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Ophthalmosaurus

March 10, 2023

Ophthalmosaurus (meaning "eye lizard" in Greek) is an ichthyosaur of the Jurassic period (165–150 million years ago). Possible remains from the Cretaceous, around 145 million years ago, are also known. It was a relatively medium-sized ichthyosaur, measuring 4 m (13 ft) long and weighing 930–950 kg (2,050–2,090 lb).[2][3] Named for its extremely large eyes, it had a jaw containing many small but robust teeth. Major fossil finds of this genus have been recorded in Europe with a second species possibly being found in North America.

Ophthalmosaurus
Temporal range: Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic (Callovian to Oxfordian), 165–157 Ma Possible record during the Berriasian
O. icenicus skeleton at the Natural History Museum, London, with the forelimbs mounted backwards[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: †Ichthyosauria
Family: †Ophthalmosauridae
Subfamily: †Ophthalmosaurinae
Genus: †Ophthalmosaurus
Seeley 1874
Type species
†Ophthalmosaurus icenicus
Species
Synonyms
  • Ancanamunia Rusconi 1942
  • Khudiakovia Arkhangelsky 1999

Description

 
Life restoration of O. icenicus

Ophthalmosaurus was a medium-sized ichthyosaur, measuring 4 m (13 ft) long and weighing 930–950 kg (2,050–2,090 lb).[2][3] It had a robust, streamlined body that was nearly as wide as it was tall in frontal view. Like other derived ichthyosaurs Ophthalmosaurus had a powerful tail ending in a pronounced bi-lobed caudal fluke whose lower half was formed around the caudal spine whereas the upper lobe was made up entirely from soft tissue. The limbs of Ophthalmosaurus were short and rounded with the forelimbs being noticeably larger than the hind limbs. The combination of rather inflexible trunk, powerful caudal fluke and reduced limbs suggests a tail-propelled mode of locomotion with the limbs helping with steering, differing from the anguilliform (eel-like) way more basal ichthyosaurs swam. The skull of Ophthalmosaurus was long with a slender, toothed rostrum and an enlarged posterior portion of the cranium. The dentition was relatively small with robust tooth crowns and the lateral area of the cranium was almost entirely occupied by the animal's massive eyes that gave the genus its name. The proportionally large eyes of Ophthalmosaurus measured 22–23 centimetres (8.7–9.1 in) in diameter at the outer margin of the bony sclerotic ring, while the sclerotic aperture itself measured 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in diameter.[2][4]

Discovery and species

Opthalmosaurus was first described by Harry Seeley in 1874 with particular focus on the morphology of the clavicular bones. Over the years following its description a variety of genera have been sunk into Ophthalmosaurus.[5] Among them, Apatodontosaurus, Ancanamunia, Baptanodon, Mollesaurus, Paraophthalmosaurus, Undorosaurus and Yasykovia were all considered junior synonyms of Ophthalmosaurus in a study published by Maisch & Matzke in 2000.[6]

However, more recent cladistic analyses have contested Maisch & Matzke's conclusion. Mollesaurus periallus from Argentina was considered a valid genus of ophthalmosaurid by Druckenmiller and Maxwell (2010),[7][8][9] Paraophthalmosaurus and Yasykovia were both recovered as distinct genera by Storrs et al., but were later sunk into Nannopterygius[10][11][12] while Undorosaurus's validity is now accepted by most authors, including Maisch (2010) who originally proposed the synonymy.[8][10][13][14][15] The two other Russian taxa might be also valid.[8][14] Likewise the Mexican ophthalmosaurid Jabalisaurus had also been referred to Ophthalmosaurus before being described as a distinct species and genus in 2021.[16]

Ophthalmosaurus natans was described as Sauranodon, then later renamed to Baptanodon by Marsh in 1880. However this decision was questioned not long afterwards with Baptanodon instead being considered an American species of Ophthalmosaurus. Recent analysis have recovered the species as closer to other ophthalmosaurines than to the Ophthalmosaurus type species,[7][9][17] suggesting that the previous name should be reinstated. Similarly, Ophthalmosaurus chrisorum, whose holotype has been recovered in Canada and described by Russell in 1993, was moved to its own genus Arthropterygius in 2010 by Maxwell.[18]

While primarily known from the Jurassic, material from the Spilsby Sandstone dating to the early Berriasian stage of the Lower Cretaceous has been referred to cf. Ophthalmosaurus (i.e., either Ophthalmosaurus or a closely related species).[19]

Classification

 
O. icenicus in Tubingen

Within Ophthalmosauridae, Ophthalmosaurus was once considered most closely related to Aegirosaurus.[20] However, many recent cladistic analyses found Ophthalmosaurus to nest in a clade with Acamptonectes and Mollesaurus. Aegirosaurus was found more closely related to Platypterygius, and thus does not belong to the Ophthalmosaurinae.[8][9]

Phylogeny

The cladogram below follows Fischer et al. 2012.[9]

The following cladogram shows a possible phylogenetic position of Ophthalmosaurus in Ophthalmosauridae according to the analysis performed by Zverkov and Jacobs (2020).[12]

Ophthalmosauria
Ophthalmosaurinae
Platypterygiinae

Palaeobiology

Ophthalmosaurus icenicus possessed small teeth with robust tooth crowns and signs of slight wear differing notably from the robust teeth of later species of Platypterygius, known to have hunted large prey including turtles and birds, and the minute teeth of Baptanodon, interpreted to be a soft prey specialist. Fischer et al. (2016) conclude that this intermediary tooth morphology indicates that Ophthalmosaurus icenicus was most likely a generalist predator, feeding on a variety of smaller prey items.[22]

Ophthalmosaurus could likely dive for around 20 minutes. Assuming a conservative cruising speed of 1 metre per second (3.3 ft/s) (2 metres per second (6.6 ft/s) being more likely), Ophthalmosaurus could reach depths of 600 metres (2,000 ft) or more during a dive, reaching the mesopelagic zone.[3] However, while studies on the biomechanics of Ophthalmosaurus suggests that such feats could be physically achieved, studies on the environment of the Peterborough member of the Oxford Clay suggest that Ophthalmosaurus instead inhabited relatively shallow waters there, being determined to have been just 50 metres (160 ft) deep at a distance of 150 kilometres (93 mi) from the shore.[23]

See also

References

  1. ^ Moon, B. C.; Kirton, A. M. (2016). "Ichthyosaurs of the British Middle and Upper Jurassic. Part 1, Ophthalmosaurus". Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society. 170 (647): 1–84. doi:10.1080/02693445.2016.11963958. hdl:1983/983f82bf-a391-4cbc-b313-1fc754017eef. S2CID 133288616.
  2. ^ a b c Motani, Ryosuke; Rothschild, Bruce M.; Wahl, William (1999). (PDF). Nature. 402 (6763): 747. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..747M. doi:10.1038/45435. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 5432366. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 January 2017.
  3. ^ a b c Motani, Ryosuke (2005). (PDF). Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 33: 395–420. Bibcode:2005AREPS..33..395M. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122707. S2CID 54742104. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-07.
  4. ^ Schwab, Ivan R (2002). "My, what big eyes you have . . ". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 86 (2): 130. doi:10.1136/bjo.86.2.130. ISSN 0007-1161. PMC 1771016. PMID 11855367.
  5. ^ H.G. Seeley (1874). "On the Pectoral Arch and Fore Limbs of Ophthalmosaurus, a new Ichthyosaurian Genus from the Oxford Clay". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 30 (1–4): 696–707. doi:10.1144/gsl.jgs.1874.030.01-04.64. S2CID 129725722.
  6. ^ Maisch MW, Matzke AT. 2000. The Ichthyosauria. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 298: 1-159.
  7. ^ a b Patrick S. Druckenmiller; Erin E. Maxwell (2010). "A new Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) ichthyosaur genus from the Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 47 (8): 1037–1053. Bibcode:2010CaJES..47.1037D. doi:10.1139/E10-028.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ a b c d Fischer, Valentin; Edwige Masure; Maxim S. Arkhangelsky; Pascal Godefroit (2011). "A new Barremian (Early Cretaceous) ichthyosaur from western Russia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (5): 1010–1025. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.595464. hdl:2268/92828. S2CID 86036325.
  9. ^ a b c d Valentin Fischer; Michael W. Maisch; Darren Naish; Ralf Kosma; Jeff Liston; Ulrich Joger; Fritz J. Krüger; Judith Pardo Pérez; Jessica Tainsh; Robert M. Appleby (2012). "New Ophthalmosaurid Ichthyosaurs from the European Lower Cretaceous Demonstrate Extensive Ichthyosaur Survival across the Jurassic–Cretaceous Boundary". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e29234. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729234F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029234. PMC 3250416. PMID 22235274.
  10. ^ a b Storrs, Glenn W.; Vladimir M. Efimov; Maxim S. Arkhangelsky (2000). "Mesozoic marine reptiles of Russia and other former Soviet republics". In Benton, M.J.; Shishkin, M.A.; Unwin, D.M. (eds.). The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–210. ISBN 9780521545822.
  11. ^ N. G. Zverkov, M. S. Arkhangelsky and I. M. Stenshin (2015) A review of Russian Upper Jurassic ichthyosaurs with an intermedium/humeral contact. Reassessing Grendelius McGowan, 1976. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute 318(4): 558-588
  12. ^ a b Nikolay G. Zverkov & Megan L. Jacobs (2021) [First published 2020]. "Revision of Nannopterygius (Ichthyosauria: Ophthalmosauridae): reappraisal of the 'inaccessible' holotype resolves a taxonomic tangle and reveals an obscure ophthalmosaurid lineage with a wide distribution". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191 (1): 228–275. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa028.
  13. ^ McGowan C, Motani R. 2003. Ichthyopterygia. – In: Sues, H.-D. (ed.): Handbook of Paleoherpetology, Part 8, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, 175 pp., 101 figs., 19 plts; München
  14. ^ a b Michael W. Maisch (2010). "Phylogeny, systematics, and origin of the Ichthyosauria – the state of the art" (PDF). Palaeodiversity. 3: 151–214.
  15. ^ Fischer, V.; A. Clement; M. Guiomar; P. Godefroit (2011). "The first definite record of a Valanginian ichthyosaur and its implications on the evolution of post-Liassic Ichthyosauria". Cretaceous Research. 32 (2): 155–163. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.11.005. hdl:2268/79923. S2CID 45794618.
  16. ^ Barrientos-Lara, Jair Israel; Alvarado-Ortega, Jesús (2021-11-01). "A new ophthalmosaurid (Ichthyosauria) from the Upper Kimmeridgian deposits of the La Casita Formation, near Gómez Farías, Coahuila, northern Mexico". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 111: 103499. Bibcode:2021JSAES.11103499B. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103499. ISSN 0895-9811.
  17. ^ Paparella, Ilaria; Maxwell, Erin E.; Cipriani, Angelo; Roncacè, Scilla; Caldwell, Michael W. (2017). "The first ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the Upper Jurassic of the Umbrian-Marchean Apennines (Marche, Central Italy)". Geological Magazine. 154 (4): 837. Bibcode:2017GeoM..154..837P. doi:10.1017/S0016756816000455. S2CID 132955874.
  18. ^ Maxwell, E.E. (2010). "Generic reassignment of an ichthyosaur from the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Northwest Territories, Canada". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (2): 403–415. doi:10.1080/02724631003617944. S2CID 85143039.
  19. ^ Fischer, V.; Maisch, M. W.; Naish, D.; Kosma, R.; Liston, J.; Joger, U.; Krüger, F. J.; Pérez, J. P.; Tainsh, J.; Appleby, R. M.; Fenton, B. (2012). "New ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurs from the European Lower Cretaceous demonstrate extensive ichthyosaur survival across the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e29234. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729234F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029234. PMC 3250416. PMID 22235274.
  20. ^ Fernández M. 2007. Redescription and phylogenetic position of Caypullisaurus (Ichthyosauria: Ophthalmosauridae). Journal of Paleontology 81 (2): 368-375.
  21. ^ Arkhangel’sky, M. S., 1998, On the Ichthyosaurian Genus Platypterygius: Palaeontological Journal, v. 32, n. 6, p. 611-615.
  22. ^ Fischer, V.; Bardet, N.; Benson, R.B.J.; Arkhangelsky, M.S.; Friedman, M. (2016). "Extinction of Fish-shaped Marine Reptiles Associated with Reduced Evolutionary Rates and Global Environmental Volatility". Nature Communications. 7: 10825. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710825F. doi:10.1038/ncomms10825. PMC 4786747. PMID 26953824.
  23. ^ Hudson, John D.; Martill, David M. (1991). "The Lower Oxford Clay: production and preservation of organic matter in the Callovian (Jurassic) of central England". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 58 (1): 363–379. Bibcode:1991GSLSP..58..363H. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.058.01.23. S2CID 129388168.

External links

    March 10, 2023
    ophthalmosaurus, meaning, lizard, greek, ichthyosaur, jurassic, period, million, years, possible, remains, from, cretaceous, around, million, years, also, known, relatively, medium, sized, ichthyosaur, measuring, long, weighing, named, extremely, large, eyes, . Ophthalmosaurus meaning eye lizard in Greek is an ichthyosaur of the Jurassic period 165 150 million years ago Possible remains from the Cretaceous around 145 million years ago are also known It was a relatively medium sized ichthyosaur measuring 4 m 13 ft long and weighing 930 950 kg 2 050 2 090 lb 2 3 Named for its extremely large eyes it had a jaw containing many small but robust teeth Major fossil finds of this genus have been recorded in Europe with a second species possibly being found in North America OphthalmosaurusTemporal range Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic Callovian to Oxfordian 165 157 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible record during the BerriasianO icenicus skeleton at the Natural History Museum London with the forelimbs mounted backwards 1 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ReptiliaOrder IchthyosauriaFamily OphthalmosauridaeSubfamily OphthalmosaurinaeGenus OphthalmosaurusSeeley 1874Type species Ophthalmosaurus icenicusSeeley 1874Species O icenicus Seeley 1874 type species SynonymsAncanamunia Rusconi 1942 Khudiakovia Arkhangelsky 1999 Contents 1 Description 2 Discovery and species 3 Classification 3 1 Phylogeny 4 Palaeobiology 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksDescription Edit Life restoration of O icenicus Ophthalmosaurus was a medium sized ichthyosaur measuring 4 m 13 ft long and weighing 930 950 kg 2 050 2 090 lb 2 3 It had a robust streamlined body that was nearly as wide as it was tall in frontal view Like other derived ichthyosaurs Ophthalmosaurus had a powerful tail ending in a pronounced bi lobed caudal fluke whose lower half was formed around the caudal spine whereas the upper lobe was made up entirely from soft tissue The limbs of Ophthalmosaurus were short and rounded with the forelimbs being noticeably larger than the hind limbs The combination of rather inflexible trunk powerful caudal fluke and reduced limbs suggests a tail propelled mode of locomotion with the limbs helping with steering differing from the anguilliform eel like way more basal ichthyosaurs swam The skull of Ophthalmosaurus was long with a slender toothed rostrum and an enlarged posterior portion of the cranium The dentition was relatively small with robust tooth crowns and the lateral area of the cranium was almost entirely occupied by the animal s massive eyes that gave the genus its name The proportionally large eyes of Ophthalmosaurus measured 22 23 centimetres 8 7 9 1 in in diameter at the outer margin of the bony sclerotic ring while the sclerotic aperture itself measured 10 centimetres 3 9 in in diameter 2 4 Discovery and species EditOpthalmosaurus was first described by Harry Seeley in 1874 with particular focus on the morphology of the clavicular bones Over the years following its description a variety of genera have been sunk into Ophthalmosaurus 5 Among them Apatodontosaurus Ancanamunia Baptanodon Mollesaurus Paraophthalmosaurus Undorosaurus and Yasykovia were all considered junior synonyms of Ophthalmosaurus in a study published by Maisch amp Matzke in 2000 6 However more recent cladistic analyses have contested Maisch amp Matzke s conclusion Mollesaurus periallus from Argentina was considered a valid genus of ophthalmosaurid by Druckenmiller and Maxwell 2010 7 8 9 Paraophthalmosaurus and Yasykovia were both recovered as distinct genera by Storrs et al but were later sunk into Nannopterygius 10 11 12 while Undorosaurus s validity is now accepted by most authors including Maisch 2010 who originally proposed the synonymy 8 10 13 14 15 The two other Russian taxa might be also valid 8 14 Likewise the Mexican ophthalmosaurid Jabalisaurus had also been referred to Ophthalmosaurus before being described as a distinct species and genus in 2021 16 Ophthalmosaurus natans was described as Sauranodon then later renamed to Baptanodon by Marsh in 1880 However this decision was questioned not long afterwards with Baptanodon instead being considered an American species of Ophthalmosaurus Recent analysis have recovered the species as closer to other ophthalmosaurines than to the Ophthalmosaurus type species 7 9 17 suggesting that the previous name should be reinstated Similarly Ophthalmosaurus chrisorum whose holotype has been recovered in Canada and described by Russell in 1993 was moved to its own genus Arthropterygius in 2010 by Maxwell 18 While primarily known from the Jurassic material from the Spilsby Sandstone dating to the early Berriasian stage of the Lower Cretaceous has been referred to cf Ophthalmosaurus i e either Ophthalmosaurus or a closely related species 19 Classification Edit O icenicus in Tubingen Within Ophthalmosauridae Ophthalmosaurus was once considered most closely related to Aegirosaurus 20 However many recent cladistic analyses found Ophthalmosaurus to nest in a clade with Acamptonectes and Mollesaurus Aegirosaurus was found more closely related to Platypterygius and thus does not belong to the Ophthalmosaurinae 8 9 Phylogeny Edit The cladogram below follows Fischer et al 2012 9 Thunnosauria IchthyosaurusStenopterygiusChacaicosaurus Ophthalmosauridae Arthropterygius Ophthalmosaurinae MollesaurusOphthalmosaurus icenicus type species Baptanodon O natans Acamptonectes Platypterygiinae BrachypterygiusMaiaspondylusAegirosaurusSveltonectes Platypterygius hercynicusCaypullisaurusAthabascasaurus Platypterygius australis Longirostria 21 The following cladogram shows a possible phylogenetic position of Ophthalmosaurus in Ophthalmosauridae according to the analysis performed by Zverkov and Jacobs 2020 12 Ophthalmosauria Ophthalmosaurinae Acamptonectes densusMollesaurus periallusOphthalmosaurus natansOphthalmosaurus icenicusGengasaurus nicosiaiNannopterygius yasykoviNannopterygius enthekiodonNannopterygius saveljeviensisNannopterygius borealisArthropterygius volgensisArthropterygius lundiArthropterygius thalassonotusArthropterygius hoybergetiArthropterygius chrisorumPlatypterygiinae Brachypterygius extremusAegirosaurus leptospondylusMuiscasaurus cathetiLeninia stellansSveltonectes insolitusAthabascasaurus bitumineusPlatypterygius americanusAcuetzpalin carranzaiPlatypterygius sachicarumCaypullisaurus bonaparteiGrendelius mordaxGrendelius alekseeviGrendelius pseudoscythicusGrendelius zhuravleviUndorosaurus kielanaeUndorosaurus nessoviUndorosaurus gorodischensisPlatypterygius australisPlutoniosaurus bedengensisSimbirskiasaurus birjukoviPlatypterygius hercynicusSisteronia seeleyiPlatypterygius platydactylusMaiaspondylus lindoeiPalaeobiology EditOphthalmosaurus icenicus possessed small teeth with robust tooth crowns and signs of slight wear differing notably from the robust teeth of later species of Platypterygius known to have hunted large prey including turtles and birds and the minute teeth of Baptanodon interpreted to be a soft prey specialist Fischer et al 2016 conclude that this intermediary tooth morphology indicates that Ophthalmosaurus icenicus was most likely a generalist predator feeding on a variety of smaller prey items 22 Ophthalmosaurus could likely dive for around 20 minutes Assuming a conservative cruising speed of 1 metre per second 3 3 ft s 2 metres per second 6 6 ft s being more likely Ophthalmosaurus could reach depths of 600 metres 2 000 ft or more during a dive reaching the mesopelagic zone 3 However while studies on the biomechanics of Ophthalmosaurus suggests that such feats could be physically achieved studies on the environment of the Peterborough member of the Oxford Clay suggest that Ophthalmosaurus instead inhabited relatively shallow waters there being determined to have been just 50 metres 160 ft deep at a distance of 150 kilometres 93 mi from the shore 23 See also Edit Paleontology portalList of ichthyosaurs Timeline of ichthyosaur researchReferences Edit Moon B C Kirton A M 2016 Ichthyosaurs of the British Middle and Upper Jurassic Part 1 Ophthalmosaurus Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society 170 647 1 84 doi 10 1080 02693445 2016 11963958 hdl 1983 983f82bf a391 4cbc b313 1fc754017eef S2CID 133288616 a b c Motani Ryosuke Rothschild Bruce M Wahl William 1999 Large eyeballs in diving ichthyosaurs PDF Nature 402 6763 747 Bibcode 1999Natur 402 747M doi 10 1038 45435 ISSN 1476 4687 S2CID 5432366 Archived from the original PDF on 18 January 2017 a b c Motani Ryosuke 2005 Evolution of fish shaped reptiles Reptilia Ichthyopterygia in their physical environments and constraints PDF Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 395 420 Bibcode 2005AREPS 33 395M doi 10 1146 annurev earth 33 092203 122707 S2CID 54742104 Archived from the original PDF on 2019 07 07 Schwab Ivan R 2002 My what big eyes you have The British Journal of Ophthalmology 86 2 130 doi 10 1136 bjo 86 2 130 ISSN 0007 1161 PMC 1771016 PMID 11855367 H G Seeley 1874 On the Pectoral Arch and Fore Limbs of Ophthalmosaurus a new Ichthyosaurian Genus from the Oxford Clay Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 30 1 4 696 707 doi 10 1144 gsl jgs 1874 030 01 04 64 S2CID 129725722 Maisch MW Matzke AT 2000 The Ichthyosauria Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie B Geologie und Palaontologie 298 1 159 a b Patrick S Druckenmiller Erin E Maxwell 2010 A new Lower Cretaceous lower Albian ichthyosaur genus from the Clearwater Formation Alberta Canada Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 47 8 1037 1053 Bibcode 2010CaJES 47 1037D doi 10 1139 E10 028 permanent dead link a b c d Fischer Valentin Edwige Masure Maxim S Arkhangelsky Pascal Godefroit 2011 A new Barremian Early Cretaceous ichthyosaur from western Russia Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 5 1010 1025 doi 10 1080 02724634 2011 595464 hdl 2268 92828 S2CID 86036325 a b c d Valentin Fischer Michael W Maisch Darren Naish Ralf Kosma Jeff Liston Ulrich Joger Fritz J Kruger Judith Pardo Perez Jessica Tainsh Robert M Appleby 2012 New Ophthalmosaurid Ichthyosaurs from the European Lower Cretaceous Demonstrate Extensive Ichthyosaur Survival across the Jurassic Cretaceous Boundary PLOS ONE 7 1 e29234 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 729234F doi 10 1371 journal pone 0029234 PMC 3250416 PMID 22235274 a b Storrs Glenn W Vladimir M Efimov Maxim S Arkhangelsky 2000 Mesozoic marine reptiles of Russia and other former Soviet republics In Benton M J Shishkin M A Unwin D M eds The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 140 210 ISBN 9780521545822 N G Zverkov M S Arkhangelsky and I M Stenshin 2015 A review of Russian Upper Jurassic ichthyosaurs with an intermedium humeral contact Reassessing Grendelius McGowan 1976 Proceedings of the Zoological Institute 318 4 558 588 a b Nikolay G Zverkov amp Megan L Jacobs 2021 First published 2020 Revision of Nannopterygius Ichthyosauria Ophthalmosauridae reappraisal of the inaccessible holotype resolves a taxonomic tangle and reveals an obscure ophthalmosaurid lineage with a wide distribution Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191 1 228 275 doi 10 1093 zoolinnean zlaa028 McGowan C Motani R 2003 Ichthyopterygia In Sues H D ed Handbook of Paleoherpetology Part 8 Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil 175 pp 101 figs 19 plts Munchen a b Michael W Maisch 2010 Phylogeny systematics and origin of the Ichthyosauria the state of the art PDF Palaeodiversity 3 151 214 Fischer V A Clement M Guiomar P Godefroit 2011 The first definite record of a Valanginian ichthyosaur and its implications on the evolution of post Liassic Ichthyosauria Cretaceous Research 32 2 155 163 doi 10 1016 j cretres 2010 11 005 hdl 2268 79923 S2CID 45794618 Barrientos Lara Jair Israel Alvarado Ortega Jesus 2021 11 01 A new ophthalmosaurid Ichthyosauria from the Upper Kimmeridgian deposits of the La Casita Formation near Gomez Farias Coahuila northern Mexico Journal of South American Earth Sciences 111 103499 Bibcode 2021JSAES 11103499B doi 10 1016 j jsames 2021 103499 ISSN 0895 9811 Paparella Ilaria Maxwell Erin E Cipriani Angelo Roncace Scilla Caldwell Michael W 2017 The first ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the Upper Jurassic of the Umbrian Marchean Apennines Marche Central Italy Geological Magazine 154 4 837 Bibcode 2017GeoM 154 837P doi 10 1017 S0016756816000455 S2CID 132955874 Maxwell E E 2010 Generic reassignment of an ichthyosaur from the Queen Elizabeth Islands Northwest Territories Canada Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 2 403 415 doi 10 1080 02724631003617944 S2CID 85143039 Fischer V Maisch M W Naish D Kosma R Liston J Joger U Kruger F J Perez J P Tainsh J Appleby R M Fenton B 2012 New ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurs from the European Lower Cretaceous demonstrate extensive ichthyosaur survival across the Jurassic Cretaceous boundary PLOS ONE 7 1 e29234 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 729234F doi 10 1371 journal pone 0029234 PMC 3250416 PMID 22235274 Fernandez M 2007 Redescription and phylogenetic position of Caypullisaurus Ichthyosauria Ophthalmosauridae Journal of Paleontology 81 2 368 375 Arkhangel sky M S 1998 On the Ichthyosaurian Genus Platypterygius Palaeontological Journal v 32 n 6 p 611 615 Fischer V Bardet N Benson R B J Arkhangelsky M S Friedman M 2016 Extinction of Fish shaped Marine Reptiles Associated with Reduced Evolutionary Rates and Global Environmental Volatility Nature Communications 7 10825 Bibcode 2016NatCo 710825F doi 10 1038 ncomms10825 PMC 4786747 PMID 26953824 Hudson John D Martill David M 1991 The Lower Oxford Clay production and preservation of organic matter in the Callovian Jurassic of central England Geological Society London Special Publications 58 1 363 379 Bibcode 1991GSLSP 58 363H doi 10 1144 GSL SP 1991 058 01 23 S2CID 129388168 External links EditWalking With Dinosaurs Fact File Ophthalmosaurus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ophthalmosaurus amp oldid 1139837294, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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