Platypterygius is a historically paraphyletic genus of platypterygiineichthyosaur from the Cretaceous period. It was historically used as a wastebasket taxon, and most species within Platypterygius likely are undiagnostic at the genus or species level, or represent distinct genera, even being argued as invalid.[1] While fossils referred to Platypterygius have been found throughout different continents, the holotype specimen was found in Germany.
As Platypterygius contains multiple species not especially close to each other, little can be said in terms of shared characteristics. According to an analysis by Fischer (2012), all anatomical features used to unify Platypterygius species are either not actually present in each species, or much more widespread among unrelated ophthalmosaurs. Generally, species referred to this genus were large bodied macropredators based on their robust dentition.[2] This is also supported by P. australis having been found with remains of sea turtles and birds (specifically, of the genus Nanantius) in its guts,[3] as well as an unidentified pterosaur fossil with tooth marks that may be from this genus.
In 1998, Arkhangelsky estimated that P. platydactylus was about 5 metres (16 ft) long, while "P." americanus was about 5.5 metres (18 ft) long.[4] In 2010, Zammit and colleagues estimated that "P." australis was about 7 metres (23 ft) long.[5]
The type species of Platypterygius was described in 1922 based on remains found in upper Aptian strata around Hannover, Germany. These remains however were not adequately described and to complicate matters further, destroyed during World War 2. In the time after its discovery however Platypterygius has become a catch-all genus for Cretaceous ichthyosaurs, creating the misconstrued view of post-Jurassic ichthyosaurs as being a single global genus lacking in diversity. Later research conducted in the 2000s and 2010s has repeatedly shown this to be false, with all of the autapomorphies previously used to define Platypterygius either not being present in all assigned species or also being present in other ophthalmosaurids.[6] As the holotype was destroyed, a redescription of the material attempting to identify valid autapomorphies is out of the question and leaves the genus in a problematic state. Furthermore, the inclusion of later described genera of Cretaceous, platypterygiine ichthyosaurs has shown Platypterygius to be paraphyletic, with the different species not clading closely to one another. Subsequently, many redescriptions of referred Platypterygius species have found them to be their own distinct genera.
One notable attempt at revising Platypterygius was conducted by Arkhangel'sky in 1998, who split the genus into three new subgenera. Longirostria (including the Australian "P." longmani, a synonym of "P." australis, and the Argentinian "P." hauthali), Tenuirostria ("P." americanus) and Pervushovisaurus (which included the newly described "P." bannovkensis). Both Platypterygius platydactylus,"P." kiprianoffi and "P." hercynicus were placed in the subgenus Platypterygius.[4]
"Platypterygius" bannovkensis was eventually elevated to its own genus Pervushovisaurus in 2014, utilizing Arkhangel'sky's proposed subgenus name[7] and "P." campylodon was also assigned to this genus by a study published in 2016.[8]"P." kiprianoffi was also assigned to P. campylodon (now Pervushovisaurus).[9][10][11]Simbirskiasaurus was originally described in 1985 and later sunk into Platypterygius before being declared distinct in the same paper as Pervushovisaurus.[7]"Platypterygius" ochevi, described in 2008 by Arkhangel'sky et al., was found to be a junior synonym of Maiaspondylus cantabrigiensis[12] and in 2021 "Platypterygius" sachicarum was described by Cortés et al. as Kyhytysuka sachicarum.[13] It is argued that the inclusion of oldest species "P." hauthali requires reinvestigation,[11] for it lacks a skull to attribute.[14] Because of this, recent analyses on ichthyosaur classification neglect this species.[15][16] In 2024, "P." hauthali was reclassified back into the original genus, Myobradypterygius.[17]
Accepted speciesedit
Opalized vertebral column assigned to an immature P. cf. longmani (a synonym of P. australis)
The following cladogram shows the internal relationships of ophthalmosaurian ichthyosaurs according to an analysis performed by Zverkov and Jacobs (2020) which shows that P. americanus is too distantly related compared to the other three species.[16]
^Fischer, V.; Masure, E.; Arkhangelsky, M.S.; Godefroit, P. (2011). "A New Barremian (Early Cretaceous) Ichthyosaur From Western Russia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (5): 1010–1025. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31.1010F. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.595464. hdl:2268/92828. S2CID 86036325.
^Fischer, V.; Bardet, N.; Benson, R.B.J.; Arkhangelsky, M.S.; Friedman, M. (2016). "Extinction of Fish-shaped Marine Reptiles Associated with Reduced Evolutionary Rates and Global Environmental Volatility". Nature Communications. 7: 10825. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710825F. doi:10.1038/ncomms10825. PMC4786747. PMID 26953824.
^Kear, Benjamin P.; Boles, Walter E.; Smith, Elizabeth T. (2003). "Unusual gut contents in a Cretaceous ichthyosaur". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 270 (Suppl 2): S206–S208. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0050. PMC1809966. PMID 14667384.
^ abArkhangelsky, M.S. (1998). "On the Ichthyosaurian genus Platypterygius". Paleontological Journal. 32 (6): 611–615.
^Maria Zammit, Rachel M. Norris & Benjamin P. Kear (2010). "The Australian Cretaceous ichthyosaur Platypterygius australis: a description and review of postcranial remains". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (6): 1726–1735. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1726Z. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.521930. S2CID 85089080.
^Fischer, V. (2012). "New Data on the Ichthyosaur Platypterygius hercynicus and Its Implications for the Validity of the Genus". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 57 (1): 123–134. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0007. S2CID 53355007.
^ abFischer, Valentin; Arkhangelsky, Maxim S.; Naish, Darren; Stenshin, Ilya M.; Uspensky, Gleb N.; Godefroit, Pascal (2014). "Simbirskiasaurus and Pervushovisaurus reassessed: implications for the taxonomy and cranial osteology of Cretaceous platypterygiine ichthyosaurs". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 171 (4): 822–841. doi:10.1111/zoj.12158.
^ abFischer, V. (2016). "Taxonomy of Platypterygius campylodon and the diversity of the last ichthyosaurs". PeerJ. 4: e2604. doi:10.7717/peerj.2604. PMC5075704. PMID 27781178.
^"Mesozoic marine reptiles of Russia and other former Soviet Republics". The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2000. pp. 187–210.
^McGowan, C.; Motani, R. (2003). "Ichthyopterygia". Handbook of Paleoherpetology. 8. Munich, Germany: 175.
^ abZammit, M. (2012). "Cretaceous Ichthyosaurs: Dwindling Diversity, or the Empire Strikes Back?". Geosciences. 2 (2): 187–210. Bibcode:2012Geosc...2...11Z. doi:10.3390/geosciences2020011.
^Nikolay G. Zverkov; Dmitry V. Grigoriev (2020). "An unrevealed lineage of platypterygiines (Ichthyosauria) with peculiar forefin structure and semiglobal distribution in the mid-Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian)". Cretaceous Research. 115: Article 104550. Bibcode:2020CrRes.11504550Z. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104550. S2CID 225721312.
^Cortés, D.; Maxwell, E.E.; Larsson, H.C.E. (2021). "Re-appearance of hypercarnivore ichthyosaurs in the Cretaceous with differentiated dentition revision of Platypterygius sachicarum (Reptilia:Ichthyosauria, Ophthalmosauridae) from Colombia". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 19 (14): 969–1002. Bibcode:2021JSPal..19..969C. doi:10.1080/14772019.2021.1989507. S2CID 244512087.
^Maxwell, E.E.; Kear, B.P. (2010). "Postcranial anatomy of Platypterygius americanus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Cretaceous of Wyoming". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (4): 1059–1068. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1059M. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.483546. S2CID 85817541.
^Nikolay G. Zverkov & Vladimir M. Efimov (2019). "Revision of Undorosaurus, a mysterious Late Jurassic ichthyosaur of the Boreal Realm". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (14): 963–993. Bibcode:2019JSPal..17.1183Z. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1515793. S2CID 91912834.
^ abNikolay G. Zverkov; Megan L. Jacobs (2020). "Revision of Nannopterygius (Ichthyosauria: Ophthalmosauridae): reappraisal of the 'inaccessible' holotype resolves a taxonomic tangle and reveals an obscure ophthalmosaurid lineage with a wide distribution". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191: 228–275. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa028.
^Campos, L.; Fernández, M. S.; Bosio, V.; Herrera, Y.; Manzo, A. (2024). "Revalidation of Myobradypterygius hauthali Huene, 1927 and the phylogenetic signal within the ophthalmosaurid (Ichthyosauria) forefins". Cretaceous Research. 157. 105818. Bibcode:2024CrRes.15705818C. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105818.
^ abFischer, Valentin; Arkhangelsky, Maxim S.; Naish, Darren; Stenshin, Ilya M.; Uspensky, Gleb N.; Godefroit, Pascal (2014). "Simbirskiasaurus and Pervushovisaurus reassessed: implications for the taxonomy and cranial osteology of Cretaceous platypterygiine ichthyosaurs". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 171 (4): 822–841. doi:10.1111/zoj.12158.
^Páramo, M.E. (1997). "Platypterygius sachicarum (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) nueva especie del Cretácico de Colombia". Revista INGEOMINAS. 6: 1–12.
Bibliographyedit
Arkhangelsky, M.S.; Averianov, A.O.; Pervushov, E.M.; Ratnikov, V. Yu; Zozyrev, N. Yu. (2008). "On ichthyosaur remains from the Cretaceous of the Voronezh region". Paleontological Journal. 42 (3): 287–291. Bibcode:2008PalJ...42..287A. doi:10.1134/S0031030108030106. S2CID 128822178.
Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Maxwell, Erin E. (2010). "A new Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) ichthyosaur genus from the Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 47 (8): 1037–1053. Bibcode:2010CaJES..47.1037D. doi:10.1139/E10-028.[permanent dead link]
Fernández, M. (2007). "Redescription and phylogenetic position of Caypullisaurus (Ichthyosauria: Ophthalmosauridae)". Journal of Paleontology. 81 (2): 368–375. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[368:rappoc]2.0.co;2. S2CID 130457040.
Pardo Pérez, Judith; Frey, Eberhard; Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang; Fernández, Marta S.; Rivas, Luis; Salazar, Christian; Leppe, Marcelo (2012). "An ichthyosaurian forefin from the Lower Cretaceous Zapata Formation of southern Chile: implications for morphological variability within Platypterygius". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 92 (2): 287–294. Bibcode:2012PdPe...92..287P. doi:10.1007/s12549-012-0074-8. S2CID 128487253. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
Further readingedit
Long, J.A., Dinosaurs of Australia and New Zealand, UNSW Press, Australia 1998
platypterygius, historically, paraphyletic, genus, platypterygiine, ichthyosaur, from, cretaceous, period, historically, used, wastebasket, taxon, most, species, within, likely, undiagnostic, genus, species, level, represent, distinct, genera, even, being, arg. Platypterygius is a historically paraphyletic genus of platypterygiine ichthyosaur from the Cretaceous period It was historically used as a wastebasket taxon and most species within Platypterygius likely are undiagnostic at the genus or species level or represent distinct genera even being argued as invalid 1 While fossils referred to Platypterygius have been found throughout different continents the holotype specimen was found in Germany PlatypterygiusTemporal range Late Aptian Late Cenomanian113 93 9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Assigned P australis specimen Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Reptilia Order Ichthyosauria Family Ophthalmosauridae Subfamily Platypterygiinae Genus Platypterygiusvon Huene 1922 Type species Ichthyosaurus platydactylusBroilli 1907 Other species P americanus Nace 1939 P australis McCoy 1867 P hercynicus Kuhn 1946 Contents 1 Description 2 Discovery and species 2 1 Accepted species 2 2 Formerly assigned species 3 Classification 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Bibliography 6 Further reading 7 External linksDescription edit nbsp Restoration of P australis As Platypterygius contains multiple species not especially close to each other little can be said in terms of shared characteristics According to an analysis by Fischer 2012 all anatomical features used to unify Platypterygius species are either not actually present in each species or much more widespread among unrelated ophthalmosaurs Generally species referred to this genus were large bodied macropredators based on their robust dentition 2 This is also supported by P australis having been found with remains of sea turtles and birds specifically of the genus Nanantius in its guts 3 as well as an unidentified pterosaur fossil with tooth marks that may be from this genus In 1998 Arkhangelsky estimated that P platydactylus was about 5 metres 16 ft long while P americanus was about 5 5 metres 18 ft long 4 In 2010 Zammit and colleagues estimated that P australis was about 7 metres 23 ft long 5 Discovery and species edit nbsp Skull of P sp Sternberg Museum of Natural History The type species of Platypterygius was described in 1922 based on remains found in upper Aptian strata around Hannover Germany These remains however were not adequately described and to complicate matters further destroyed during World War 2 In the time after its discovery however Platypterygius has become a catch all genus for Cretaceous ichthyosaurs creating the misconstrued view of post Jurassic ichthyosaurs as being a single global genus lacking in diversity Later research conducted in the 2000s and 2010s has repeatedly shown this to be false with all of the autapomorphies previously used to define Platypterygius either not being present in all assigned species or also being present in other ophthalmosaurids 6 As the holotype was destroyed a redescription of the material attempting to identify valid autapomorphies is out of the question and leaves the genus in a problematic state Furthermore the inclusion of later described genera of Cretaceous platypterygiine ichthyosaurs has shown Platypterygius to be paraphyletic with the different species not clading closely to one another Subsequently many redescriptions of referred Platypterygius species have found them to be their own distinct genera One notable attempt at revising Platypterygius was conducted by Arkhangel sky in 1998 who split the genus into three new subgenera Longirostria including the Australian P longmani a synonym of P australis and the Argentinian P hauthali Tenuirostria P americanus and Pervushovisaurus which included the newly described P bannovkensis Both Platypterygius platydactylus P kiprianoffi and P hercynicus were placed in the subgenus Platypterygius 4 Platypterygius bannovkensis was eventually elevated to its own genus Pervushovisaurus in 2014 utilizing Arkhangel sky s proposed subgenus name 7 and P campylodon was also assigned to this genus by a study published in 2016 8 P kiprianoffi was also assigned to P campylodon now Pervushovisaurus 9 10 11 Simbirskiasaurus was originally described in 1985 and later sunk into Platypterygius before being declared distinct in the same paper as Pervushovisaurus 7 Platypterygius ochevi described in 2008 by Arkhangel sky et al was found to be a junior synonym of Maiaspondylus cantabrigiensis 12 and in 2021 Platypterygius sachicarum was described by Cortes et al as Kyhytysuka sachicarum 13 It is argued that the inclusion of oldest species P hauthali requires reinvestigation 11 for it lacks a skull to attribute 14 Because of this recent analyses on ichthyosaur classification neglect this species 15 16 In 2024 P hauthali was reclassified back into the original genus Myobradypterygius 17 Accepted species edit nbsp Opalized vertebral column assigned to an immature P cf longmani a synonym of P australis Platypterygius platydactylus Broilli 1907 type Platypterygius americanus Nace 1939 Tenuirostria Platypterygius australis McCoy 1867 Longirostria Platypterygius hercynicus Kuhn 1946 Formerly assigned species edit Pervushovisaurus bannovkensis Arkhangelsky 1998 18 Pervushovisaurus campylodon Carter 1846 8 Simbirskiasaurus birjukovi Otschev and Efimov 1985 18 Plutoniosaurus bedengensis Efimov 1997 Maiaspondylus cantabrigiensis senior synonym of Platypterygius ochevi Arkhangelsky et al 2008 Kyhytysuka sachicarum Cortes et al 2021 formerly Platypterygius sachicarum Paramo 1997 19 Myobradypterygius hauthali von Huene 1927Classification edit nbsp Skeleton in Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory The following cladogram shows the internal relationships of ophthalmosaurian ichthyosaurs according to an analysis performed by Zverkov and Jacobs 2020 which shows that P americanus is too distantly related compared to the other three species 16 Ophthalmosauria Ophthalmosaurinae Acamptonectes densus Mollesaurus periallus Ophthalmosaurus natans Ophthalmosaurus icenicus Gengasaurus nicosiai Nannopterygius yasykovi Nannopterygius enthekiodon Nannopterygius saveljeviensis Nannopterygius borealis Arthropterygius volgensis Arthropterygius lundi Arthropterygius thalassonotus Arthropterygius hoybergeti Arthropterygius chrisorum Platypterygiinae Brachypterygius extremus Aegirosaurus leptospondylus Muiscasaurus catheti Leninia stellans Sveltonectes insolitus Athabascasaurus bitumineus Platypterygius americanus Acuetzpalin carranzai Platypterygius sachicarum Caypullisaurus bonapartei Grendelius mordax Grendelius alekseevi Grendelius pseudoscythicus Grendelius zhuravlevi Undorosaurus kielanae Undorosaurus nessovi Undorosaurus gorodischensis Platypterygius australis Plutoniosaurus bedengensis Simbirskiasaurus birjukovi Platypterygius hercynicus Sisteronia seeleyi Platypterygius platydactylus Maiaspondylus lindoeiSee also editList of ichthyosaurs Timeline of ichthyosaur researchReferences edit Fischer V Masure E Arkhangelsky M S Godefroit P 2011 A New Barremian Early Cretaceous Ichthyosaur From Western Russia Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 5 1010 1025 Bibcode 2011JVPal 31 1010F doi 10 1080 02724634 2011 595464 hdl 2268 92828 S2CID 86036325 Fischer V Bardet N Benson R B J Arkhangelsky M S Friedman M 2016 Extinction of Fish shaped Marine Reptiles Associated with Reduced Evolutionary Rates and Global Environmental Volatility Nature Communications 7 10825 Bibcode 2016NatCo 710825F doi 10 1038 ncomms10825 PMC 4786747 PMID 26953824 Kear Benjamin P Boles Walter E Smith Elizabeth T 2003 Unusual gut contents in a Cretaceous ichthyosaur Proceedings of the Royal Society B 270 Suppl 2 S206 S208 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2003 0050 PMC 1809966 PMID 14667384 a b Arkhangelsky M S 1998 On the Ichthyosaurian genus Platypterygius Paleontological Journal 32 6 611 615 Maria Zammit Rachel M Norris amp Benjamin P Kear 2010 The Australian Cretaceous ichthyosaur Platypterygius australis a description and review of postcranial remains Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 6 1726 1735 Bibcode 2010JVPal 30 1726Z doi 10 1080 02724634 2010 521930 S2CID 85089080 Fischer V 2012 New Data on the Ichthyosaur Platypterygius hercynicus and Its Implications for the Validity of the Genus Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57 1 123 134 doi 10 4202 app 2011 0007 S2CID 53355007 a b Fischer Valentin Arkhangelsky Maxim S Naish Darren Stenshin Ilya M Uspensky Gleb N Godefroit Pascal 2014 Simbirskiasaurus and Pervushovisaurus reassessed implications for the taxonomy and cranial osteology of Cretaceous platypterygiine ichthyosaurs Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 171 4 822 841 doi 10 1111 zoj 12158 a b Fischer V 2016 Taxonomy of Platypterygius campylodon and the diversity of the last ichthyosaurs PeerJ 4 e2604 doi 10 7717 peerj 2604 PMC 5075704 PMID 27781178 Mesozoic marine reptiles of Russia and other former Soviet Republics The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press 2000 pp 187 210 McGowan C Motani R 2003 Ichthyopterygia Handbook of Paleoherpetology 8 Munich Germany 175 a b Zammit M 2012 Cretaceous Ichthyosaurs Dwindling Diversity or the Empire Strikes Back Geosciences 2 2 187 210 Bibcode 2012Geosc 2 11Z doi 10 3390 geosciences2020011 Nikolay G Zverkov Dmitry V Grigoriev 2020 An unrevealed lineage of platypterygiines Ichthyosauria with peculiar forefin structure and semiglobal distribution in the mid Cretaceous Albian Cenomanian Cretaceous Research 115 Article 104550 Bibcode 2020CrRes 11504550Z doi 10 1016 j cretres 2020 104550 S2CID 225721312 Cortes D Maxwell E E Larsson H C E 2021 Re appearance of hypercarnivore ichthyosaurs in the Cretaceous with differentiated dentition revision of Platypterygius sachicarum Reptilia Ichthyosauria Ophthalmosauridae from Colombia Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 19 14 969 1002 Bibcode 2021JSPal 19 969C doi 10 1080 14772019 2021 1989507 S2CID 244512087 Maxwell E E Kear B P 2010 Postcranial anatomy of Platypterygius americanus Reptilia Ichthyosauria from the Cretaceous of Wyoming Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 4 1059 1068 Bibcode 2010JVPal 30 1059M doi 10 1080 02724634 2010 483546 S2CID 85817541 Nikolay G Zverkov amp Vladimir M Efimov 2019 Revision of Undorosaurus a mysterious Late Jurassic ichthyosaur of the Boreal Realm Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17 14 963 993 Bibcode 2019JSPal 17 1183Z doi 10 1080 14772019 2018 1515793 S2CID 91912834 a b Nikolay G Zverkov Megan L Jacobs 2020 Revision of Nannopterygius Ichthyosauria Ophthalmosauridae reappraisal of the inaccessible holotype resolves a taxonomic tangle and reveals an obscure ophthalmosaurid lineage with a wide distribution Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191 228 275 doi 10 1093 zoolinnean zlaa028 Campos L Fernandez M S Bosio V Herrera Y Manzo A 2024 Revalidation of Myobradypterygius hauthali Huene 1927 and the phylogenetic signal within the ophthalmosaurid Ichthyosauria forefins Cretaceous Research 157 105818 Bibcode 2024CrRes 15705818C doi 10 1016 j cretres 2023 105818 a b Fischer Valentin Arkhangelsky Maxim S Naish Darren Stenshin Ilya M Uspensky Gleb N Godefroit Pascal 2014 Simbirskiasaurus and Pervushovisaurus reassessed implications for the taxonomy and cranial osteology of Cretaceous platypterygiine ichthyosaurs Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 171 4 822 841 doi 10 1111 zoj 12158 Paramo M E 1997 Platypterygius sachicarum Reptilia Ichthyosauria nueva especie del Cretacico de Colombia Revista INGEOMINAS 6 1 12 Bibliography edit Arkhangelsky M S Averianov A O Pervushov E M Ratnikov V Yu Zozyrev N Yu 2008 On ichthyosaur remains from the Cretaceous of the Voronezh region Paleontological Journal 42 3 287 291 Bibcode 2008PalJ 42 287A doi 10 1134 S0031030108030106 S2CID 128822178 Druckenmiller Patrick S Maxwell Erin E 2010 A new Lower Cretaceous lower Albian ichthyosaur genus from the Clearwater Formation Alberta Canada Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 47 8 1037 1053 Bibcode 2010CaJES 47 1037D doi 10 1139 E10 028 permanent dead link Fernandez M 2007 Redescription and phylogenetic position of Caypullisaurus Ichthyosauria Ophthalmosauridae Journal of Paleontology 81 2 368 375 doi 10 1666 0022 3360 2007 81 368 rappoc 2 0 co 2 S2CID 130457040 Pardo Perez Judith Frey Eberhard Stinnesbeck Wolfgang Fernandez Marta S Rivas Luis Salazar Christian Leppe Marcelo 2012 An ichthyosaurian forefin from the Lower Cretaceous Zapata Formation of southern Chile implications for morphological variability within Platypterygius Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 92 2 287 294 Bibcode 2012PdPe 92 287P doi 10 1007 s12549 012 0074 8 S2CID 128487253 Retrieved 30 August 2016 Further reading editLong J A Dinosaurs of Australia and New Zealand UNSW Press Australia 1998External links editPlatypterygius Portal nbsp Paleontology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Platypterygius amp oldid 1223149778, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
