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Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion

November 30, 2023

The ordination of women in the Anglican Communion has been increasingly common in certain provinces since the 1970s. Several provinces, however, and certain dioceses within otherwise ordaining provinces, continue to ordain only men. Disputes over the ordination of women have contributed to the establishment and growth of progressive tendencies, such as the Anglican realignment and Continuing Anglican movements.

Some provinces within the Anglican Communion ordain women to the three traditional holy orders of deacon, priest and bishop. Other provinces ordain women as deacons and priests but not as bishops; others are still as deacons only.

The Anglican Church of Australia General Synod legislated that women could be ordained as deacons (1985)[1] and priests (1992)[2] and the Appellate Tribunal agreed to bishops (2007)[3] but left the decision to ordain women to those orders to individual dioceses.[4][5][6][7][8][9] Within provinces that permit the ordination of women, approval of enabling legislation is largely a diocesan responsibility. There may, however, be individual dioceses that do not endorse the legislation or do so only in a modified form, as in those dioceses which ordain women only to the diaconate (such as the Diocese of Sydney in the Anglican Church of Australia), regardless of whether or not the ordination of women to all three orders of ministry is canonically possible.

Overview edit

The current situation regarding women's ordination in the Anglican Communion can be seen in the following table, which lists the 38 member churches and the 6 extra-provincial churches:

Province Ordination of female deacons permitted First female deacon Ordination of female priests permitted First female priest Consecration of female bishops permitted First female bishop Ref.
Australia 1985 1986 1992 1992 2007[a] 2008 [9][10][11]
Bangladesh             [12][13]
Brazil 1983 1984 1983 1985 1983 2018 [12][14][15][16][17]
Burundi             [12][18][19]
Canada 1969 1969 1975 1976 1986 1994[b] [20][21]
Central Africa 2023   2023   ?   [12][22]

[23]

Central America             [12][24]
Congo[c]     ? ?     [12][27]
England 1985 1987 1992 1994 2014 2015 [29][30][31]
Hong Kong     1971 1944[d]     [12][32][33]
Indian Ocean 2002   2006 2006     [12][34]
Ireland 1984 1987 1990 1990 1990 2013 [35][36][37]
Japan     1998 1998   2022 [12][38][39][40]
Jerusalem and the Middle East     2011 2011     [12][41][42][43]
Kenya   1983 1990 1992 2014 2021 [12][27][44][45][46]
Korea 2005   2008       [12][47][48][49]
Melanesia             [27][50]
Mexico           2021 (elected) [14][51][52]
Myanmar (Burma)         ?   [53]
New Zealand and Polynesia     1976[e] 1977   1990 -
Nigeria   ?         [12][26]
North India       1984     [12][56]
Pakistan   2000         [12][41][57]
Papua New Guinea             [18]
Philippines             [12][58]
Rwanda   1996   ?     [12][59]
Scotland 1986 1986 1994 1994 2003 2018 [60]
Southern Africa 1982   1992 1996   2012 [27][61][62]
South America     2015 2015     [12][63]
South East Asia             [64]
South India           2013 [65]
South Sudan 2000   2000   2000 2016 [66][67]
Sudan 2000   2000   2000   [66]
Tanzania             [12][68]
Uganda   1983         [18][69][70]
United States 1970   1976 1974[f] 1976 1989 [44][73]
Wales 1980 1980 1996 1997 2013 2017[74] [75][76][77]
West Africa 1987 1987 2000       [12][18][69][78]
West Indies 1992 1994 1995 1996     [12][79][80][81][82]
Bermuda (extra-provincial)[g]   ? 2009 ? ? ? [83]
Ceylon (Sri Lanka; extra-provincial)[g]   2003   2006 ?   [84][85][86][87]
Cuba (extra-provincial)[h]   1986   1990   2007 [12][88][89]
Falkland Islands (extra-provincial)[i] ? ? ? ? — —
Portugal (extra-provincial)[g]   1997 ? ? ? ? [90]
Spain (extra-provincial)[g]         ?  

Note that provinces are categorised above according to the overall provincial policy on the ordination of women. In provinces where individual dioceses have considerable autonomy (e.g. the Anglican Church of Australia), some dioceses may be less permissive than the province overall.

Ordination of priests edit

Hong Kong and Macao edit

The first woman ordained to the priesthood in the Anglican Communion was Florence Li Tim-Oi, who was ordained on 25 January 1944 by Ronald Hall, Bishop of Victoria, Hong Kong, in response to the crisis among Anglican Christians in China caused by the Japanese invasion. To avoid controversy, she resigned her licence (though not her priestly orders) after the end of the war.

In 1971, the Synod of Hong Kong and Macao became the first Anglican province to officially permit the ordination of women to the priesthood. Jane Hwang and Joyce M. Bennett were ordained as priests by Gilbert Baker, Bishop of Hong Kong and Macao on 28 November 1971. At the same time, Li Tim-Oi was officially recognised again as a priest.[91]

United States edit

In 1974, in the United States, 11 women (known as the "Philadelphia Eleven") were controversially ordained to the priesthood in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by three retired Episcopal Church bishops (Daniel Corrigan, Robert L. DeWitt and Edward R. Welles II). Four more women (the "Washington Four") were ordained in 1975 in Washington D.C. by George W. Barrett, retired Bishop of Rochester, New York. All of these ordinations were ruled "irregular" because they had been done without the authorisation of the Episcopal Church's General Convention. The ordinations were regularised in 1976 following the approval by the General Convention of measures to provide for the ordination of women to the priesthood and the episcopate.[92] The first regular ordination occurred on 1 January 1977, when Jacqueline Means was ordained at the Episcopal Church of All Saints, Indianapolis.[93]

Canada edit

In 1975, the General Synod of the Anglican Church of Canada (ACC) passed enabling legislation for women priests; the first six women priests in the ACC were ordained on 30 November 1976.[94]

New Zealand edit

In 1977, the Anglican Church in New Zealand ordained five female priests.[95]

Kenya edit

In 1980, the Anglican Church of Kenya agreed in principle that women could be ordained and that each diocese was to be autonomous in taking up the issue. In 1983, Henry Okullu, bishop of the Diocese of Maseno South in the Anglican Church of Kenya, ordained Lucia Okuthe as a priest.[96] In the same year, William Rukirande, Bishop of Kigezi in the Church of Uganda, ordained three women as priests, Monica Sebidega, Deborah Micungwa Rukara, and Margaret Kizanye Byekwaso.[97] Formal legislation for the ordination of women as priests was ultimately approved in both provinces in 1990.

Ireland edit

In 1990, Janet Catterall became the first woman ordained an Anglican priest in Ireland.[98]

Australia edit

In 1992, the general synod of the Anglican Church of Australia approved legislation allowing dioceses to decide whether to ordain women to the priesthood. In the same year, 90 women were ordained in Australia and three others who had been ordained overseas were recognised.[99]

While the ordination of women to the diaconate and priesthood had been raised in Australia in the 1960s and earlier; during the 1980s and 1990s there was significant ongoing debate in the Anglican Church of Australia about the ordination of women, especially to the priesthood, with bills put to the General Synod to enable ordination.[6][7][1][2][100][101] The debate and arguments for and against were reported in the mainstream media as well as in church newspapers. Individual bishops, dioceses, clergy and churches spoke and wrote publicly about their support or rejection of female deacons and priests.[102][103][104][105][106][107] Advocacy organisations formed for and against the proposal to ordain women including (for) Anglican Women Concerned, Action Group for Women's Ordination, the Movement for the Ordination of Women, Men, Women and God: Christians for Biblical Equality, Women and Holy Orders? in Adelaide and (against) Women Against the Ordination of Women, Association for Apostolic Ministry, Equal but Different, the Union of Anglican Catholic Priests, South Australia and the Campaign for the Historic Anglican Male Priesthood in Brisbane.[6][7][108][109][110][111][112][113]

By 2023 only two (Sydney and North-West Australia) of the 23 dioceses have never ordained women as priests. A third diocese (Armidale) has ordained two women as priests but limited their service to the Anglican girls school and does not ordain women as priests for its churches.

South Africa edit

Also in 1992, the Anglican Church of Southern Africa authorised the ordination of women as priests and, in September that year, Nancy Charton, Bride Dickson and Sue Groves were ordained in the Diocese of Grahamstown.

England edit

Also in 1992, the General Synod of the Church of England passed a vote to ordain women; however, it proved controversial. The Act of Synod, passed in 1993, along with further legislation, allowed parishes to not accept ordained women. In 1994 England's first thirty-two women were ordained as priests.[114] The experience of the first women priests and their congregations was the premise of the television programme The Vicar of Dibley.[115] The legality of the ordination of women in the Church of England was challenged in civil courts by Paul Williamson and others. By 2004, one in five priests was a woman.[114]

Barbados/West Indies edit

In 1994, in the Diocese of Barbados, Sonia Hinds and Beverley Sealy became the first women to be ordained as deacons in the Church in the Province of the West Indies on 25 July, the Feast of St James. On 31 May 1996, on the Feast of the Visitation of Mary to Elizabeth, both women were ordained as priests. Rufus Brome, the first Barbadian-born bishop, presided at both ordinations at the Cathedral of St Michael and All Angels in Bridgetown, Barbados.

Philippines edit

In 1997, Rosalina Villaruel Rabaria became the first woman ordained in the Philippines Independent Church, in the Diocese of Aklan and Capiz on 9 February.

South America edit

In 2015, Bolivia became the first diocese in the Anglican Province of South America (formerly known as the Southern Cone) to ordain women as priests.[116]

Also in 2015, Susana Lopez Lerena, Cynthia Myers Dickin, and Audrey Taylor Gonzalez became the first women Anglican priests ordained in the Diocese of Uruguay.[116]

Ordination of bishops edit

See also: List of female Anglican bishops

Episcopal Church in the United States edit

 
Katharine Jefferts Schori, Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church (2006–2015), the first female primate in the Anglican Communion[117]

The first woman to become a bishop in the Anglican Communion was Barbara Harris, who was ordained suffragan bishop of Massachusetts in the United States in February 1989. As of August 2017, 24 women have since been elected to the episcopate across the church. The election in December 2009 and consecration on 15 May 2010 of Mary Glasspool, who is openly gay and lives with her partner of 20 years, as a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Los Angeles attracted attention owing to the continued controversy over gay bishops in Anglicanism.[118]

The Episcopal Church in the United States also elected the first woman to become a primate (or senior bishop of a national church), Katharine Jefferts Schori, who was elected as 26th Presiding Bishop and Primate of the Episcopal Church at the 2006 General Convention for a nine-year term (2006-2015).

Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand, and Polynesia edit

The Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia first ordained women as priests in 1977 and was the first Anglican province to elect a woman as a diocesan bishop when, in 1989, Penny Jamieson was elected Bishop of Dunedin. She retired in 2004. In 2008 the Diocese of Christchurch elected Victoria Matthews, former Bishop of Edmonton in the Anglican Church of Canada, as 8th Bishop of Christchurch. In 2013, Helen-Ann Hartley became the first woman ordained in the Church of England[119] to become a bishop when she was elected as Bishop of Waikato and joint diocesan bishop in the Diocese of Waikato and Taranaki. Since 2017, the Rt Rev Dr Eleanor Sanderson has served as Assistant Bishop of Wellington.[120] Wai Quayle became the first indigenous woman to be elected a bishop in the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia in 2019.[121]

Anglican Church of Canada edit

Following the first ordinations of women as priests in 1976,[122] the first woman to become a bishop in the Anglican Church of Canada was Victoria Matthews. She was elected suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Toronto on 19 November 1993 and was ordained to the episcopate on 12 February 1994. She later was the first woman to become a diocesan bishop in Canada when she was elected as Bishop of Edmonton in 1997, an office she held until 2007 when she resigned. She was subsequently elected Bishop of Christchurch in the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand, and Polynesia in 2008.

Since Matthews' election, twelve more women have been elected to the episcopate in Canada. They are Ann Tottenham (suffragan, Toronto, 1997; retired 2005); Sue Moxley (suffragan, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, 2004; diocesan, 2007; retired 2014); Jane Alexander (diocesan, Edmonton, 2008); Linda Nicholls (suffragan, Toronto, 2008; diocesan, Huron, 2016; Primate of the Anglican Church of Canada, 2019 [123]); Barbara Andrews (Bishop Suffragan to the Metropolitan with responsibilities for the Anglican Parishes of the Central Interior, 2009); Lydia Mamakwa (Area Bishop for Northern Ontario within the Diocese of Keewatin, with special responsibility for the predominantly Aboriginal parishes of the area, 2010; subsequently Bishop of Mishamikoweesh, the church's Indigenous Spiritual Ministry with the status of a diocese, established in 2014);[124] Melissa Skelton (diocesan, New Westminster, 2013), Mary Irwin-Gibson (diocesan Bishop of Montreal, 2015), Riscylla Shaw (suffragan, Toronto, 2017), Jenny Andison, (suffragan, Toronto, 2017), Anne Germond (diocesan, Algoma, 2017),.[125] Susan Bell (diocesan, Niagara, 5 May 2018), and Lynne McNaughton (diocesan, Kootenay, January 2019).

On 12 May 2018 Melissa Skelton was elected Metropolitan (which includes the title 'Archbishop') of the Ecclesiastical Province of British Columbia and Yukon.

Anglican Church of Australia edit

See also: Ordination of women in the Anglican Diocese of Sydney

The Anglican Church of Australia began to ordain women as priests in 1992 and in the late 1990s embarked on a protracted debate over the ordination of women as bishops, a debate that was ultimately decided through the church's appellate tribunal, which ruled on 28 September 2007 that there is nothing in the church's constitution that would prevent the consecration of a woman priest as a bishop in a diocese which by ordinance has adopted the law of the Church of England Clarification Canon 1992, which paved the way for the ordination of women as priests.[126]

 
Archbishop of Perth, Kay Goldsworthy, preaching in Sydney for the 40th anniversary of the Movement for the Ordination of Women

Following the agreement at the April 2008 bishops' conference of the "Women in the Episcopate" protocol for the provision of pastoral care to those who reject the ministry of bishops who are women, the first women ordained as bishops were Kay Goldsworthy (assistant bishop, Diocese of Perth) on 22 May 2008 (subsequently elected 12th bishop of the Diocese of Gippsland in the south-eastern Australian state of Victoria and installed on 21 March 2015; and Barbara Darling (assistant bishop, Anglican Diocese of Melbourne) on 31 May 2008. More women have since been ordained as bishops: Genieve Blackwell, Regional Bishop in Wagga Wagga and subsequently an assistant bishop in the Diocese of Melbourne (31 March 2012); Alison Taylor, Bishop of the Southern Region, Diocese of Brisbane (6 April 2013); Sarah Macneil, Bishop of Grafton, who was the first woman to be a diocesan bishop in the church (1 March 2014); Kate Wilmot, assistant bishop in the Diocese of Perth (6 August 2015);[127] Sonia Roulston, assistant bishop, Diocese of Newcastle (May 2018); Kate Prowd, assistant bishop, Diocese of Melbourne (October 2018); Denise Ferguson, assistant bishop, Diocese of Adelaide (21 July 2019); and Carol Wagner, assistant bishop, Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn (2020).

On 29 August 2017 Kay Goldsworthy was elected Archbishop of Perth in the Province of Western Australia.[128] On taking up her appointment on 10 February 2018, she became the first woman in the Anglican Communion appointed or elected to the office of archbishop.

Anglican Church of Southern Africa edit

The first woman to become a bishop in the Anglican Church of South Africa was Ellinah Ntombi Wamukoya, who was elected bishop of the Diocese of Swaziland on 18 July 2012[129] and ordained and installed on 10 November 2012.[130] Her appointment was closely followed by the election, on 12 October 2012,[131] of Margaret Vertue as bishop of the Diocese of False Bay. She was consecrated and installed on 19 January 2013.[132]

Church in Wales edit

On 2 April 2008, the Governing Body of the Church in Wales considered but did not pass, a bill to enable women to be ordained as bishops. Though the bill was passed by the House of Laity (52 to 19) and the House of Bishops (unanimously), it failed by three votes (27 to 18) to secure the required minimum two-thirds majority in the House of Clerics. However, the Church in Wales decisively ended the role of provincial bishop, whose responsibility was to minister to opponents. On 12 September 2013, the Governing Body passed a bill to enable women to be ordained as bishops[133][134] subject to the finalisation of a Code of Practice, ultimately published in September 2014.[135]

On 2 November 2016, Joanna Penberthy was elected as Bishop of St David's in the Church in Wales.[136] She was consecrated in January 2017 and enthroned in St Davids Cathedral in February 2017. On 25 February 2017 June Osborne was elected 72nd Bishop of Llandaff. She was consecrated on 15 July 2017 and installed at Llandaff Cathedral on 22 July 2017.[137][138] In 2022, Mary Stallard's consecration as Assistant Bishop of Bangor made the Welsh Bench of Bishops majority-female, a situation presumed to be a first in any Anglican church.[139]

Church of England edit

Since the ordination of women as priests began in 1994, dioceses generally have on the Bishop's senior staff a Dean of Women's Ministry (or Bishop's Adviser in Women's Ministry or similar), whose role it is to advocate for clergy who are women and to ensure the Bishop is appraised of issues peculiar to their ministry. These Advisers meet together in a National Association (NADAWM).[140]

In 2005, 2006, and 2008 the General Synod of the Church of England voted in favour of removing the legal obstacles preventing women from becoming bishops. The process did not progress quickly due to problems in providing appropriate mechanisms for the protection of those who cannot accept this development. On 7 July 2008 the synod held a more-than-seven-hour debate on the subject and narrowly voted in favour of a national statutory code of practice to make provision for opponents, though more radical provisions (such as separate structures or overseeing bishops) proposed by opponents of the measure failed to win the majority required across each of the three houses (bishops, clergy, and laity).[141]

The task of taking this proposal further fell largely to a revision committee established by the synod to consider the draft legislation on enabling women to become bishops in the Church of England. When, in October 2009, the revision committee released a statement[142] indicating its proposals would include a plan to vest some functions by law in male bishops who would provide oversight for those unable to receive the ministry of women as bishops or priests, there was widespread concern both within and outside the Church of England about the appropriateness of such legislation. In the light of the negative reaction to the proposal, the revision committee subsequently announced the abandonment of this recommendation.[143]

The synod, meeting in York from 9 to 12 July 2010, considered a measure that again endorsed the ordination of women as bishops. The measure included provisions for individual bishops to allow alternative oversight for traditionalists who object to serving under them, but opponents of the measure argued for stronger provisions. A compromise plan put forward by the archbishops of Canterbury and York (involving the creation of a mechanism providing for "co-ordinate jurisdiction" in parishes refusing the ministry of a bishop who is a woman whereby another bishop would fulfil episcopal function) was endorsed by the House of Bishops and the House of Laity but narrowly failed (90 votes against to 85 in favour) in the House of Clergy.[144] The draft measure, with only minor amendments, passed in all three houses on 12 July 2010, to be considered by individual dioceses. The measure was approved by 42 of the 44 dioceses, but an amendment by the House of Bishops, offering further concessions to opponents, meant that many proponents of the measure would have reluctantly voted it down, and the synod at York in July 2012 adjourned the decision to a later synod.[145]

On 20 November 2012, the General Synod failed to pass the proposed legislation for the ordination of women as bishops. The measure was lost after narrowly failing to achieve the two-thirds majority required in the House of Laity after being passed by the House of Bishops and the House of Clergy.[146]

At its meeting on 7 February 2013, the House of Bishops decided that eight senior women clergy, elected regionally, would participate in all meetings of the house until such time as there were six women who were bishops sitting as of right.[147]

In May 2013 the House of Bishops expressed its commitment "to publishing new ways forward to enable women to become bishops".[148] In July 2013, the synod decided to reintroduce legislation to be addressed in November.

In November 2013 the General Synod approved a package of measures as the next steps to enable women to become bishops, generally welcoming a package of proposals outlined for Draft Legislation of Women in the Episcopate (GS 1924). The steering committee's package of proposals followed the mandate set by the July synod and included the first draft of a House of Bishops declaration and a dispute resolution procedure. The debate invited the synod to welcome the proposals and five guiding principles already agreed by the House of Bishops.

The General Synod again considered the matter in February 2014 and sent further draft legislation to all the dioceses of the Church of England. All dioceses that were able to meet within the necessary time frame (43 of 44) approved the draft legislation in time for it to be debated at the General Synod in York in July 2014. That legislation passed all three houses of General Synod on 14 July 2014, achieving the two-thirds majority required in all three.[149] It gained the necessary parliamentary approvals and royal assent in the subsequent months and was finally approved by the General Synod on 17 November 2014.[150]

The first woman to be ordained as a bishop in the Church of England was Libby Lane, whose appointment as Bishop of Stockport (a suffragan see in the Diocese of Chester) was announced on 17 December 2014. She was consecrated at York Minster on 26 January 2015 (the Feast of the Conversion of St Paul).[151] Alison White was appointed Bishop of Hull (suffragan, Diocese of York) on 25 March 2015[152] and consecrated at York Minister on 3 July 2015 (the Feast of St Thomas).[153]

The third woman to be appointed bishop, and the first to be a diocesan bishop, was Rachel Treweek, whose appointment as 43rd Bishop of Gloucester was announced on 26 March 2015.[154] She became Bishop of Gloucester on 15 June 2015 following the confirmation of her election. On 22 July 2015 (the Feast of St Mary Magdalene) she and Sarah Mullally (Bishop of Crediton, a suffragan see in the Diocese of Exeter) were the first women to be ordained as bishops at Canterbury Cathedral.[155] Pursuant to the Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015,[156] which makes time-limited provision for vacancies among the Lords Spiritual (the bishops who are members of the House of Lords) to be filled by diocesan bishops who are women, Treweek also become the first to sit in the House of Lords, where she was introduced on 26 October 2015.[157]

On 30 June 2015, it was announced that Ruth Worsley would be Bishop of Taunton (suffragan, Diocese of Bath and Wells).[158] On 2 July 2015 the appointment of Anne Hollinghurst as the Bishop of Aston (suffragan, Diocese of Birmingham) was announced.[159] Both were consecrated at St Paul's Cathedral, London, on 29 September (the Feast of St Michael and All Angels).

On 2 September 2015, it was announced that Christine Hardman would be 12th Bishop of Newcastle[160] and, therefore, the second woman to be a diocesan bishop in the Church of England and the first in the Province of York. Hardman became Bishop of Newcastle upon the confirmation of her election on 22 September 2015; she was consecrated on 30 November 2015 at York Minster.[161] Hardman also sits in the House of Lords.

On 26 November 2015, the appointment of Karen Gorham as Bishop of Sherborne (suffragan, Diocese of Salisbury) was announced.[162] She was the first woman to be consecrated in Westminster Abbey, at a service that took place on 24 February 2016.[163]

Between 2014 and 2018 almost half of new bishop appointments in the Church of England were women.[164]

Church of Ireland edit

The Church of Ireland approved the ordination of women as priests and bishops in 1990 and the first women were ordained as priests on 24 June that year. The first woman in the episcopate was Pat Storey, who was consecrated Bishop of Meath and Kildare on 1 December 2013.[165] On 19 September 2013, Storey was chosen by the House of Bishops to succeed Richard Clarke as Bishop of Meath and Kildare.[166] She was consecrated to the episcopate at Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, on 30 November 2013.[167] She is the first woman to be elected as a bishop in the Church of Ireland and the first woman to be an Anglican Communion bishop in Ireland and Great Britain.[166][167][168]

Church of South India edit

The Church of South India has admitted women to holy orders since its foundation in 1947. Eggoni Pushpa Lalitha was the first woman elected as a bishop on 25 September 2013.[169] She was ordained and installed as bishop of the Diocese of Nandyal on 29 September 2013.[170]

Episcopal Church of South Sudan edit

The Episcopal Church of South Sudan (formerly the Episcopal Church of South Sudan and Sudan until the creation, on 31 July 2017, of separate provinces for Sudan and South Sudan) provided for the ordination of women to all three orders of ministry in 2000. The first woman ordained as a bishop in the church was the Rt Rev Elizabeth Awut Ngor, who was consecrated as an assistant bishop in the Diocese of Rumbek on 31 December 2016.[171] Hers was the first appointment of a woman as a bishop in any of the so-called GAFCON-aligned provinces of the Anglican Communion, which broadly resist the ordination of women as priests and bishops.[67]

Scottish Episcopal Church edit

The Scottish Episcopal Church ordained its first women as priests in 1994 and in 2003 provided for the ordination of women as bishops. The nomination of Alison Peden as one of three nominees for election as Bishop of Glasgow and Galloway in January 2010 attracted wide attention.[172] The first woman to be appointed was the Rev Canon Anne Dyer, who was elected Bishop of the Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney by the Episcopal Synod of the Scottish Episcopal Church on 9 November 2017.[173] She was consecrated on 1 March 2018.[174]

Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil edit

The first woman appointed as a bishop in the Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil is the Right Rev. Marinez Santos Bassotto, who was elected as Bishop of the Diocese of Amazon on 20 January 2018[175] and was ordained on 21 April 2018.[176] She was elected as Presiding Bishop on 13 November 2022.[177]

Anglican Church of Kenya edit

The first woman appointed as a bishop in the Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK) is Emily Onyango who was elected Assistant Bishop of Bondo Diocese in January 2021.[178] Rose Okeno, age 54, became the second female bishop and the first full bishop in the history of the ACK on 12 September 2021.[179] She is the Anglican Bishop of Butere Diocese.[180]

Anglican Church of Mexico edit

The first woman elected as a bishop in the Anglican Church of Mexico is Alba Sally Sue Hernández who was consecrated the bishop of the Diocese of Mexico in January 2022.[181][182]

Extraprovincial churches edit

In addition to the 41 provinces of the Anglican Communion, there are six Extra-provincial Anglican churches which function semi-autonomously under limited metropolitical oversight and are largely self-determining when it comes to the ordained ministry. Several have provided for the ordination of women as priests for some years.

The Episcopal Church of Cuba is the only extra-provincial church to ordain women as bishops, the first of whom was Nerva Cot Aguilera who was appointed as a bishop suffragan in 2007.[183] Aguilera was appointed by the Metropolitan Council, the ecclesiastical authority for the Episcopal Church of Cuba which in January 2010 appointed Griselda Delgato Del Carpio (who, along with Aguilera, was one of the first two women priests ordained in Cuba in 1986) as bishop coadjutor (assistant bishop with the right of succession).[184] She was ordained to the episcopate on 7 February 2010 and installed as diocesan on 28 November 2010[185] following the retirement of Miguel Tamayo-Zaldívar.

Controversies and breakaway groups edit

The ordination of women has been a controversial issue throughout the Anglican Communion. While the majority of the 41 provinces of the Anglican Communion ordain women as priests, and many have removed all barriers to women becoming bishops, some have taken formal or informal steps to provide pastoral care and support for those who cannot in conscience accept the ministry of women as priests and bishops. The Church of England, for example, has created the office of provincial episcopal visitor (colloquially known as "flying bishops") to minister to clergy, laity, and parishes who do not in conscience accept the ministry of women priests. These are suffragan bishops, appointed by the metropolitans, whose main purpose is to be available for this ministry.

There have been a number of protest groups established by conservative Anglicans who see the ordination of women as representative of a trend away from traditional or orthodox doctrine. A network for opponents of women's ordination called the Evangelical and Catholic Mission was established in 1976, and following the consecration of Barbara Harris, the first woman to become an Anglican bishop, in 1989, a group of 22 active and retired bishops established the Episcopal Synod of America,[186] subsequently Forward in Faith North America. A sister organisation, Forward in Faith UK, was established in 1992.

There have also been a number of breakaway groups. Following the Congress of St. Louis in 1977, the Continuing Anglican Movement developed which sought to provide a formal ecclesiastical structure for those who felt unable to remain within mainstream Anglicanism. The larger groupings within the Continuing movement have been increasingly active since the publication by Pope Benedict XVI of the Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum Coetibus[187] in November 2009. Anglicanorum Coetibus provides a canonical structure for groups of former Anglicans to enter into full communion with the Roman Catholic Church, with formal structures in the form of personal ordinariates now in place in Great Britain, the United States, and Australia & Japan

The long-term impact of Anglicanorum Coetibus on the Continuing movement is unknown, though there is a clear realisation that the loss of significant groups and their associated resources, especially to the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter in the United States, necessitates the need for discussion and discernment between the ongoing affiliates of the movement.[188]

See also edit

 
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Notes edit

  1. ^ The church's Appellate Tribunal determined in 2007 that the consecration of female bishops was legal by virtue of the legislation adopted in 1992 to allow the ordination of female priests.[9][10]
  2. ^ Victoria Matthews, the first female bishop of the Anglican Church of Canada, was elected as a bishop in 1993 but not consecrated until 1994.[20]
  3. ^ Sources conflict as to whether women can be or have been ordained to the presbyterate.[25][26][27][28]
  4. ^ While the ordination of women was not permitted in Hong Kong until 1971, Li Tim-Oi was ordained by Ronald Hall in 1944. She later surrendered her licence, but she remained in the order of priesthood, which was recognised following 1971.[32]
  5. ^ While the bill allowing for the ordination of women to the presbyterate was adopted and came into effect in 1976, it "had to lie on the table for a year to allow for an appeal".[54]
  6. ^ While the ordination of women to the presbyterate was not explicitly permitted in the United States until 1976, 11 women (later known as the Philadelphia Eleven) were ordained as priests in 1974 and 4 women (the Washington Four) were so ordained in 1975. The church initially rejected their ordinations as invalid, but later recognised them as "valid but irregular".[71][72]
  7. ^ a b c d This church is not a province of the Anglican Communion, but is rather an extra-provincial church under the metropolitical oversight of the Archbishop of Canterbury.
  8. ^ This church is not a province of the Anglican Communion, but is rather an extra-provincial church under the oversight of a metropolitan council chaired by the Primate of the Anglican Church of Canada, the Archbishop of the Church in the Province of the West Indies, and the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.
  9. ^ This church is not a province of the Anglican Communion, but is rather an extra-provincial church under the episcopal authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury acting as Bishop of the Falkland Islands.

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  • Working Party on Women in the Episcopate, House of Bishops of the General Synod of the Church of England (2004). (PDF). London: Church House Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7151-4037-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  • Zagano, Phyllis (2008). "Ecumenical Questions on Women and Church". In Mannion, Gerard (ed.). Church and Religious 'Other'. Ecclesiological Investigations. Vol. 4. London: T&T Clark. ISBN 978-0-567-03286-7.

Further reading edit

  • Eames Monitoring Group (1997). . Anglican Communion Office. Archived from the original on 1 May 2006. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  • Mascall, E. L. (1977). Women Priests? (2nd ed.). London: Church Literature Association. ISBN 978-0-85191-115-1.

November 30, 2023
ordination, women, anglican, communion, ordination, women, anglican, communion, been, increasingly, common, certain, provinces, since, 1970s, several, provinces, however, certain, dioceses, within, otherwise, ordaining, provinces, continue, ordain, only, dispu. The ordination of women in the Anglican Communion has been increasingly common in certain provinces since the 1970s Several provinces however and certain dioceses within otherwise ordaining provinces continue to ordain only men Disputes over the ordination of women have contributed to the establishment and growth of progressive tendencies such as the Anglican realignment and Continuing Anglican movements Some provinces within the Anglican Communion ordain women to the three traditional holy orders of deacon priest and bishop Other provinces ordain women as deacons and priests but not as bishops others are still as deacons only The Anglican Church of Australia General Synod legislated that women could be ordained as deacons 1985 1 and priests 1992 2 and the Appellate Tribunal agreed to bishops 2007 3 but left the decision to ordain women to those orders to individual dioceses 4 5 6 7 8 9 Within provinces that permit the ordination of women approval of enabling legislation is largely a diocesan responsibility There may however be individual dioceses that do not endorse the legislation or do so only in a modified form as in those dioceses which ordain women only to the diaconate such as the Diocese of Sydney in the Anglican Church of Australia regardless of whether or not the ordination of women to all three orders of ministry is canonically possible Contents 1 Overview 2 Ordination of priests 2 1 Hong Kong and Macao 2 2 United States 2 3 Canada 2 4 New Zealand 2 5 Kenya 2 6 Ireland 2 7 Australia 2 8 South Africa 2 9 England 2 10 Barbados West Indies 2 11 Philippines 2 12 South America 3 Ordination of bishops 3 1 Episcopal Church in the United States 3 2 Anglican Church in Aotearoa New Zealand and Polynesia 3 3 Anglican Church of Canada 3 4 Anglican Church of Australia 3 5 Anglican Church of Southern Africa 3 6 Church in Wales 3 7 Church of England 3 8 Church of Ireland 3 9 Church of South India 3 10 Episcopal Church of South Sudan 3 11 Scottish Episcopal Church 3 12 Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil 3 13 Anglican Church of Kenya 3 14 Anglican Church of Mexico 3 15 Extraprovincial churches 4 Controversies and breakaway groups 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7 1 Citations 7 2 Sources 8 Further readingOverview editThe current situation regarding women s ordination in the Anglican Communion can be seen in the following table which lists the 38 member churches and the 6 extra provincial churches Province Ordination of female deacons permitted First female deacon Ordination of female priests permitted First female priest Consecration of female bishops permitted First female bishop Ref Australia 1985 1986 1992 1992 2007 a 2008 9 10 11 Bangladesh nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 12 13 Brazil 1983 1984 1983 1985 1983 2018 12 14 15 16 17 Burundi nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 12 18 19 Canada 1969 1969 1975 1976 1986 1994 b 20 21 Central Africa 2023 nbsp 2023 nbsp nbsp 12 22 23 Central America nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 12 24 Congo c nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 12 27 England 1985 1987 1992 1994 2014 2015 29 30 31 Hong Kong nbsp nbsp 1971 1944 d nbsp nbsp 12 32 33 Indian Ocean 2002 nbsp 2006 2006 nbsp nbsp 12 34 Ireland 1984 1987 1990 1990 1990 2013 35 36 37 Japan nbsp nbsp 1998 1998 nbsp 2022 12 38 39 40 Jerusalem and the Middle East nbsp nbsp 2011 2011 nbsp nbsp 12 41 42 43 Kenya nbsp 1983 1990 1992 2014 2021 12 27 44 45 46 Korea 2005 nbsp 2008 nbsp nbsp nbsp 12 47 48 49 Melanesia nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 27 50 Mexico nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 2021 elected 14 51 52 Myanmar Burma nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 53 New Zealand and Polynesia nbsp nbsp 1976 e 1977 nbsp 1990 Nigeria nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 12 26 North India nbsp nbsp nbsp 1984 nbsp nbsp 12 56 Pakistan nbsp 2000 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 12 41 57 Papua New Guinea nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 18 Philippines nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 12 58 Rwanda nbsp 1996 nbsp nbsp nbsp 12 59 Scotland 1986 1986 1994 1994 2003 2018 60 Southern Africa 1982 nbsp 1992 1996 nbsp 2012 27 61 62 South America nbsp nbsp 2015 2015 nbsp nbsp 12 63 South East Asia nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 64 South India nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 2013 65 South Sudan 2000 nbsp 2000 nbsp 2000 2016 66 67 Sudan 2000 nbsp 2000 nbsp 2000 nbsp 66 Tanzania nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 12 68 Uganda nbsp 1983 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 18 69 70 United States 1970 nbsp 1976 1974 f 1976 1989 44 73 Wales 1980 1980 1996 1997 2013 2017 74 75 76 77 West Africa 1987 1987 2000 nbsp nbsp nbsp 12 18 69 78 West Indies 1992 1994 1995 1996 nbsp nbsp 12 79 80 81 82 Bermuda extra provincial g nbsp 2009 83 Ceylon Sri Lanka extra provincial g nbsp 2003 nbsp 2006 nbsp 84 85 86 87 Cuba extra provincial h nbsp 1986 nbsp 1990 nbsp 2007 12 88 89 Falkland Islands extra provincial i Portugal extra provincial g nbsp 1997 90 Spain extra provincial g nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Note that provinces are categorised above according to the overall provincial policy on the ordination of women In provinces where individual dioceses have considerable autonomy e g the Anglican Church of Australia some dioceses may be less permissive than the province overall Ordination of priests editHong Kong and Macao edit The first woman ordained to the priesthood in the Anglican Communion was Florence Li Tim Oi who was ordained on 25 January 1944 by Ronald Hall Bishop of Victoria Hong Kong in response to the crisis among Anglican Christians in China caused by the Japanese invasion To avoid controversy she resigned her licence though not her priestly orders after the end of the war In 1971 the Synod of Hong Kong and Macao became the first Anglican province to officially permit the ordination of women to the priesthood Jane Hwang and Joyce M Bennett were ordained as priests by Gilbert Baker Bishop of Hong Kong and Macao on 28 November 1971 At the same time Li Tim Oi was officially recognised again as a priest 91 United States edit In 1974 in the United States 11 women known as the Philadelphia Eleven were controversially ordained to the priesthood in Philadelphia Pennsylvania by three retired Episcopal Church bishops Daniel Corrigan Robert L DeWitt and Edward R Welles II Four more women the Washington Four were ordained in 1975 in Washington D C by George W Barrett retired Bishop of Rochester New York All of these ordinations were ruled irregular because they had been done without the authorisation of the Episcopal Church s General Convention The ordinations were regularised in 1976 following the approval by the General Convention of measures to provide for the ordination of women to the priesthood and the episcopate 92 The first regular ordination occurred on 1 January 1977 when Jacqueline Means was ordained at the Episcopal Church of All Saints Indianapolis 93 Canada edit In 1975 the General Synod of the Anglican Church of Canada ACC passed enabling legislation for women priests the first six women priests in the ACC were ordained on 30 November 1976 94 New Zealand edit In 1977 the Anglican Church in New Zealand ordained five female priests 95 Kenya edit In 1980 the Anglican Church of Kenya agreed in principle that women could be ordained and that each diocese was to be autonomous in taking up the issue In 1983 Henry Okullu bishop of the Diocese of Maseno South in the Anglican Church of Kenya ordained Lucia Okuthe as a priest 96 In the same year William Rukirande Bishop of Kigezi in the Church of Uganda ordained three women as priests Monica Sebidega Deborah Micungwa Rukara and Margaret Kizanye Byekwaso 97 Formal legislation for the ordination of women as priests was ultimately approved in both provinces in 1990 Ireland edit In 1990 Janet Catterall became the first woman ordained an Anglican priest in Ireland 98 Australia edit In 1992 the general synod of the Anglican Church of Australia approved legislation allowing dioceses to decide whether to ordain women to the priesthood In the same year 90 women were ordained in Australia and three others who had been ordained overseas were recognised 99 While the ordination of women to the diaconate and priesthood had been raised in Australia in the 1960s and earlier during the 1980s and 1990s there was significant ongoing debate in the Anglican Church of Australia about the ordination of women especially to the priesthood with bills put to the General Synod to enable ordination 6 7 1 2 100 101 The debate and arguments for and against were reported in the mainstream media as well as in church newspapers Individual bishops dioceses clergy and churches spoke and wrote publicly about their support or rejection of female deacons and priests 102 103 104 105 106 107 Advocacy organisations formed for and against the proposal to ordain women including for Anglican Women Concerned Action Group for Women s Ordination the Movement for the Ordination of Women Men Women and God Christians for Biblical Equality Women and Holy Orders in Adelaide and against Women Against the Ordination of Women Association for Apostolic Ministry Equal but Different the Union of Anglican Catholic Priests South Australia and the Campaign for the Historic Anglican Male Priesthood in Brisbane 6 7 108 109 110 111 112 113 By 2023 only two Sydney and North West Australia of the 23 dioceses have never ordained women as priests A third diocese Armidale has ordained two women as priests but limited their service to the Anglican girls school and does not ordain women as priests for its churches South Africa edit Also in 1992 the Anglican Church of Southern Africa authorised the ordination of women as priests and in September that year Nancy Charton Bride Dickson and Sue Groves were ordained in the Diocese of Grahamstown England edit Also in 1992 the General Synod of the Church of England passed a vote to ordain women however it proved controversial The Act of Synod passed in 1993 along with further legislation allowed parishes to not accept ordained women In 1994 England s first thirty two women were ordained as priests 114 The experience of the first women priests and their congregations was the premise of the television programme The Vicar of Dibley 115 The legality of the ordination of women in the Church of England was challenged in civil courts by Paul Williamson and others By 2004 one in five priests was a woman 114 Barbados West Indies edit In 1994 in the Diocese of Barbados Sonia Hinds and Beverley Sealy became the first women to be ordained as deacons in the Church in the Province of the West Indies on 25 July the Feast of St James On 31 May 1996 on the Feast of the Visitation of Mary to Elizabeth both women were ordained as priests Rufus Brome the first Barbadian born bishop presided at both ordinations at the Cathedral of St Michael and All Angels in Bridgetown Barbados Philippines edit In 1997 Rosalina Villaruel Rabaria became the first woman ordained in the Philippines Independent Church in the Diocese of Aklan and Capiz on 9 February South America edit In 2015 Bolivia became the first diocese in the Anglican Province of South America formerly known as the Southern Cone to ordain women as priests 116 Also in 2015 Susana Lopez Lerena Cynthia Myers Dickin and Audrey Taylor Gonzalez became the first women Anglican priests ordained in the Diocese of Uruguay 116 Ordination of bishops editSee also List of female Anglican bishops Episcopal Church in the United States edit nbsp Katharine Jefferts Schori Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church 2006 2015 the first female primate in the Anglican Communion 117 The first woman to become a bishop in the Anglican Communion was Barbara Harris who was ordained suffragan bishop of Massachusetts in the United States in February 1989 As of August 2017 24 women have since been elected to the episcopate across the church The election in December 2009 and consecration on 15 May 2010 of Mary Glasspool who is openly gay and lives with her partner of 20 years as a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Los Angeles attracted attention owing to the continued controversy over gay bishops in Anglicanism 118 The Episcopal Church in the United States also elected the first woman to become a primate or senior bishop of a national church Katharine Jefferts Schori who was elected as 26th Presiding Bishop and Primate of the Episcopal Church at the 2006 General Convention for a nine year term 2006 2015 Anglican Church in Aotearoa New Zealand and Polynesia edit The Anglican Church in Aotearoa New Zealand and Polynesia first ordained women as priests in 1977 and was the first Anglican province to elect a woman as a diocesan bishop when in 1989 Penny Jamieson was elected Bishop of Dunedin She retired in 2004 In 2008 the Diocese of Christchurch elected Victoria Matthews former Bishop of Edmonton in the Anglican Church of Canada as 8th Bishop of Christchurch In 2013 Helen Ann Hartley became the first woman ordained in the Church of England 119 to become a bishop when she was elected as Bishop of Waikato and joint diocesan bishop in the Diocese of Waikato and Taranaki Since 2017 the Rt Rev Dr Eleanor Sanderson has served as Assistant Bishop of Wellington 120 Wai Quayle became the first indigenous woman to be elected a bishop in the Anglican Church in Aotearoa New Zealand and Polynesia in 2019 121 Anglican Church of Canada edit Following the first ordinations of women as priests in 1976 122 the first woman to become a bishop in the Anglican Church of Canada was Victoria Matthews She was elected suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Toronto on 19 November 1993 and was ordained to the episcopate on 12 February 1994 She later was the first woman to become a diocesan bishop in Canada when she was elected as Bishop of Edmonton in 1997 an office she held until 2007 when she resigned She was subsequently elected Bishop of Christchurch in the Anglican Church in Aotearoa New Zealand and Polynesia in 2008 Since Matthews election twelve more women have been elected to the episcopate in Canada They are Ann Tottenham suffragan Toronto 1997 retired 2005 Sue Moxley suffragan Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island 2004 diocesan 2007 retired 2014 Jane Alexander diocesan Edmonton 2008 Linda Nicholls suffragan Toronto 2008 diocesan Huron 2016 Primate of the Anglican Church of Canada 2019 123 Barbara Andrews Bishop Suffragan to the Metropolitan with responsibilities for the Anglican Parishes of the Central Interior 2009 Lydia Mamakwa Area Bishop for Northern Ontario within the Diocese of Keewatin with special responsibility for the predominantly Aboriginal parishes of the area 2010 subsequently Bishop of Mishamikoweesh the church s Indigenous Spiritual Ministry with the status of a diocese established in 2014 124 Melissa Skelton diocesan New Westminster 2013 Mary Irwin Gibson diocesan Bishop of Montreal 2015 Riscylla Shaw suffragan Toronto 2017 Jenny Andison suffragan Toronto 2017 Anne Germond diocesan Algoma 2017 125 Susan Bell diocesan Niagara 5 May 2018 and Lynne McNaughton diocesan Kootenay January 2019 On 12 May 2018 Melissa Skelton was elected Metropolitan which includes the title Archbishop of the Ecclesiastical Province of British Columbia and Yukon Anglican Church of Australia edit See also Ordination of women in the Anglican Diocese of Sydney The Anglican Church of Australia began to ordain women as priests in 1992 and in the late 1990s embarked on a protracted debate over the ordination of women as bishops a debate that was ultimately decided through the church s appellate tribunal which ruled on 28 September 2007 that there is nothing in the church s constitution that would prevent the consecration of a woman priest as a bishop in a diocese which by ordinance has adopted the law of the Church of England Clarification Canon 1992 which paved the way for the ordination of women as priests 126 nbsp Archbishop of Perth Kay Goldsworthy preaching in Sydney for the 40th anniversary of the Movement for the Ordination of WomenFollowing the agreement at the April 2008 bishops conference of the Women in the Episcopate protocol for the provision of pastoral care to those who reject the ministry of bishops who are women the first women ordained as bishops were Kay Goldsworthy assistant bishop Diocese of Perth on 22 May 2008 subsequently elected 12th bishop of the Diocese of Gippsland in the south eastern Australian state of Victoria and installed on 21 March 2015 and Barbara Darling assistant bishop Anglican Diocese of Melbourne on 31 May 2008 More women have since been ordained as bishops Genieve Blackwell Regional Bishop in Wagga Wagga and subsequently an assistant bishop in the Diocese of Melbourne 31 March 2012 Alison Taylor Bishop of the Southern Region Diocese of Brisbane 6 April 2013 Sarah Macneil Bishop of Grafton who was the first woman to be a diocesan bishop in the church 1 March 2014 Kate Wilmot assistant bishop in the Diocese of Perth 6 August 2015 127 Sonia Roulston assistant bishop Diocese of Newcastle May 2018 Kate Prowd assistant bishop Diocese of Melbourne October 2018 Denise Ferguson assistant bishop Diocese of Adelaide 21 July 2019 and Carol Wagner assistant bishop Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn 2020 On 29 August 2017 Kay Goldsworthy was elected Archbishop of Perth in the Province of Western Australia 128 On taking up her appointment on 10 February 2018 she became the first woman in the Anglican Communion appointed or elected to the office of archbishop Anglican Church of Southern Africa edit The first woman to become a bishop in the Anglican Church of South Africa was Ellinah Ntombi Wamukoya who was elected bishop of the Diocese of Swaziland on 18 July 2012 129 and ordained and installed on 10 November 2012 130 Her appointment was closely followed by the election on 12 October 2012 131 of Margaret Vertue as bishop of the Diocese of False Bay She was consecrated and installed on 19 January 2013 132 Church in Wales edit On 2 April 2008 the Governing Body of the Church in Wales considered but did not pass a bill to enable women to be ordained as bishops Though the bill was passed by the House of Laity 52 to 19 and the House of Bishops unanimously it failed by three votes 27 to 18 to secure the required minimum two thirds majority in the House of Clerics However the Church in Wales decisively ended the role of provincial bishop whose responsibility was to minister to opponents On 12 September 2013 the Governing Body passed a bill to enable women to be ordained as bishops 133 134 subject to the finalisation of a Code of Practice ultimately published in September 2014 135 On 2 November 2016 Joanna Penberthy was elected as Bishop of St David s in the Church in Wales 136 She was consecrated in January 2017 and enthroned in St Davids Cathedral in February 2017 On 25 February 2017 June Osborne was elected 72nd Bishop of Llandaff She was consecrated on 15 July 2017 and installed at Llandaff Cathedral on 22 July 2017 137 138 In 2022 Mary Stallard s consecration as Assistant Bishop of Bangor made the Welsh Bench of Bishops majority female a situation presumed to be a first in any Anglican church 139 Church of England edit Since the ordination of women as priests began in 1994 dioceses generally have on the Bishop s senior staff a Dean of Women s Ministry or Bishop s Adviser in Women s Ministry or similar whose role it is to advocate for clergy who are women and to ensure the Bishop is appraised of issues peculiar to their ministry These Advisers meet together in a National Association NADAWM 140 In 2005 2006 and 2008 the General Synod of the Church of England voted in favour of removing the legal obstacles preventing women from becoming bishops The process did not progress quickly due to problems in providing appropriate mechanisms for the protection of those who cannot accept this development On 7 July 2008 the synod held a more than seven hour debate on the subject and narrowly voted in favour of a national statutory code of practice to make provision for opponents though more radical provisions such as separate structures or overseeing bishops proposed by opponents of the measure failed to win the majority required across each of the three houses bishops clergy and laity 141 The task of taking this proposal further fell largely to a revision committee established by the synod to consider the draft legislation on enabling women to become bishops in the Church of England When in October 2009 the revision committee released a statement 142 indicating its proposals would include a plan to vest some functions by law in male bishops who would provide oversight for those unable to receive the ministry of women as bishops or priests there was widespread concern both within and outside the Church of England about the appropriateness of such legislation In the light of the negative reaction to the proposal the revision committee subsequently announced the abandonment of this recommendation 143 The synod meeting in York from 9 to 12 July 2010 considered a measure that again endorsed the ordination of women as bishops The measure included provisions for individual bishops to allow alternative oversight for traditionalists who object to serving under them but opponents of the measure argued for stronger provisions A compromise plan put forward by the archbishops of Canterbury and York involving the creation of a mechanism providing for co ordinate jurisdiction in parishes refusing the ministry of a bishop who is a woman whereby another bishop would fulfil episcopal function was endorsed by the House of Bishops and the House of Laity but narrowly failed 90 votes against to 85 in favour in the House of Clergy 144 The draft measure with only minor amendments passed in all three houses on 12 July 2010 to be considered by individual dioceses The measure was approved by 42 of the 44 dioceses but an amendment by the House of Bishops offering further concessions to opponents meant that many proponents of the measure would have reluctantly voted it down and the synod at York in July 2012 adjourned the decision to a later synod 145 On 20 November 2012 the General Synod failed to pass the proposed legislation for the ordination of women as bishops The measure was lost after narrowly failing to achieve the two thirds majority required in the House of Laity after being passed by the House of Bishops and the House of Clergy 146 At its meeting on 7 February 2013 the House of Bishops decided that eight senior women clergy elected regionally would participate in all meetings of the house until such time as there were six women who were bishops sitting as of right 147 In May 2013 the House of Bishops expressed its commitment to publishing new ways forward to enable women to become bishops 148 In July 2013 the synod decided to reintroduce legislation to be addressed in November In November 2013 the General Synod approved a package of measures as the next steps to enable women to become bishops generally welcoming a package of proposals outlined for Draft Legislation of Women in the Episcopate GS 1924 The steering committee s package of proposals followed the mandate set by the July synod and included the first draft of a House of Bishops declaration and a dispute resolution procedure The debate invited the synod to welcome the proposals and five guiding principles already agreed by the House of Bishops The General Synod again considered the matter in February 2014 and sent further draft legislation to all the dioceses of the Church of England All dioceses that were able to meet within the necessary time frame 43 of 44 approved the draft legislation in time for it to be debated at the General Synod in York in July 2014 That legislation passed all three houses of General Synod on 14 July 2014 achieving the two thirds majority required in all three 149 It gained the necessary parliamentary approvals and royal assent in the subsequent months and was finally approved by the General Synod on 17 November 2014 150 The first woman to be ordained as a bishop in the Church of England was Libby Lane whose appointment as Bishop of Stockport a suffragan see in the Diocese of Chester was announced on 17 December 2014 She was consecrated at York Minster on 26 January 2015 the Feast of the Conversion of St Paul 151 Alison White was appointed Bishop of Hull suffragan Diocese of York on 25 March 2015 152 and consecrated at York Minister on 3 July 2015 the Feast of St Thomas 153 The third woman to be appointed bishop and the first to be a diocesan bishop was Rachel Treweek whose appointment as 43rd Bishop of Gloucester was announced on 26 March 2015 154 She became Bishop of Gloucester on 15 June 2015 following the confirmation of her election On 22 July 2015 the Feast of St Mary Magdalene she and Sarah Mullally Bishop of Crediton a suffragan see in the Diocese of Exeter were the first women to be ordained as bishops at Canterbury Cathedral 155 Pursuant to the Lords Spiritual Women Act 2015 156 which makes time limited provision for vacancies among the Lords Spiritual the bishops who are members of the House of Lords to be filled by diocesan bishops who are women Treweek also become the first to sit in the House of Lords where she was introduced on 26 October 2015 157 On 30 June 2015 it was announced that Ruth Worsley would be Bishop of Taunton suffragan Diocese of Bath and Wells 158 On 2 July 2015 the appointment of Anne Hollinghurst as the Bishop of Aston suffragan Diocese of Birmingham was announced 159 Both were consecrated at St Paul s Cathedral London on 29 September the Feast of St Michael and All Angels On 2 September 2015 it was announced that Christine Hardman would be 12th Bishop of Newcastle 160 and therefore the second woman to be a diocesan bishop in the Church of England and the first in the Province of York Hardman became Bishop of Newcastle upon the confirmation of her election on 22 September 2015 she was consecrated on 30 November 2015 at York Minster 161 Hardman also sits in the House of Lords On 26 November 2015 the appointment of Karen Gorham as Bishop of Sherborne suffragan Diocese of Salisbury was announced 162 She was the first woman to be consecrated in Westminster Abbey at a service that took place on 24 February 2016 163 Between 2014 and 2018 almost half of new bishop appointments in the Church of England were women 164 Church of Ireland edit The Church of Ireland approved the ordination of women as priests and bishops in 1990 and the first women were ordained as priests on 24 June that year The first woman in the episcopate was Pat Storey who was consecrated Bishop of Meath and Kildare on 1 December 2013 165 On 19 September 2013 Storey was chosen by the House of Bishops to succeed Richard Clarke as Bishop of Meath and Kildare 166 She was consecrated to the episcopate at Christ Church Cathedral Dublin on 30 November 2013 167 She is the first woman to be elected as a bishop in the Church of Ireland and the first woman to be an Anglican Communion bishop in Ireland and Great Britain 166 167 168 Church of South India edit The Church of South India has admitted women to holy orders since its foundation in 1947 Eggoni Pushpa Lalitha was the first woman elected as a bishop on 25 September 2013 169 She was ordained and installed as bishop of the Diocese of Nandyal on 29 September 2013 170 Episcopal Church of South Sudan edit The Episcopal Church of South Sudan formerly the Episcopal Church of South Sudan and Sudan until the creation on 31 July 2017 of separate provinces for Sudan and South Sudan provided for the ordination of women to all three orders of ministry in 2000 The first woman ordained as a bishop in the church was the Rt Rev Elizabeth Awut Ngor who was consecrated as an assistant bishop in the Diocese of Rumbek on 31 December 2016 171 Hers was the first appointment of a woman as a bishop in any of the so called GAFCON aligned provinces of the Anglican Communion which broadly resist the ordination of women as priests and bishops 67 Scottish Episcopal Church edit The Scottish Episcopal Church ordained its first women as priests in 1994 and in 2003 provided for the ordination of women as bishops The nomination of Alison Peden as one of three nominees for election as Bishop of Glasgow and Galloway in January 2010 attracted wide attention 172 The first woman to be appointed was the Rev Canon Anne Dyer who was elected Bishop of the Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney by the Episcopal Synod of the Scottish Episcopal Church on 9 November 2017 173 She was consecrated on 1 March 2018 174 Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil edit The first woman appointed as a bishop in the Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil is the Right Rev Marinez Santos Bassotto who was elected as Bishop of the Diocese of Amazon on 20 January 2018 175 and was ordained on 21 April 2018 176 She was elected as Presiding Bishop on 13 November 2022 177 Anglican Church of Kenya edit The first woman appointed as a bishop in the Anglican Church of Kenya ACK is Emily Onyango who was elected Assistant Bishop of Bondo Diocese in January 2021 178 Rose Okeno age 54 became the second female bishop and the first full bishop in the history of the ACK on 12 September 2021 179 She is the Anglican Bishop of Butere Diocese 180 Anglican Church of Mexico edit The first woman elected as a bishop in the Anglican Church of Mexico is Alba Sally Sue Hernandez who was consecrated the bishop of the Diocese of Mexico in January 2022 181 182 Extraprovincial churches edit In addition to the 41 provinces of the Anglican Communion there are six Extra provincial Anglican churches which function semi autonomously under limited metropolitical oversight and are largely self determining when it comes to the ordained ministry Several have provided for the ordination of women as priests for some years The Episcopal Church of Cuba is the only extra provincial church to ordain women as bishops the first of whom was Nerva Cot Aguilera who was appointed as a bishop suffragan in 2007 183 Aguilera was appointed by the Metropolitan Council the ecclesiastical authority for the Episcopal Church of Cuba which in January 2010 appointed Griselda Delgato Del Carpio who along with Aguilera was one of the first two women priests ordained in Cuba in 1986 as bishop coadjutor assistant bishop with the right of succession 184 She was ordained to the episcopate on 7 February 2010 and installed as diocesan on 28 November 2010 185 following the retirement of Miguel Tamayo Zaldivar Controversies and breakaway groups editThe ordination of women has been a controversial issue throughout the Anglican Communion While the majority of the 41 provinces of the Anglican Communion ordain women as priests and many have removed all barriers to women becoming bishops some have taken formal or informal steps to provide pastoral care and support for those who cannot in conscience accept the ministry of women as priests and bishops The Church of England for example has created the office of provincial episcopal visitor colloquially known as flying bishops to minister to clergy laity and parishes who do not in conscience accept the ministry of women priests These are suffragan bishops appointed by the metropolitans whose main purpose is to be available for this ministry There have been a number of protest groups established by conservative Anglicans who see the ordination of women as representative of a trend away from traditional or orthodox doctrine A network for opponents of women s ordination called the Evangelical and Catholic Mission was established in 1976 and following the consecration of Barbara Harris the first woman to become an Anglican bishop in 1989 a group of 22 active and retired bishops established the Episcopal Synod of America 186 subsequently Forward in Faith North America A sister organisation Forward in Faith UK was established in 1992 There have also been a number of breakaway groups Following the Congress of St Louis in 1977 the Continuing Anglican Movement developed which sought to provide a formal ecclesiastical structure for those who felt unable to remain within mainstream Anglicanism The larger groupings within the Continuing movement have been increasingly active since the publication by Pope Benedict XVI of the Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum Coetibus 187 in November 2009 Anglicanorum Coetibus provides a canonical structure for groups of former Anglicans to enter into full communion with the Roman Catholic Church with formal structures in the form of personal ordinariates now in place in Great Britain the United States and Australia amp JapanThe long term impact of Anglicanorum Coetibus on the Continuing movement is unknown though there is a clear realisation that the loss of significant groups and their associated resources especially to the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter in the United States necessitates the need for discussion and discernment between the ongoing affiliates of the movement 188 See also edit nbsp Christianity portal nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Ordination of women Anglican Group for the Ordination of Women to the Historic Ministry List of female Anglican bishops List of the first 32 women ordained as Church of England priests List of the first women ordained as priests in the Anglican Church of Australia in 1992 Nan Arrington Peete Ordination of women in Protestant denominations Women and the ChurchNotes edit The church s Appellate Tribunal determined in 2007 that the consecration of female bishops was legal by virtue of the legislation adopted in 1992 to allow the ordination of female priests 9 10 Victoria Matthews the first female bishop of the Anglican Church of Canada was elected as a bishop in 1993 but not consecrated until 1994 20 Sources conflict as to whether women can be or have been ordained to the presbyterate 25 26 27 28 While the ordination of women was not permitted in Hong Kong until 1971 Li Tim Oi was ordained by Ronald Hall in 1944 She later surrendered her licence but she remained in the order of priesthood which was recognised following 1971 32 While the bill allowing for the ordination of women to the presbyterate was adopted and came into effect in 1976 it had to lie on the table for a year to allow for an appeal 54 While the ordination of women to the presbyterate was not explicitly permitted in the United States until 1976 11 women later known as the Philadelphia Eleven were ordained as priests in 1974 and 4 women the Washington Four were so ordained in 1975 The church initially rejected their ordinations as invalid but later recognised them as valid but irregular 71 72 a b c d This church is not a province of the Anglican Communion but is rather an extra provincial church under the metropolitical oversight of the Archbishop of Canterbury This church is not a province of the Anglican Communion but is rather an extra provincial church under the oversight of a metropolitan council chaired by the Primate of the Anglican Church of Canada the Archbishop of the Church in the Province of the West Indies and the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America This church is not a province of the Anglican Communion but is rather an extra provincial church under the episcopal authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury acting as Bishop of the Falkland Islands References editCitations edit a b Canon 18 1985 Ordination of Women to the Office of Deacon Legislation Anglican Church of Australia PDF anglican org au Retrieved 6 May 2023 a b Canon 18 1992 Law of the Church of England Clarification Canon 1992 Legislation Anglican Church of Australia PDF anglican org au Retrieved 6 May 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Anglican Church of Australia Report of the Appellate Tribunal Reference on women bishops 26 September 2007 Frame T R 2007 Anglicans in Australia Sydney N S W UNSW Press ISBN 978 0 86840 830 9 OCLC 213407547 Peter Sherlock 2008 Leave it to the Women The Exclusion of Women from Anglican Church Government in Australia Australian Historical Studies 39 3 288 304 DOI 10 1080 10314610802263299 a b c Porter Muriel 1989 Women in the church the great ordination debate in Australia Ringwood Vic Australia Penguin ISBN 0 14 013041 1 OCLC 24703277 a b c West Janet 1997 Daughters of freedom Sutherland N S W Albatross Books ISBN 0 7324 1012 6 OCLC 39864761 Preachers Prophets and Heretics Anglican women s ministry Elaine Lindsay Janet Scarfe Sydney University of New South Wales Press 2012 ISBN 978 1 74224 605 5 OCLC 811406174 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link a b c Sherlock Peter 20 December 2012 Why Anglican Women can be Bishops in Australia but not England The Conversation Retrieved 16 June 2016 a b Porter 2012 pp 219 220 Scarfe 2012 pp 123 124 136 137 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Church of England says yes to women bishops Anglican Communion News Service London Anglican Communion Office 14 July 2014 Retrieved 12 May 2015 Behera Suchitra December 2006 Theological Education for Women in Bangladesh PDF CTC Bulletin Christian Conference of Asia 22 3 75 ISSN 0217 2631 Retrieved 12 May 2015 a b Working Party on Women in the Episcopate 2004 p 238 Cruz 2014 p 170 Wilson Lynette 17 June 2015 After 30 years as priests Brazil s women look toward episcopacy Episcopal News Service The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society Retrieved 10 June 2016 Brazil takes decisive steps towards gender equality with election of its first female bishop a b c d Working Party on Women in the Episcopate 2004 p 237 mobo 2008 p 131 sfn error no target CITEREFmobo2008 help a b Ordination of Women in the Anglican Church of Canada Deacons Priests and Bishops Anglican Church of Canada Retrieved 12 May 2015 Reilly amp Knowles 2008 pp 231 232 Chipanga Peter 12 December 2013 Anglican Church in Central Africa Province Vote against Women Priesthood Newstime Africa Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 12 May 2015 Petersen Kirk 7 November 2023 Province of Central Africa Approves Ordination of Women The Living Church Retrieved 8 November 2023 International Anglican Women s Network 2009 Progress report on implementation of resolution ACC 13 31 PDF International Anglican Women s Network p 8 Retrieved 29 October 2015 Wild Wood amp Ande 2013 p 153 a b Mombo 2008 p 132 a b c d e Buchanan 2015 p 620 Zagano 2008 p 30 https www churchofengland org media 1121182 a8 we background pdf p 1 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 18 June 2016 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Libby Lane First female Church of England bishop consecrated BBC News 26 January 2015 Retrieved 12 May 2015 a b Trisk 2013 pp 619 620 Working Party on Women in the Episcopate 2004 p 279 Seychelles Diocese ordains first woman priest Episcopal News Service The Domestic and 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2012 Retrieved 8 April 2023 Swaziland s Ellinah Wamukoya becomes Africa s first female bishop Episcopaldigitalnetwork com 19 November 2012 Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 Retrieved 18 July 2014 Second female Anglican bishop elected by Southern Africa Anglicannews org 5 October 2012 Retrieved 18 July 2014 Ray Hartle 20 January 2013 SA chooses female bishop Western Cape IOL News IOL co za Retrieved 18 July 2014 Church in Wales backs women bishops BBC News Wales Sept 12 2013 Female bishops voted in by Church in Wales The Guardian 12 September 2013 Women Bishops Code of Practice Archived 4 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine Church in Wales website Wales consecrates first woman as bishop churchinwales org uk The Church in Wales Archived from the original on 24 April 2017 Retrieved 23 April 2017 Consecration of the Bishop of Llandaff Church in Wales 17 July 2017 Archived from the original on 29 August 2017 Retrieved 19 July 2017 Bishop of Llandaff enthroned in cathedral ceremony 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website May 2013 Church of England General Synod backs women bishops BBC News 14 July 2014 Retrieved 14 July 2014 Church approves women bishops BBC News 17 November 2014 Church appoints first female bishop BBC News 17 December 2014 Suffragan Bishop of Hull Reverend Canon Alison Mary White GOV UK Diocese of York Media Release 3 July 2015 Prime Minister s Office announcement 26 March 2015 First female diocesan bishop in C of E consecrated Anglicannews org Retrieved on 23 July 2015 Lords Spiritual Women Act 2015 Rachel Treweek becomes first woman bishop to enter House of Lords www churchtimes co uk Prime Minister s Office announcement 30 June 2015 Prime Minister s Office announcement 2 July 2015 Christine Hardman to be Twelfth Bishop of Newcastle Archived 5 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Diocese of Newcastle website accessed 2 September 2015 Diocese of Newcastle Confirmation of Election Service for the 12th Bishop of Newcastle Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine 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First female Bishop in the Scottish Episcopal Church is elected the new Bishop of Aberdeen amp Orkney scotland anglican org 9 November 2017 Retrieved 11 November 2017 Scottish Episcopal Church makes history as it consecrates first female Bishop The Scottish Episcopal Church 28 February 2018 Retrieved 28 February 2018 Brazil takes decisive steps towards gender equality with the election of its first female bishop Anglican Communion News Service website A new dawn as the Igreja Episcopal Anglicana do Brasil consecrates its first female bishop Anglican Journal 27 April 2018 Bishop Marinez Bassotto of Amazonia elected Primate of Brazil Meet Bishop Onyango First Female Anglican Bishop In East amp Central Africa Taarifa 24 January 2021 Retrieved 5 February 2021 Rev Rose Okeno s Historic Ordination Adds To Women s Progress In Kenya NPR org Retrieved 18 March 2022 Amid hesitation in African Anglican provinces Kenya appoints first two women bishops Religion News Service 5 August 2021 Retrieved 18 March 2022 Redaccion 24 November 2021 Sally Sue Hernandez la primera obispa de la Iglesia Anglicana en Mexico IMPACTO in Mexican Spanish Retrieved 16 March 2022 Alba Sally Sue Hernandez primera obispa de la Iglesia Anglicana en Mexico sdpnoticias Retrieved 16 March 2022 Aguilera 71 died suddenly on 10 July 2010 after a brief illness with severe anemia Episcopal Life Online Archived 26 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine item 11 July 2010 Metropolitan Council appoints bishop coadjutor for Cuba Archived from the original on 4 February 2010 Retrieved 25 January 2010 Episcopal News Service World Report Archive episcopalchurch org 30 November 2010 Retrieved 18 July 2014 Episcopal News Service Press Release 89106 Episcopalarchives org 8 June 1989 Retrieved 18 July 2014 Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum coetibus providing for Personal Ordinariates for Anglicans Entering into Full Communion with the Catholic Church Vatican va Retrieved 18 July 2014 Post Brockton Anglican Rose Anglicanrose wordpress com 5 December 2012 Retrieved 18 July 2014 Sources edit Ajo Lazaro Clara Luz 2012 Diversity in the Anglican Tradition Women and the Afro Caribbean Church In Kwok Pui lan Berling Judith Plane Te Paa Jenny eds Anglican Women on Church and Mission Canterbury Studies in Anglicanism Harrisburg Pennsylvania Morehouse Publishing ISBN 978 0 8192 2804 8 Buchanan Colin 2015 Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism 2nd ed Lanham Maryland Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 1 4422 5015 4 Byaruhanga Christopher 2010 Called by God but Ordained by Men The Work and Ministry of Reverend Florence Spetume Njangali in the Church of the Province of Uganda Journal of Anglican Studies 8 2 219 239 doi 10 1017 S1740355309000011 ISSN 1745 5278 S2CID 145500776 Chryssides George D 2010 Christianity Today An Introduction London Continuum International Publishing Group ISBN 978 1 84706 541 4 Carroll Joy 2002 Beneath the Cassock The Real life Vicar of Dibley London HarperCollins ISBN 978 0 00 712207 3 Cox Noel 2005 The Nature of Ministerial Authority in the Anglican Church in New Zealand PDF Churchman Church Society 119 2 105 136 ISSN 0009 661X Retrieved 17 June 2016 Cruz Joel M 2014 The Histories of the Latin American Church A Handbook Minneapolis Minnesota Fortress Press ISBN 978 1 4514 6564 8 De Gruchy John W 1997 Grappling with a Colonial Heritage The English speaking Churches under Imperialism and Apartheid In Elphick Richard Davenport Rodney eds Christianity in South Africa A Political Social and Cultural History Berkeley CA University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 20939 8 Retrieved 17 June 2016 Hinds Sonia Sandra Juanita 2013 A Perspective on Cultural Diversity in an Anglican Setting PDF D Min thesis University of Toronto Retrieved 29 October 2015 Huyck Heather 1982 Indelible Change Woman Priests in the Episcopal Church Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church Austin Texas Historical Society of the Episcopal Church 51 4 385 398 ISSN 0018 2486 JSTOR 42973918 Jefferts Schori Katharine 2014 Experience of Women s Leadership in the Anglican Communion In Thompsett Fredrica Harris ed Looking Forward Looking Backward Forty Years of Women s Ordination Harrisburg Pennsylvania Morehouse Publishing ISBN 978 0 8192 2922 9 Lewis Harold T 2001 Christian Social Witness The New Church s Teaching Series Cambridge Massachusetts Cowley Publications ISBN 978 1 56101 188 9 Melton J Gordon 2010 Church of Ireland In Melton J Gordon Baumann Martin eds Religions of the World A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices Vol 2 2nd ed Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 59884 203 6 Baumann Martin eds 2010 Lusitanian Church Lusitanian Catholic Apostolic Evangelical Church Religions of the World A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices Vol 4 2nd ed Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 59884 203 6 Mombo Esther 2008 The Ordination of Women in Africa A Historical Perspective In Jones Ian Thorpe Kirsty Wootton Janet eds Women and Ordination in the Christian Churches International Perspectives London T amp T Clark ISBN 978 0 567 03154 9 Oluoch Jemima Atieno 2006 The Christian Political Theology of Dr John Henry Okullu Nairobi Uzima Publishing House ISBN 978 1 870345 51 4 Porter Muriel 2012 Women Bishops in Australia Leadership and Authority In Lindsay Elaine Scarfe Janet eds Preachers Prophets and Heretics Anglican Women s Ministry Sydney University of New South Wales Press pp 205 223 ISBN 978 1 74223 337 6 Reilly Terry Knowles Norman 2008 A Union Not for Harmony but for Strength The General Synod of the Anglican Church of Canada 1892 1992 PDF In Knowles Norman ed Seeds Scattered and Sown Studies in the History of Canadian Anglicanism Toronto ABC Publishing ISBN 978 1 55126 499 8 Retrieved 12 May 2015 Robbins Mandy 2003 A Matter of Age or Experience Parishioners Attitudes Toward Women Vicars in the Church of Wales In Pope Robert ed Honouring the Past and Shaping the Future Religious and Biblical Studies in Wales Essays in Honour of Gareth Lloyd Jones Leominster England Gracewing Publishing ISBN 978 0 85244 401 6 Scarfe Janet 2012 Movement for the Ordination of Women Their Hearts in their Mouths In Lindsay Elaine Scarfe Janet eds Preachers Prophets and Heretics Anglican Women s Ministry Sydney University of New South Wales Press pp 117 145 ISBN 978 1 74223 337 6 Shaw Jane 2014 Conflicts Within the Anglican Communion In Thatcher Adrian ed The Oxford Handbook of Theology Sexuality and Gender Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 966415 3 Stranraer Mull Gerald 2012 2000 A Church for Scotland The Story of the Scottish Episcopal Church PDF Edinburgh Scottish Episcopal Church ISBN 978 0 905573 42 7 Retrieved 12 May 2015 Trisk Janet 2013 Women in the Anglican Communion In Markham Ian S Hawkins J Barney IV Terry Justyn Steffensen Leslie Nunez eds The Wiley Blackwell Companion to the Anglican Communion The Wiley Blackwell Companions to Religion Somerset New Jersey John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0 470 65634 1 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names editors list link Wild Wood Emma Ande Titre 2013 The Province of the Anglican Church of the Congo In Markham Ian S Hawkins J Barney IV Terry Justyn Steffensen Leslie Nunez eds The Wiley Blackwell Companion to the Anglican Communion The Wiley Blackwell Companions to Religion Somerset New Jersey John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0 470 65634 1 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names editors list link Working Party on Women in the Episcopate House of Bishops of the General Synod of the Church of England 2004 Women Bishops in the Church of England A Report of the House of Bishops Working Party on Women in the Episcopate PDF London Church House Publishing ISBN 978 0 7151 4037 6 Archived from the original PDF on 18 June 2013 Retrieved 29 October 2015 Zagano Phyllis 2008 Ecumenical Questions on Women and Church In Mannion Gerard ed Church and Religious Other Ecclesiological Investigations Vol 4 London T amp T Clark ISBN 978 0 567 03286 7 Further reading editEames Monitoring Group 1997 The Eames Monitoring Group Report Anglican Communion Office Archived from the original on 1 May 2006 Retrieved 12 May 2015 Mascall E L 1977 Women Priests 2nd ed London Church Literature Association ISBN 978 0 85191 115 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion amp oldid 1184069137, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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