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Oliver Tambo

January 01, 1970

"OR Tambo" redirects here. For other uses, see OR Tambo (disambiguation).

Oliver Reginald Kaizana Tambo (27 October 1917 – 24 April 1993) was a South African anti-apartheid politician and activist who served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1967 to 1991.

Oliver Tambo
Tambo in 1981
Born
Oliver Reginald Kaizana Tambo

(1917-10-27)27 October 1917
Nkantolo, Bizana, Union of South Africa
Died24 April 1993(1993-04-24) (aged 75)
Johannesburg, Transvaal, Republic of South Africa
Other names"O.R."
Occupation(s)Teacher and lawyer
Known forPresident of the African National Congress
Spouse
​
(m. 1956)​
ChildrenDali Tambo (son), Tselane Tambo (daughter), Thembi Tambo (daughter), and Oliver Jnr (son).

Biography edit

Higher education edit

Oliver Tambo was born on 27 October 1917 in the village of Nkantolo in Bizana; eastern Pondoland in what is now the Eastern Cape. The village Tambo was born in was made up mostly of farmers. His father, Mzimeni Tambo, was the son of a farmer and an assistant salesperson at a local trading store. Mzimeni had four wives and ten children, all of whom were literate. Oliver's mother, Mzimeni's third wife, was called Julia.

Tambo graduated in 1938 as one of the top students. After this, Tambo was admitted to the University of Fort Hare but in 1940 he, along with several others including Nelson Mandela, was expelled for participating in a student strike. In 1942, Tambo returned to his former high school in Johannesburg to teach science and mathematics.

League edit

In 1944, along with Nelson Mandela, and Walter Sisulu, Tambo founded the ANC Youth League, with Tambo becoming its first National Secretary and a member of the National Executive in 1948. The Youth League proposed a change in the tactics of the anti-apartheid movement. Previously, the ANC had sought to further its cause by actions such as petitions and demonstrations; the Youth League felt these actions were insufficient to achieve the group's goals and proposed their own "Program of Action". This program advocated tactics such as boycotts, civil disobedience, strikes, and non-collaboration.

 
Tambo being greeted on arrival in East Germany (1978)

In 1955, Tambo became Secretary-general of the ANC after Sisulu was banned by the South African government under the Suppression of Communism Act. In 1958, he became Deputy President of the ANC and in 1959 was served with a five-year banning order by the government.[citation needed]

Exile to London edit

In response, Tambo was sent abroad by the ANC to mobilize opposition to apartheid on 21 March 1960.[1] He settled with his family in Muswell Hill, north London, where he lived until 1990. His exile took a toll on him not seeing his wife and three children, but his wife Adelaide supported the ANC at home by taking in ANC members arriving from the UK.[2]

In 1967, Tambo became Acting President of the ANC, following the death of Chief Albert Lutuli. He sought to keep the ANC together even after he was exiled from South Africa. Due to his skillful lobbying, he was able to attract talented South African exiles, one of them being Thabo Mbeki.[citation needed]

On 30 December 1979 in Lusaka, Zambia, Tambo as president and Alfred Nzo, then secretary-general of the ANC, met Tim Jenkin, Stephen Lee and Alex Moumbaris, ANC members and escapees from incarceration at Phillip Kgosi Prison as political prisoners. Their presence was officially announced by the ANC in early January and Tambo introduced them at a press conference on 2 January 1980.[3]

Guerrilla activity edit

Tambo was directly responsible for organizing active guerilla units. Along with his comrades Nelson Mandela,Joe Slovo, and Walter Sisulu, Tambo directed and facilitated several attacks against the South African public.[citation needed] In a 1985 interview, Tambo was quoted as saying, "In the past, we were saying the ANC will not deliberately take innocent life, but now, looking at what is happening in South Africa, it is difficult to say civilians are not going to die."[4]

The post-apartheid Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) identified Tambo as the person who gave final approval, in between 1978 and 1979, for the 20 May 1983 Church Street bombing, which resulted in the death of 19 people and injuries to 197–217 people.[5][6] The attack was orchestrated by a special operations unit of the ANC's Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), commanded by Aboobaker Ismail. Such units had been authorized by Tambo as President of the ANC in 1979. At the time of the attack, they reported to Joe Slovo as chief of staff.

The ANC's submission said that the bombing was in response to a South African cross-border raid into Lesotho in December 1982 which killed 42 ANC supporters and civilians, and the assassination of Ruth First, an ANC activist and wife of Joe Slovo, in Maputo, Mozambique. It claimed that 11 of the casualties were SADF personnel and hence a military target. The legal representative of some of the victims argued that as they were administrative staff, including telephonists and typists, they could not be considered a legitimate military target.

Ten MK operatives, including Ismail, applied for amnesty for this and other bombings. The applications were opposed on various grounds, including that it was a terrorist attack disproportionate to the political motive. The TRC found that the number of civilians versus military personnel killed was unclear. South African Police statistics indicated that seven members of the SADF were killed. The commission found that at least 84 of the injured were SADF members or employees. Amnesty was granted by the TRC.[7]

In 1985, he was re-elected President of the ANC.[citation needed] In October of that year Tambo gave an important interview to the editor of the Cape Times newspaper, Tony Heard, in which he outlined the ANC's position and vision for a future, non-racial, South Africa. The interview was important for helping to create the political conditions for the South African government to later openly enter talks with the ANC thereby resulting in the CODESA negotiations that would start upon his return to South Africa.[8][9][10]

Return to South Africa edit

He returned to South Africa on 13 December 1990 after over 30 years in exile.[11][12][13] He was able to return to South Africa because of the legalization of the ANC.[14] When he returned after his time in exile he received much support. Some of that support even came from old rivals.[15] However, because of his stroke in 1989, it was harder for him to fulfill his duties as President of the ANC, so in 1991, at the ANC's 48th National Conference, Nelson Mandela took over as president of the ANC. When he stepped down as president, however, the congress created a special position for him as the National Chairman.[16]

Death edit

After suffering complications following a stroke, Tambo died on 24 April 1993, at the age of 75. His death came 14 days after Chris Hani's assassination and one year before the 1994 general election in which Nelson Mandela became President. Mandela, Thabo Mbeki, Walter Sisulu and other prominent politicians attended the funeral. Tambo was buried in Benoni, Gauteng.

Personal life edit

Tambo was a devout Anglican.

International relationships edit

The strong fight against apartheid brought Tambo to form a series of intense international relationships. In 1977, Tambo signed the first solidarity agreement between the ANC and a municipality: the Italian town of Reggio Emilia was the first city in the world to sign such a pact of solidarity.[14] This was the beginning of a long understanding which brought Italy to put an effort into concrete actions to support the right of southern African people's self-determination; one of these actions was the organization of solidarity ships. The first one, called "Amanda", departed from Genova in 1980.[17] It was Tambo himself who asked Reggio Emilia to mint Isitwalandwe Medals, the greatest of the ANC's honors.[18]

Honours edit

 
Statue of O.R. Tambo in Arrival section of Johannesburg International Airport

In 2004, he was voted number 31 in SABC3's Great South Africans,[citation needed] scoring lower than H. F. Verwoerd, before the SABC decided to cancel the final rounds of voting. The decision to cancel the results was largely informed by the fact that the majority of blacks South Africans did not participate in the voting, as SABC3 caters predominantly to English speakers.

In late 2005, ANC politicians announced plans to rename Johannesburg International Airport after him. Then-President Thabo Mbeki at this time did not side with this idea,[citation needed] and there was a behind closed door meeting deliberating on this. Votes were in favour of the idea and against Mbeki and the proposal was accepted and the renaming ceremony occurred on 27 October 2006. The ANC-dominated government had previously renamed Jan Smuts Airport as Johannesburg International Airport in 1994 on the grounds that South African airports should not be named after political figures.

There is a sculpture of Tambo at the Albert Road Recreation Ground, Muswell Hill, close to his London home. In February 2021, Haringey Council renamed the park as the O.R. Tambo Recreation Ground.[19] In June 2013, the city of Reggio Emilia in Italy celebrated Tambo with the creation of a park dedicated to the President of the African National Congress.

His house at 51 Alexandra Park Road, Muswell Hill, London, was purchased by the South African Government in 2010 as a historic monument and now bears a plaque.[20][21]

Tambo's grave was declared a National Heritage site when he died but lost this status when his wife, Adelaide Tambo, died and was buried alongside him. However their grave was re-declared a National Heritage site in October 2012.[22]

The ANC safe house in Lusaka, Zambia where Tambo spent much of his time in exile when not in London was declared a national monument by the Zambian Government in 2017, and opened to the public as Oliver Tambo Heritage House. It was opened by South African President Jacob Zuma, Zambian President Edgar Lungu and former Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda.[23]

To conclude the centenary celebrations of the birth of Tambo, a commemoration was held at Regina Mundi Catholic Church in Moroka, Soweto on 27 October 2017. This same event marked also the centenary of the sinking of the troopship SS Mendi. The event was curated by Ambassador Lindiwe Mabuza and Fr Lawrence Mduduzi Ndlovu, together with the Thabo Mbeki Foundation and the Oliver and Adelaide Tambo Foundation.[citation needed]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ date ref https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/oliver-tambo
  2. ^ Oliver Tambo: the exile, The Independent, 15 October 2007.
  3. ^ Jenkin, Tim (1987). "Escape from Pretoria" (PDF). South African History Online. pp. 155–184. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  4. ^ "Guerrilla Group Vows to Step Up Anti-Apartheid Campaign Even if S. African Civilian Toll Rises". Los Angeles Times. 26 June 1985. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  5. ^ "SAPA – 12 May 97 – Tambo Ordered Church Street Blast: ANC". Department of Justice & Constitutional Development. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  6. ^ "1983: Car bomb in South Africa kills 16". BBC On This Day. 20 May 1983. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  7. ^ "Justice Home". www.doj.gov.za. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  8. ^ "Trailblazing South African journalist Tony Heard, NF '88, dies at 86". Nieman Foundation. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  9. ^ Weaver, Tony (27 March 2024). "Tony Heard: a journalist and one of the bravest men I have known". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  10. ^ Battersby, John (28 March 2024). "Tony Heard's final wave: A fighter for social justice and media freedom". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  11. ^ "ANC leader returns to S. Africa after spending 30 years in exile". Deseret News. 13 December 1990. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  12. ^ "Oliver Tambo returns from exile". South African History Online. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  13. ^ Tambo, Oliver (16 December 1990). . ANC. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  14. ^ a b "10 Years of Freedom: South Africa and Italy Co-Celebrate the Victory over Nazi-Fascism and the Victory over Apartheid". Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  15. ^ Wren, Christopher S (14 December 1990). "Tambo, mandela's old comrade, back in south africa from exile". The New York Times. p. A12. ProQuest 108437156.
  16. ^ Hays, Constance L (24 April 1993). "Oliver Tambo, Who Led A.N.C from Exile, Dies of a Stroke at 75". New York Times. ProQuest 109199697.
  17. ^ "Mozambique: the Italian "ship of solidarity" arrives in Port Maputo loaded with aid for the people of Southern Africa". Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  18. ^ "ANC Gauteng Centenary Month to celebrate Oliver Tambo". Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  19. ^ "O R Tambo Recreation Ground | Haringey Council".
  20. ^ Berger, Sebastien (12 March 2010). "South African government buys ANC leader's Muswell Hill home". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  21. ^ "Memorials to South African leader". 17 October 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  22. ^ Germaner, Shain. "Tambo gravesite re-declared National Heritage site". Eye Witness News.
  23. ^ "Lusaka Times: Zambia Honors Oliver Tambo House".

Further reading edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oliver Tambo.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-National-Congress

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Oliver-Tambo

  • The African Activist Archive Project website includes the audio of a January 1987 Reception Honoring ANC President Oliver R. Tambo hosted by the American Committee on Africa and The Africa Fund with remarks by Harry Belafonte, Jennifer Davis, and Tambo. The website includes other material on Tambo.

Books edit

  • Baai, Gladstone Sandi (2006): Oliver Reginald Tambo: Teacher, Lawyer & Freedom Fighter, Houghton(South Africa): Mutloatse Arts Heritage Trust.
  • Callinicos, L. (2004). Oliver Tambo: Beyond the Engeli Mountains. Claremont, South Africa: David Philip.
  • Pallo Jordan, Z. (2007): Oliver Tambo Remembered, Johannesburg: Pan Macmillan.
  • Tambo, O., & Reddy, E. S. (1987): Oliver Tambo and the Struggle against Apartheid, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, in collaboration with the Namedia Foundation.
  • Tambo, Oliver & Tambo, Adelaide (1988): Preparing for Power: Oliver Tambo Speaks, New York: G. Braziller, ©1987.
  • Tambo, O., & Reddy, E. S.(1991): Oliver Tambo, Apartheid and the International Community: Addresses to United Nations Committees and Conferences, New Delhi: Namedia Foundation: Sterling Publishers.
  • Van Wyk, Chris (2003): Oliver Tambo. Gallo Manor, South Africa: Awareness Pub. Learning African history freedom fighters series.

January 01, 1970
oliver, tambo, tambo, redirects, here, other, uses, tambo, disambiguation, oliver, reginald, kaizana, tambo, october, 1917, april, 1993, south, african, anti, apartheid, politician, activist, served, president, african, national, congress, from, 1967, 1991, ta. OR Tambo redirects here For other uses see OR Tambo disambiguation Oliver Reginald Kaizana Tambo 27 October 1917 24 April 1993 was a South African anti apartheid politician and activist who served as President of the African National Congress ANC from 1967 to 1991 Oliver TamboTambo in 1981BornOliver Reginald Kaizana Tambo 1917 10 27 27 October 1917Nkantolo Bizana Union of South AfricaDied24 April 1993 1993 04 24 aged 75 Johannesburg Transvaal Republic of South AfricaOther names O R Occupation s Teacher and lawyerKnown forPresident of the African National CongressSpouseAdelaide Tambo m 1956 wbr ChildrenDali Tambo son Tselane Tambo daughter Thembi Tambo daughter and Oliver Jnr son Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Higher education 1 2 League 1 3 Exile to London 1 4 Guerrilla activity 1 5 Return to South Africa 1 6 Death 2 Personal life 3 International relationships 4 Honours 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Further reading 7 1 BooksBiography editHigher education edit Oliver Tambo was born on 27 October 1917 in the village of Nkantolo in Bizana eastern Pondoland in what is now the Eastern Cape The village Tambo was born in was made up mostly of farmers His father Mzimeni Tambo was the son of a farmer and an assistant salesperson at a local trading store Mzimeni had four wives and ten children all of whom were literate Oliver s mother Mzimeni s third wife was called Julia Tambo graduated in 1938 as one of the top students After this Tambo was admitted to the University of Fort Hare but in 1940 he along with several others including Nelson Mandela was expelled for participating in a student strike In 1942 Tambo returned to his former high school in Johannesburg to teach science and mathematics League edit In 1944 along with Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu Tambo founded the ANC Youth League with Tambo becoming its first National Secretary and a member of the National Executive in 1948 The Youth League proposed a change in the tactics of the anti apartheid movement Previously the ANC had sought to further its cause by actions such as petitions and demonstrations the Youth League felt these actions were insufficient to achieve the group s goals and proposed their own Program of Action This program advocated tactics such as boycotts civil disobedience strikes and non collaboration nbsp Tambo being greeted on arrival in East Germany 1978 In 1955 Tambo became Secretary general of the ANC after Sisulu was banned by the South African government under the Suppression of Communism Act In 1958 he became Deputy President of the ANC and in 1959 was served with a five year banning order by the government citation needed Exile to London edit In response Tambo was sent abroad by the ANC to mobilize opposition to apartheid on 21 March 1960 1 He settled with his family in Muswell Hill north London where he lived until 1990 His exile took a toll on him not seeing his wife and three children but his wife Adelaide supported the ANC at home by taking in ANC members arriving from the UK 2 In 1967 Tambo became Acting President of the ANC following the death of Chief Albert Lutuli He sought to keep the ANC together even after he was exiled from South Africa Due to his skillful lobbying he was able to attract talented South African exiles one of them being Thabo Mbeki citation needed On 30 December 1979 in Lusaka Zambia Tambo as president and Alfred Nzo then secretary general of the ANC met Tim Jenkin Stephen Lee and Alex Moumbaris ANC members and escapees from incarceration at Phillip Kgosi Prison as political prisoners Their presence was officially announced by the ANC in early January and Tambo introduced them at a press conference on 2 January 1980 3 Guerrilla activity edit Tambo was directly responsible for organizing active guerilla units Along with his comrades Nelson Mandela Joe Slovo and Walter Sisulu Tambo directed and facilitated several attacks against the South African public citation needed In a 1985 interview Tambo was quoted as saying In the past we were saying the ANC will not deliberately take innocent life but now looking at what is happening in South Africa it is difficult to say civilians are not going to die 4 The post apartheid Truth and Reconciliation Commission TRC identified Tambo as the person who gave final approval in between 1978 and 1979 for the 20 May 1983 Church Street bombing which resulted in the death of 19 people and injuries to 197 217 people 5 6 The attack was orchestrated by a special operations unit of the ANC s Umkhonto we Sizwe MK commanded by Aboobaker Ismail Such units had been authorized by Tambo as President of the ANC in 1979 At the time of the attack they reported to Joe Slovo as chief of staff The ANC s submission said that the bombing was in response to a South African cross border raid into Lesotho in December 1982 which killed 42 ANC supporters and civilians and the assassination of Ruth First an ANC activist and wife of Joe Slovo in Maputo Mozambique It claimed that 11 of the casualties were SADF personnel and hence a military target The legal representative of some of the victims argued that as they were administrative staff including telephonists and typists they could not be considered a legitimate military target Ten MK operatives including Ismail applied for amnesty for this and other bombings The applications were opposed on various grounds including that it was a terrorist attack disproportionate to the political motive The TRC found that the number of civilians versus military personnel killed was unclear South African Police statistics indicated that seven members of the SADF were killed The commission found that at least 84 of the injured were SADF members or employees Amnesty was granted by the TRC 7 In 1985 he was re elected President of the ANC citation needed In October of that year Tambo gave an important interview to the editor of the Cape Times newspaper Tony Heard in which he outlined the ANC s position and vision for a future non racial South Africa The interview was important for helping to create the political conditions for the South African government to later openly enter talks with the ANC thereby resulting in the CODESA negotiations that would start upon his return to South Africa 8 9 10 Return to South Africa edit He returned to South Africa on 13 December 1990 after over 30 years in exile 11 12 13 He was able to return to South Africa because of the legalization of the ANC 14 When he returned after his time in exile he received much support Some of that support even came from old rivals 15 However because of his stroke in 1989 it was harder for him to fulfill his duties as President of the ANC so in 1991 at the ANC s 48th National Conference Nelson Mandela took over as president of the ANC When he stepped down as president however the congress created a special position for him as the National Chairman 16 Death edit After suffering complications following a stroke Tambo died on 24 April 1993 at the age of 75 His death came 14 days after Chris Hani s assassination and one year before the 1994 general election in which Nelson Mandela became President Mandela Thabo Mbeki Walter Sisulu and other prominent politicians attended the funeral Tambo was buried in Benoni Gauteng Personal life editTambo was a devout Anglican International relationships editThe strong fight against apartheid brought Tambo to form a series of intense international relationships In 1977 Tambo signed the first solidarity agreement between the ANC and a municipality the Italian town of Reggio Emilia was the first city in the world to sign such a pact of solidarity 14 This was the beginning of a long understanding which brought Italy to put an effort into concrete actions to support the right of southern African people s self determination one of these actions was the organization of solidarity ships The first one called Amanda departed from Genova in 1980 17 It was Tambo himself who asked Reggio Emilia to mint Isitwalandwe Medals the greatest of the ANC s honors 18 Honours edit nbsp Statue of O R Tambo in Arrival section of Johannesburg International Airport In 2004 he was voted number 31 in SABC3 s Great South Africans citation needed scoring lower than H F Verwoerd before the SABC decided to cancel the final rounds of voting The decision to cancel the results was largely informed by the fact that the majority of blacks South Africans did not participate in the voting as SABC3 caters predominantly to English speakers In late 2005 ANC politicians announced plans to rename Johannesburg International Airport after him Then President Thabo Mbeki at this time did not side with this idea citation needed and there was a behind closed door meeting deliberating on this Votes were in favour of the idea and against Mbeki and the proposal was accepted and the renaming ceremony occurred on 27 October 2006 The ANC dominated government had previously renamed Jan Smuts Airport as Johannesburg International Airport in 1994 on the grounds that South African airports should not be named after political figures There is a sculpture of Tambo at the Albert Road Recreation Ground Muswell Hill close to his London home In February 2021 Haringey Council renamed the park as the O R Tambo Recreation Ground 19 In June 2013 the city of Reggio Emilia in Italy celebrated Tambo with the creation of a park dedicated to the President of the African National Congress His house at 51 Alexandra Park Road Muswell Hill London was purchased by the South African Government in 2010 as a historic monument and now bears a plaque 20 21 Tambo s grave was declared a National Heritage site when he died but lost this status when his wife Adelaide Tambo died and was buried alongside him However their grave was re declared a National Heritage site in October 2012 22 The ANC safe house in Lusaka Zambia where Tambo spent much of his time in exile when not in London was declared a national monument by the Zambian Government in 2017 and opened to the public as Oliver Tambo Heritage House It was opened by South African President Jacob Zuma Zambian President Edgar Lungu and former Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda 23 To conclude the centenary celebrations of the birth of Tambo a commemoration was held at Regina Mundi Catholic Church in Moroka Soweto on 27 October 2017 This same event marked also the centenary of the sinking of the troopship SS Mendi The event was curated by Ambassador Lindiwe Mabuza and Fr Lawrence Mduduzi Ndlovu together with the Thabo Mbeki Foundation and the Oliver and Adelaide Tambo Foundation citation needed See also editList of people subject to banning orders under apartheidNotes edit date ref https www sahistory org za people oliver tambo Oliver Tambo the exile The Independent 15 October 2007 Jenkin Tim 1987 Escape from Pretoria PDF South African History Online pp 155 184 Retrieved 20 March 2019 Guerrilla Group Vows to Step Up Anti Apartheid Campaign Even if S African Civilian Toll Rises Los Angeles Times 26 June 1985 Retrieved 22 December 2013 SAPA 12 May 97 Tambo Ordered Church Street Blast ANC Department of Justice amp Constitutional Development Retrieved 22 December 2013 1983 Car bomb in South Africa kills 16 BBC On This Day 20 May 1983 Retrieved 22 December 2013 Justice Home www doj gov za Retrieved 8 January 2018 Trailblazing South African journalist Tony Heard NF 88 dies at 86 Nieman Foundation Retrieved 3 April 2024 Weaver Tony 27 March 2024 Tony Heard a journalist and one of the bravest men I have known Daily Maverick Retrieved 3 April 2024 Battersby John 28 March 2024 Tony Heard s final wave A fighter for social justice and media freedom Daily Maverick Retrieved 3 April 2024 ANC leader returns to S Africa after spending 30 years in exile Deseret News 13 December 1990 Retrieved 4 March 2013 Oliver Tambo returns from exile South African History Online Retrieved 4 March 2013 Tambo Oliver 16 December 1990 Speech by Oliver Tambo at an ANC rally after the close of the National Consultative Conference ANC Archived from the original on 5 April 2013 Retrieved 4 March 2013 a b 10 Years of Freedom South Africa and Italy Co Celebrate the Victory over Nazi Fascism and the Victory over Apartheid Retrieved 9 December 2013 Wren Christopher S 14 December 1990 Tambo mandela s old comrade back in south africa from exile The New York Times p A12 ProQuest 108437156 Hays Constance L 24 April 1993 Oliver Tambo Who Led A N C from Exile Dies of a Stroke at 75 New York Times ProQuest 109199697 Mozambique the Italian ship of solidarity arrives in Port Maputo loaded with aid for the people of Southern Africa Retrieved 9 December 2013 ANC Gauteng Centenary Month to celebrate Oliver Tambo Retrieved 24 April 2018 O R Tambo Recreation Ground Haringey Council Berger Sebastien 12 March 2010 South African government buys ANC leader s Muswell Hill home The Daily Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Retrieved 4 August 2018 Memorials to South African leader 17 October 2007 Retrieved 4 August 2018 Germaner Shain Tambo gravesite re declared National Heritage site Eye Witness News Lusaka Times Zambia Honors Oliver Tambo House Further reading edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oliver Tambo ANC biography SAHO biography https www britannica com topic African National Congresshttps www britannica com biography Oliver Tambo The African Activist Archive Project website includes the audio of a January 1987 Reception Honoring ANC President Oliver R Tambo hosted by the American Committee on Africa and The Africa Fund with remarks by Harry Belafonte Jennifer Davis and Tambo The website includes other material on Tambo Books edit Baai Gladstone Sandi 2006 Oliver Reginald Tambo Teacher Lawyer amp Freedom Fighter Houghton South Africa Mutloatse Arts Heritage Trust Callinicos L 2004 Oliver Tambo Beyond the Engeli Mountains Claremont South Africa David Philip Pallo Jordan Z 2007 Oliver Tambo Remembered Johannesburg Pan Macmillan Tambo O amp Reddy E S 1987 Oliver Tambo and the Struggle against Apartheid New Delhi Sterling Publishers in collaboration with the Namedia Foundation Tambo Oliver amp Tambo Adelaide 1988 Preparing for Power Oliver Tambo Speaks New York G Braziller c 1987 Tambo O amp Reddy E S 1991 Oliver Tambo Apartheid and the International Community Addresses to United Nations Committees and Conferences New Delhi Namedia Foundation Sterling Publishers Van Wyk Chris 2003 Oliver Tambo Gallo Manor South Africa Awareness Pub Learning African history freedom fighters series Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Oliver Tambo amp oldid 1223010914, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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