Old Gutnish or Old Gotlandic[2] was a North Germanic language spoken on the Baltic island of Gotland. It shows sufficient differences from the Old West Norse and Old East Norse dialects that it is considered to be a separate branch. While vastly divergent from Old Gutnish and closer to Modern Swedish, a modern version of Gutnish is still spoken in some parts of Gotland and the adjoining island of Fårö.
Other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility
The root Gut is identical to Goth, and it is often remarked that the language has similarities with the Gothic language. These similarities have led scholars such as Elias Wessén and Dietrich Hofmann to suggest that it is most closely related to Gothic. The best known example of such a similarity is that Gothic and Gutnish called both adult and young sheep lamb.
The Old Norse diphthong au (e.g. auga "eye") remained in Old Gutnish and Old West Norse, while in Old East Norse – except for peripheral dialects – it evolved into the monophthong ǿ, i.e. a long version of ø. Likewise the diphthong ai in bain ("bone") remained in Old Gutnish while in Old West Norse it became ei as in bein and in Old East Norse it became é (bén). Whereas Old West Norse had the ey diphthong and Old East Norse evolved the monophthong ǿ) Old Gutnish had oy.
Proto-Germanic
Old Gutnish
Old West Norse
Old East Norse
*augô (eye)
auga
auga
auga > ǿga
*bainą (bone)
bain
bein
bæin > bén
*hauzijaną (to hear)
hoyra
heyra
høyra > hǿra
Most of the corpus of Old Gutnish is found in the Gutasaga from the 13th century.
Language sample
Citation:
Þissi þieluar hafþi ann sun sum hit hafþi. En hafþa cuna hit huita stierna þaun tu bygþu fyrsti agutlandi fyrstu nat sum þaun saman suafu þa droymdi hennj draumbr. So sum þrir ormar warin slungnir saman j barmj hennar Oc þytti hennj sum þair scriþin yr barmi hennar. þinna draum segþi han firi hasþa bonda sinum hann riaþ dravm þinna so. Alt ir baugum bundit bo land al þitta warþa oc faum þria syni aiga. þaim gaf hann namn allum o fydum. guti al gutland aigha graipr al annar haita Oc gunfiaun þriþi. þair sciptu siþan gutlandi i þria þriþiunga. So at graipr þann elzti laut norþasta þriþiung oc guti miþal þriþiung En gunfiaun þann yngsti laut sunnarsta. siþan af þissum þrim aucaþis fulc j gutlandi so mikit um langan tima at land elptj þaim ai alla fyþa þa lutaþu þair bort af landi huert þriþia þiauþ so at alt sculdu þair aiga oc miþ sir bort hafa sum þair vfan iorþar attu.
Standardised Old Gutnish:
Þissi Þieluar hafþi ann sun sum hit Hafþi. En Hafþa kuna hit Huita Stierna. Þaun tu bygþu fyrsti a Gutlandi. Fyrstu nat sum þaun saman suafu þa droymdi henni draumbr. So sum þrir ormar varin slungnir saman i barmi hennar ok þytti henni sum þair skriþin yr barmi hennar. Þinna draum segþi han firi Hafþa, bonda sinum. Hann riaþ draum þinna so: Alt ir baugum bundit, bo land al þitta varþa ok faum þria syni aiga. Þaim gaf hann namn allum ofydum. Guti al Gutland aiga, Graipr al annar haita ok Gunfiaun þriþi. Þair skiptu siþan Gutlandi i þria þriþiunga so at Graipr þann eldsti laut norþasta þriþiung ok Guti miþal þriþiung en Gunfiaun þann yngsti laut sunnarasta. Siþan af þissum þrim aukaþis fulk i Gutlandi so mikit um langan tima at land elpti þaim ai alla fyþa. Þa lutaþu þair bort af landi huert þriþia þiauþ so at alt skuldu þair aiga ok miþ sir bort hafa sum þair ufan iorþar attu.
Þissi Þjelvar hafði ann sun sum hít Hafði. En Hafða kuna hít Hvítastjerna. Þaun tú byggðu fyrsti á Gutlandi. Fyrstu nátt sum þaun saman sváfu þá droymdi henni draumr; só sum þrír ormar varin slungnir saman í barmi hennar, ok þýtti henni sum þair skriðin ýr barmi hennar. Þinna draum segði han firi Hafða bónda sínum. Hann raið draum þinna só: "Alt ir baugum bundit, bóland al þitta varða uk fáum þría syni aiga." Þaim gaf hann namn, allum ófýddum; Guti, al Gutland aiga; Graipr, al annar haita; ok Gunnfjaun þriði. Þair skiptu síðan Gutlandi í þría þriðjunga, só at Graipr þann eldsti laut norðasta þriðjung, ok Guti miðal þriðjung, en Gunnfjaun þann yngsti laut sunnarsta. Síðan, af þissum þrim aukaðis fulk í Gutlandi sum mikit um langan tíma at land elpti þaim ai alla fýða. Þá lutaðu þair bort af landi hvert þriðja þjauð só at alt skuldu þair aiga ok mið sír bort hafa sum þair ufan jorðar áttu.
Son hann Þjálfi átti sem hét Hafði. Og kona Hafða hét Hvítastjarna. þau tvö byggðu fyrst manna á Gotlandi. Fyrstu nótt sem þau þar saman sváfu þá dreymdi hana draum; sá hún þrjá orma vafðir saman í barmi hennar, og þótti henni sem þeir skriða niður barm hennar. Þennan draum sagði hún Hafða bónda sínum. Hann réð draum þann svo: "Allt er baugum bundið og verður allt land þitt búið og munum við þrjá syni eiga." Þeim gaf hann nöfn ófæddum, Goti sem Gotland á að eiga; Greipur sem annar hét; og Gunnfjón sá þriðji. Þeir skiptu síðan Gotlandi í þrjá þriðjunga, þá fékk Greipur sá elsti norður þriðjunginn, og Goti miðju þriðjunginn, en Gunnfjón sá yngsti fékk suður þriðjunginn. Seinna, af þessum þremur jókst eftir langan tíma svo fólk í Gotlandi það mikið að landið gat ekki öllum veitt fæði. Þá létu þeir fara burt af landi þriðja hvern þegn, og allt máttu þau eiga og með sér burt hafa sem ofanjarðar áttu.
Translation in English:
This Thielvar had a son called Hafthi. And Hafthi's wife was called Hvitstjarna ("White star"). Those two were the first to settle on Gotland. When they slept on the island for the first night, she dreamed that three snakes lay in her lap, and she thought they were sliding off her lap. She told this to Hafthi. He interpreted her dream and said: "Everything is bound with bangles, this island will be inhabited, and you will bear three sons." Although, they were not yet born, he named them Guti, who would own the island, Graip and Gunfjaun. The sons divided the island into three regions, and Graip, who was the eldest, took the north, Guti the middle, and Gunfjaun, who was the youngest, took the southern third. After a long time, their descendants became so numerous that the island could not support all of them. They drew lots and every third islander had to leave. They could keep everything they owned but the land.
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This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations February 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Old Gutnish or Old Gotlandic 2 was a North Germanic language spoken on the Baltic island of Gotland It shows sufficient differences from the Old West Norse and Old East Norse dialects that it is considered to be a separate branch While vastly divergent from Old Gutnish and closer to Modern Swedish a modern version of Gutnish is still spoken in some parts of Gotland and the adjoining island of Faro Old GutnishRegionGotlandLanguage familyIndo European GermanicNorthwest Germanic 1 North GermanicOld GutnishLanguage codesISO 639 3None mis Linguist Listnon gutGlottologgutn1238IETFnon u sd seiThe approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century Old West Norse dialect Old East Norse dialect Old Gutnish dialect Old English Crimean Gothic Other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility The root Gut is identical to Goth and it is often remarked that the language has similarities with the Gothic language These similarities have led scholars such as Elias Wessen and Dietrich Hofmann to suggest that it is most closely related to Gothic The best known example of such a similarity is that Gothic and Gutnish called both adult and young sheep lamb The Old Norse diphthong au e g auga eye remained in Old Gutnish and Old West Norse while in Old East Norse except for peripheral dialects it evolved into the monophthong ǿ i e a long version of o Likewise the diphthong ai in bain bone remained in Old Gutnish while in Old West Norse it became ei as in bein and in Old East Norse it became e ben Whereas Old West Norse had the ey diphthong and Old East Norse evolved the monophthong ǿ Old Gutnish had oy Proto Germanic Old Gutnish Old West Norse Old East Norse augo eye auga auga auga gt ǿga baina bone bain bein baein gt ben hauzijana to hear hoyra heyra hoyra gt hǿraMost of the corpus of Old Gutnish is found in the Gutasaga from the 13th century Language sample EditCitation THissi thieluar hafthi ann sun sum hit hafthi En haftha cuna hit huita stierna thaun tu bygthu fyrsti agutlandi fyrstu nat sum thaun saman suafu tha droymdi hennj draumbr So sum thrir ormar warin slungnir saman j barmj hennar Oc thytti hennj sum thair scrithin yr barmi hennar thinna draum segthi han firi hastha bonda sinum hann riath dravm thinna so Alt ir baugum bundit bo land al thitta wartha oc faum thria syni aiga thaim gaf hann namn allum o fydum guti al gutland aigha graipr al annar haita Oc gunfiaun thrithi thair sciptu sithan gutlandi i thria thrithiunga So at graipr thann elzti laut northasta thrithiung oc guti mithal thrithiung En gunfiaun thann yngsti laut sunnarsta sithan af thissum thrim aucathis fulc j gutlandi so mikit um langan tima at land elptj thaim ai alla fytha tha lutathu thair bort af landi huert thrithia thiauth so at alt sculdu thair aiga oc mith sir bort hafa sum thair vfan iorthar attu Standardised Old Gutnish THissi THieluar hafthi ann sun sum hit Hafthi En Haftha kuna hit Huita Stierna THaun tu bygthu fyrsti a Gutlandi Fyrstu nat sum thaun saman suafu tha droymdi henni draumbr So sum thrir ormar varin slungnir saman i barmi hennar ok thytti henni sum thair skrithin yr barmi hennar THinna draum segthi han firi Haftha bonda sinum Hann riath draum thinna so Alt ir baugum bundit bo land al thitta vartha ok faum thria syni aiga THaim gaf hann namn allum ofydum Guti al Gutland aiga Graipr al annar haita ok Gunfiaun thrithi THair skiptu sithan Gutlandi i thria thrithiunga so at Graipr thann eldsti laut northasta thrithiung ok Guti mithal thrithiung en Gunfiaun thann yngsti laut sunnarasta Sithan af thissum thrim aukathis fulk i Gutlandi so mikit um langan tima at land elpti thaim ai alla fytha THa lutathu thair bort af landi huert thrithia thiauth so at alt skuldu thair aiga ok mith sir bort hafa sum thair ufan iorthar attu Employing normalised Old Norse orthography THissi THjelvar hafdi ann sun sum hit Hafdi En Hafda kuna hit Hvitastjerna THaun tu byggdu fyrsti a Gutlandi Fyrstu natt sum thaun saman svafu tha droymdi henni draumr so sum thrir ormar varin slungnir saman i barmi hennar ok thytti henni sum thair skridin yr barmi hennar THinna draum segdi han firi Hafda bonda sinum Hann raid draum thinna so Alt ir baugum bundit boland al thitta varda uk faum thria syni aiga THaim gaf hann namn allum ofyddum Guti al Gutland aiga Graipr al annar haita ok Gunnfjaun thridi THair skiptu sidan Gutlandi i thria thridjunga so at Graipr thann eldsti laut nordasta thridjung ok Guti midal thridjung en Gunnfjaun thann yngsti laut sunnarsta Sidan af thissum thrim aukadis fulk i Gutlandi sum mikit um langan tima at land elpti thaim ai alla fyda THa lutadu thair bort af landi hvert thridja thjaud so at alt skuldu thair aiga ok mid sir bort hafa sum thair ufan jordar attu Translation in Icelandic Son hann THjalfi atti sem het Hafdi Og kona Hafda het Hvitastjarna thau tvo byggdu fyrst manna a Gotlandi Fyrstu nott sem thau thar saman svafu tha dreymdi hana draum sa hun thrja orma vafdir saman i barmi hennar og thotti henni sem their skrida nidur barm hennar THennan draum sagdi hun Hafda bonda sinum Hann red draum thann svo Allt er baugum bundid og verdur allt land thitt buid og munum vid thrja syni eiga THeim gaf hann nofn ofaeddum Goti sem Gotland a ad eiga Greipur sem annar het og Gunnfjon sa thridji THeir skiptu sidan Gotlandi i thrja thridjunga tha fekk Greipur sa elsti nordur thridjunginn og Goti midju thridjunginn en Gunnfjon sa yngsti fekk sudur thridjunginn Seinna af thessum thremur jokst eftir langan tima svo folk i Gotlandi thad mikid ad landid gat ekki ollum veitt faedi THa letu their fara burt af landi thridja hvern thegn og allt mattu thau eiga og med ser burt hafa sem ofanjardar attu Translation in English This Thielvar had a son called Hafthi And Hafthi s wife was called Hvitstjarna White star Those two were the first to settle on Gotland When they slept on the island for the first night she dreamed that three snakes lay in her lap and she thought they were sliding off her lap She told this to Hafthi He interpreted her dream and said Everything is bound with bangles this island will be inhabited and you will bear three sons Although they were not yet born he named them Guti who would own the island Graip and Gunfjaun The sons divided the island into three regions and Graip who was the eldest took the north Guti the middle and Gunfjaun who was the youngest took the southern third After a long time their descendants became so numerous that the island could not support all of them They drew lots and every third islander had to leave They could keep everything they owned but the land References Edit Hammarstrom Harald Forkel Robert Haspelmath Martin Bank Sebastian 2022 05 24 Older Runic Glottolog Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Archived from the original on 2022 11 13 Retrieved 2022 11 13 Swedish at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Nationalencyklopedin full citation needed Christine Peel Guta Saga The History of the Gotlanders Viking Society for Northern Research Text Series Vol XII Viking Society for Northern Research University College of London 1999 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Old Gutnish amp oldid 1121648181, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
