Popeye shiner
The popeye shiner (Notropis ariommus) is a North American species of freshwater cyprinid fish.
| Popeye shiner | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Leuciscinae |
| Clade: | Pogonichthyinae |
| Genus: | Notropis |
| Species: | N. ariommus |
| Binomial name | |
| Notropis ariommus (Cope, 1867) | |
| Synonyms | |
| Photogenis ariommus Cope, 1867 | |
Geographic distribution edit
The popeye shiner is native to the United States, particularly the Ohio River basin and the Tennessee River drainage, spanning the states of Alabama, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and West Virginia.[2][3] Specific locations include the Tennessee River in Alabama and Georgia; the Wabash River in Indiana; and the Cheat River, Kanawha River (non-native), and New River in West Virginia.[4] Between 1894 and 1949, only three specimens had been definitively identified. Later, however, the number of Popeye shiners began to increase, even in places that had been well documented previously and showed no trace of the Popeye shiner.[2]
Ecology edit
Popeye shiners are freshwater insectivores. They consume aquatic insects, including midges, caddisflies, mayflies, and beetles.[5] These benthopelagic fish are found in temperate waters,[3] particularly large creeks and small rivers that are extremely clear[6] and have gravel bottoms.[5] The bodies of water in which they are found also tend to have slow to moderate flow.[7]
It is precisely the water flow and preferred clarity of water that makes survival difficult. Since the popeye shiner lives in pristine clear water, any contamination may adversely affect this property and subsequently diminish the ability of these fish to thrive. Industrialization may lead to sedimentation as well as siltation due to increased runoff as a result of agricultural practices. Over time, the erosion will create an unsuitable habitat for the popeye shiner, and species abundance will decrease. Another source of habitat destruction includes pollution. Based on the size of the streams the popeye shiner inhabits, it has likely been exposed to more of these negative impacts than other fish.[2]
Similarly, the rate at which these bodies of water flow is in jeopardy. Popeye shiners inhabit slowly or moderately flowing rivers or creeks. The industrial practice of building dams may result in a modification of the flow, and, like increased siltation, transform rivers into unsuitable habitats for the popeye shiner.[citation needed]
Life history edit
The minnows spawn in the spring or summer. Other aspects of their life history are relatively unknown.[7]
Current management edit
Popeye shiners are listed as endangered by Georgia[8] and Ohio,[7] and extirpated in Indiana.[9] This could potentially be due to destruction of their preferred habitat, as industrialization (i.e. logging, damming, strip mining) continues, although a better culprit may be due to the influx of invasive species.[10]
Very little is being done to manage the Popeye shiner.[citation needed] A major threat to these fish is an influx of exotic fish species.[10] In Indiana, an influx of three species of Asian carp—grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), bighead carp (Hypothalmichthys nobilis), and silver carp (Hypothalmichthys molitrix)—likely contributed to the total extirpation of the Popeye shiner.
Ohio has a program that strives to protect and restore stream habitats of native species that are endangered or threatened in some way. This program is known as the Division of Wildlife's Stream Conservation Program.[11] The intent of this program is to assess and record the number of species deemed "Species of Greatest Conservation Need".
References edit
- ^ NatureServe (2014). "Notropis ariommus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T202286A19033448. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T202286A19033448.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ a b c Gilbert, CR. 1969 Systematics and distribution of the American cyprinid fishes Notropis ariommus and Notropis telescopus. Copeia.
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2011). "Notropis ariommus" in FishBase. November 2011 version.
- ^ Stauffer, JR, JM Boltz, and LR White. 1995. Fishes of West Virginia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 146: 1-389
- ^ a b Etnier, D.A. and W.C. Starnes. 1993. The fishes of Tennessee. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
- ^ Trautman, M. B. 1981 The Fishes of Ohio. Ohio State University Press, Columbus, OH.
- ^ a b c Popeye Shiner Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
- ^ Protected Species of Plants and Animals 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine Georgia Secretary of State. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
- ^ Rare Animals of Indiana 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine Indiana Division of Fish and Wildlife. Revised August 2002.
- ^ a b Simon, TP. 2006. Biodiversity of fishes in the Wabash River: status, indicators and threats. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, 115(2), 136-148.
- ^ Stream Aquatic Diversity Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 22 November 2011.