, Sibao (August 2017). "Genome re-sequencing reveals the history of apple and supports a two-stage model for fruit enlargement". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 249. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8..249D. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00336-7. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5557836. PMID 28811498.

Further reading edit

  • "Domestication of plants in the Old World," Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Oxford University Press, 2000.
  • "History of Food," Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, Blackwell Publishing, 1994.
  • "Culture and Cuisine: A Journey Through the History of Food," Jean François Revel, Doubleday, 1982.
  • "The Agrarian History of England and Wales," Edward John T. Collins, Stuart Piggott, Joan Thirsk, Cambridge University Press, 1981.

January 01, 1970
origins, north, indian, pakistani, foods, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, s. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2020 Learn how and when to remove this message Most of the food items which define modern North Indian and Subcontinental cooking have origins inside the Indian subcontinent though many foods that are now a part of them are based on fruits and vegetables that originated outside the Indian subcontinent Potato Aloo Tomato Tamatar Okra Bhindi Cauliflower Phool Gobhi Taro Arbi Contents 1 Vegetable origins 2 Fruit origins 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingVegetable origins editVegetable Hindi name Tamil name Telugu name Kannada name Origin Likely time of introduction Notes Bitter Melon karela Paavarkai Kaakara kaaya Haagalu kaayi Africa 1 Cabbage Patta Gobhi Muṭṭaikkōs Ele koosu Possibly European During colonial times 2 Derived from Wild Mustard Calabash Lauki Pankaj Curaikkay Anapukaya sorakaya Sore kaayi China Japan 3 Cauliflower Phool Gobhi kosu puvvu Hoo kosu Cyprus 4 5 1822 CE 6 Chili pepper Mirch Miḷakay mirapakaya Menasina kaayi Mesoamerica 7 1550 CE 7 india Coriander Dhaniya Kottamalli kotthimeera Kothamari soppu North Africa 8 or Mediterranean 1000 AD 9 by Arabs Mentioned in ancient Egypt Brinjal Baingan Kattirikkay vankaya Badane kaayi India China 10 Fenugreek Methi Ventayam menthi koora Menthya Near East 11 326 BC 12 Alexander s campaign to India Garlic Lahsoon Puṇṭu Velluli Elligadda Belluli possibly Middle East 13 Unknown Lemon Neembu Elumiccai nimmakaya Nimbe hannu South China or Northeastern India 14 2000 1000 BC 14 Lemon seeds found in the Harappan Bara culture excavations indicate time of spread 14 Moringa Muruṅkai Munakkaada Nugge kaayi India Okra Bhindi Veṇṭaikkay Bendakaaya Bende kaayi Highlands of Ethiopia and india 15 100 500 CE 15 Onion Pyaaz Veṅkayam Ulligadda ullipaya erragadda Eerulli India citation needed Unknown but present by 500 BCE 16 Mentioned in the Charaka Samhita Potato Aloo Uruḷaikkiḻaṅku Bangala Dumpa Aloo Gadda Aloo gadde South America Peru Bolivia 17 1600 CE Likely introduced by Portuguese traders Sweet Potato Shakarkand Iṉippu uruḷaikkiḻaṅku Chilagada dumpa Sihi genasu South America 18 1600 CE Via Portugal Taro Arbi Arwi Guhiyaan Seppankizhangu Chaamadumpa chaamagadda Unknown India Polynesia or SE Asia Unknown Tomato Tamatar Takkaḷi Tamata rama phalam Goode hannu Latin America Mexico to Peru 19 1600 CE Likely introduced by Portuguese traders Turnip Shalgham Ṭarṉip Gedde kosu West Asia or Eastern Europe citation needed 1500 BC Very early presence in the South Asia Yam Zimikand Suran kachalu banda Karunai kizhangu Kanda Genasu Africa Asia citation needed 7000 BCE Different types of yams by taste colour size skin acidityFruit origins editFruit Hindi Name Telugu Name Tamil Name Origin Likely time of introduction Notes Apple Seb Appiḷ Central Asia Kazakhstan 20 Unknown Mango Aam Mamidi Pandu Maṅkaṉi India Unknown Mango is mentioned by Hendrik van Rheede the Dutch commander of the Malabar region in his 1678 book Mulberry Shehtoot Toot Malperi China Japan Unknown Its white type is toxic whereas red is very sweet Orange Santara citation needed Kamalapandu Arancu India Unknown A sweeter Indian variety was introduced by the Portuguese in Europe ca 15th century Plum Aloo Bokhara Piḷam Armenia Unknown Tamarind Hunase Hannu Imli Chintakaya Chintapandu Puḷi Africa Unknown Known for savourish taste the fruit has mention since Harappan times Tangerine Narangi Narinja Pandu Ṭeṅkariṉ China UnknownSee also edit nbsp India portal nbsp Pakistan portal Indian cuisine North Indian cuisineReferences edit Renner Susanne S 2020 10 06 Bitter gourd from Africa expanded to Southeast Asia and was domesticated there A new insight from parallel studies Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117 40 24630 24631 doi 10 1073 pnas 2014454117 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 7547224 PMID 32994347 Dabholkar A R 2006 General Plant Breeding Concept Publishing Company ISBN 978 81 8069 242 0 Erickson David L Smith Bruce D Clarke Andrew C Sandweiss Daniel H Tuross Noreen 2005 12 20 An Asian origin for a 10 000 year old domesticated plant in the Americas Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 51 18315 18320 doi 10 1073 pnas 0509279102 PMC 1311910 PMID 16352716 Fenwick G Roger Heaney Robert K Mullin W John VanEtten Cecil H 1983 01 01 Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants C R C Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 18 2 123 201 doi 10 1080 10408398209527361 ISSN 0099 0248 PMID 6337782 Cabbage Flowers for Food Archives Aggie Horticulture aggie horticulture tamu edu Retrieved 2021 09 09 Gopalakrishnan T R 2007 Vegetable Crops New India Publishing ISBN 978 81 89422 41 7 a b 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden Jack E Staub Ellen Buchert Gibbs Smith 2005 pp 126 ISBN 9781586852504 India hot peppers were dispersed by the earliest explorers to the Iberian Peninsula being cultivated in India by the sixteenth century with three varieties growing in India by 1542 Book sources Wikipedia retrieved 2021 09 09 Cuisine and Diplomacy www mea gov in Retrieved 2021 09 09 Solanum melongena L GRIN Global npgsweb ars grin gov Retrieved 2021 09 09 Zohary Daniel Hopf Maria Weiss Ehud 2012 Domestication of Plants in the Old World The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia Europe and the Mediterranean Basin 4th ed Oxford University Press p 122 Fennel Fenugreek and Coriander 3 Spices that You Thought Were Indian but Aren t NDTV Food Retrieved 2021 09 09 Zohary Daniel 2000 Domestication of plants in the old world the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia Europe and the Nile Valley 3rd ed Oxford Oxford University Press p 197 ISBN 978 0 19 850357 6 a b c Indian Archaeology in Retrospect Protohistory archaeology of the Harappan civilization Shadaksharappa Settar Ravi Korisettar Indian Council of Historical Research 2002 ISBN 978 81 7304 320 8 The only early archaeobotanical evidence for Citrus fruits comes from the Late Harappan Bara phase site of Sanghol in Punjab where seeds of lemon C limon L Burm f have been reported Saraswat and Chanchala 1997 This is of great interest as these fruits are thought to have been domesticated somewhere in the area spanning from north eastern India to south China and South East Asia although there remains no firm evidence for precisely where or when suggests that lemons diffused westwards presumably along the Ganga Valley in the early second millennium BC Further west in South West Asia the citron C medical L occurs as early as c 1200 BC while the lemon arrives later in the first millennium AD a b 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden Jack E Staub Ellen Buchert Gibbs Smith 2005 ISBN 9781586852504 Ancient varieties of okra can still be found growing wild from Ethiopia to the White Nile in Egypt and this interesting food plant is believed to have originated in Ethiopia In the absence of any ancient Indian names for it modern botanists believe it found its way to India about AD 200 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden Jack E Staub Ellen Buchert Gibbs Smith 2005 pp 84 ISBN 9781586852504 In India as early as the sixth century BC the famous herbal treatise Charaka Sanhita celebrates the onion as good for the heart the eyes and the joints Finding rewrites the evolutionary history of the origin of potatoes news wisc edu Retrieved 2021 09 10 Geneflow 2009 Bioversity International ISBN 978 92 9043 813 7 Smith Andrew F 1994 The tomato in America early history culture and cookery Internet Archive Columbia S C University of South Carolina Press ISBN 978 1 57003 000 0 Duan Naibin Bai Yang Sun Honghe Wang Nan Ma Yumin Li Mingjun Wang Xin Jiao Chen Legall Noah Mao Linyong Wan Sibao August 2017 Genome re sequencing reveals the history of apple and supports a two stage model for fruit enlargement Nature Communications 8 1 249 Bibcode 2017NatCo 8 249D doi 10 1038 s41467 017 00336 7 ISSN 2041 1723 PMC 5557836 PMID 28811498 Further reading edit Domestication of plants in the Old World Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf Oxford University Press 2000 History of Food Maguelonne Toussaint Samat Blackwell Publishing 1994 Culture and Cuisine A Journey Through the History of Food Jean Francois Revel Doubleday 1982 The Agrarian History of England and Wales Edward John T Collins Stuart Piggott Joan Thirsk Cambridge University Press 1981 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods amp oldid 1218567054, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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