Cities of ancient LyciaPart of the Inscription of Diogenes
The ruins of the city lie on a high isolated site west of the modern village İncealiler in the Fethiye district of Muğla Province, Turkey, which partly overlies the ancient site.
The place name suggests that it was known for viticulture.[1]
The early history of the settlement is obscure, in spite of an exploratory survey carried out, with permission of the Turkish authorities, by the British Institute at Ankara (BIAA) in 1974–76.[2]
The city was known as Wiyanawanda by the Hittites.[3] It means "rich in vines/wine" or "land of the wine".[4] During the Bronze Age it was a part of the Lukka lands which corresponds to Lycia from classical antiquity.
It seems that Oenoanda became a colony of Termessos about 200-190 BC and was also called Termessos Minor[5] (or Termessos i pros Oinoanda). Oenoanda was the most southerly of the Kibyran Tetrapolis, formed in the 2nd c. BC (Hellenistic Period), with Bubon, Balbura, and Kibyra which was dissolved by L. Licinius Murena in 84 BC, whereupon Oenoanda became part of the Lycian League,[6] as its inscriptions abundantly demonstrate.
Diogenes, a rich and influential citizen of Oenoanda, had a summary of the philosophy of Epicurus carved onto a portico wall of the stoa showing the inhabitants the road to happiness. The inscription is one of the most important sources for the philosophical school of Epicurus and sets out his teachings on physics, epistemology, and ethics. It was originally about 25,000 words and 80 m long and filled 260 m2 of wall space. The inscription has been assigned on epigraphic grounds to the Hadrianic period, 117–138.[7] The stoa was dismantled in the second half of the third century to extend the defensive wall.[8]
It was occupied into the Byzantine period when a fortress and churches were built.
The site was first noted by Richard Hoskyn and Edward Forbes, in 1841, and published in 1842.[10] The extensive philosophical inscriptions of Diogenes of Oenoanda were identified later from scattered fragments, apparently from the stoa.[11]
The city walls are well preserved and stand to 10m in places. The Hellenistic city wall is over 65m long and is a superb example of polygonal masonry with small stones on the interior faces while large ashlars were used for the imposing exterior faces.[12]
Part of an aqueduct can be seen in terms of stone pipe sections from a siphon.
By 2012 over 300 fragments of Diogenes' stoa had been identified, varying in size from a few letters to passages of several sentences covering more than one block.[16]
Remains of a screw wine press were also discovered in a house which could prove that the activity suggested in the place name continued to be practised into the late history of the city.
^"The Oinoanda campaign of 2012 2013-07-01 at the Wayback Machine", German Archaeological Institute (DAI) website (accessed 27 June 2014)
^Alan Hall, "The Oenoanda Survey: 1974-76", Anatolian Studies26 (1976:191-197).
^Özdemir, Bilsen Şerife (2016). Tlos Tanrıları ve Kültleri (PhD) (in Turkish). Akdeniz Üniversitesi. p. 13.
^Gander, Max (2014). "Tlos, Oinoanda and the Hittite Invasion of the Lukka lands. Some Thoughts on the History of North-Western Lycia in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages". Klio. 96 (2): 378. doi:10.1515/klio-2014-0039. S2CID 162386681.
^Rousset D., De Lycie en Cabalide, fouilles de Xanthos X, Droz, Genève 2010
^Hoskyn, Rd. (1842). "Narrative of a Survey of Part of the South Coast of Asia Minor; And of a Tour into the Interior of Lycia in 1840-1; Accompunied by a Map". Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 12: 143–161. doi:10.2307/1797993. ISSN 0266-6235. JSTOR 1797993.
^C.W. Chilton, Diogenes of Oenoanda: The Fragments (1971); Hall 1976:196 note 23.
^. Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
^N. P. Milner: "A Roman Bridge at Oinoanda", Anatolian Studies, 48 (1998), pp.117–123
^Excavations at Oinoanda 1997: The New Epicurean Texts, Martin Ferguson Smith, Anatolian Studies, Vol. 48 (1998), pp. 125-170, British Institute at Ankara, Cambridge University Press
^. Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
^"The Oinoanda campaign of 2012 2013-07-01 at the Wayback Machine", German Archaeological Institute (DAI) website (accessed 27 June 2014)
oenoanda, oinoanda, hittite, 𒃾𒅀𒉌𒌓𒉿𒀭𒁕, wiyanawanda, greek, τὰ, Οἰνόανδα, lycian, city, upper, valley, river, xanthus, noted, philosophical, inscription, epicurean, diogenes, 𒃾𒅀𒉌𒌓𒉿𒀭𒁕, wiyanawanda, hittite, Οινόανδα, greek, greco, roman, theatre, shown, within, t. Oenoanda or Oinoanda Hittite 𒃾𒅀𒉌𒌓𒉿𒀭𒁕 Wiyanawanda Greek tὰ Oἰnoanda was a Lycian city in the upper valley of the River Xanthus It is noted for the philosophical inscription by the Epicurean Diogenes of Oenoanda Oenoanda𒃾𒅀𒉌𒌓𒉿𒀭𒁕 Wiyanawanda Hittite Oinoanda in Greek The Greco Roman theatre in OenoandaShown within TurkeyAlternative nameOinoandaLocationIncealiler Mugla Province TurkeyRegionLyciaTypeSettlementHistoryAssociated withDiogenesCities of ancient LyciaPart of the Inscription of DiogenesThe ruins of the city lie on a high isolated site west of the modern village Incealiler in the Fethiye district of Mugla Province Turkey which partly overlies the ancient site The place name suggests that it was known for viticulture 1 Contents 1 History 2 The Site 3 Notable people 4 References 5 External linksHistory EditSee also Diogenes of Oenoanda The early history of the settlement is obscure in spite of an exploratory survey carried out with permission of the Turkish authorities by the British Institute at Ankara BIAA in 1974 76 2 The city was known as Wiyanawanda by the Hittites 3 It means rich in vines wine or land of the wine 4 During the Bronze Age it was a part of the Lukka lands which corresponds to Lycia from classical antiquity It seems that Oenoanda became a colony of Termessos about 200 190 BC and was also called Termessos Minor 5 or Termessos i pros Oinoanda Oenoanda was the most southerly of the Kibyran Tetrapolis formed in the 2nd c BC Hellenistic Period with Bubon Balbura and Kibyra which was dissolved by L Licinius Murena in 84 BC whereupon Oenoanda became part of the Lycian League 6 as its inscriptions abundantly demonstrate Diogenes a rich and influential citizen of Oenoanda had a summary of the philosophy of Epicurus carved onto a portico wall of the stoa showing the inhabitants the road to happiness The inscription is one of the most important sources for the philosophical school of Epicurus and sets out his teachings on physics epistemology and ethics It was originally about 25 000 words and 80 m long and filled 260 m2 of wall space The inscription has been assigned on epigraphic grounds to the Hadrianic period 117 138 7 The stoa was dismantled in the second half of the third century to extend the defensive wall 8 It was occupied into the Byzantine period when a fortress and churches were built Oenoanda is a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church 9 The Site Edit Hellenic polygonal wall and Postern gateThe site was first noted by Richard Hoskyn and Edward Forbes in 1841 and published in 1842 10 The extensive philosophical inscriptions of Diogenes of Oenoanda were identified later from scattered fragments apparently from the stoa 11 The city walls are well preserved and stand to 10m in places The Hellenistic city wall is over 65m long and is a superb example of polygonal masonry with small stones on the interior faces while large ashlars were used for the imposing exterior faces 12 Part of an aqueduct can be seen in terms of stone pipe sections from a siphon Evidence for an ancient Roman Bridge at Oinoanda surfaced in the 1990s 13 Official excavations at the site started only in 1997 14 New archaeological work was started in 2009 by the Deutsches Archaologisches Institut 15 By 2012 over 300 fragments of Diogenes stoa had been identified varying in size from a few letters to passages of several sentences covering more than one block 16 Remains of a screw wine press were also discovered in a house which could prove that the activity suggested in the place name continued to be practised into the late history of the city Notable people EditLucius Septimius Flavianus Flavillianus 3rd century AD Roman army memberReferences Edit The Oinoanda campaign of 2012 Archived 2013 07 01 at the Wayback Machine German Archaeological Institute DAI website accessed 27 June 2014 Alan Hall The Oenoanda Survey 1974 76 Anatolian Studies 26 1976 191 197 Ozdemir Bilsen Serife 2016 Tlos Tanrilari ve Kultleri PhD in Turkish Akdeniz Universitesi p 13 Gander Max 2014 Tlos Oinoanda and the Hittite Invasion of the Lukka lands Some Thoughts on the History of North Western Lycia in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages Klio 96 2 378 doi 10 1515 klio 2014 0039 S2CID 162386681 Rousset D De Lycie en Cabalide fouilles de Xanthos X Droz Geneve 2010 Strabo xiii 4 17 Smith 1996 pp 43 8harvnb error no target CITEREFSmith1996 help Hall 1976 196 Catholic Hierarchy Hoskyn Rd 1842 Narrative of a Survey of Part of the South Coast of Asia Minor And of a Tour into the Interior of Lycia in 1840 1 Accompunied by a Map Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 12 143 161 doi 10 2307 1797993 ISSN 0266 6235 JSTOR 1797993 C W Chilton Diogenes of Oenoanda The Fragments 1971 Hall 1976 196 note 23 Oinoanda Archived from the original on 2009 02 21 Retrieved 2009 06 29 N P Milner A Roman Bridge at Oinoanda Anatolian Studies 48 1998 pp 117 123 Excavations at Oinoanda 1997 The New Epicurean Texts Martin Ferguson Smith Anatolian Studies Vol 48 1998 pp 125 170 British Institute at Ankara Cambridge University Press Oinoanda Archived from the original on 2009 02 21 Retrieved 2009 06 29 The Oinoanda campaign of 2012 Archived 2013 07 01 at the Wayback Machine German Archaeological Institute DAI website accessed 27 June 2014 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oinoanda Livius org Oenoanda 36 48 33 N 29 32 59 E 36 80917 N 29 54972 E 36 80917 29 54972 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Oenoanda amp oldid 1164467189, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
