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Nodosauridae

April 10, 2024

Nodosauridae is a family of ankylosaurian dinosaurs, from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous period in what is now North America, South America, Europe, and Asia.[1]

Nodosaurids
Temporal range: Late Jurassic - Late Cretaceous, 155–66 Ma
Gargoyleosaurus skeleton cast
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: †Ornithischia
Clade: †Thyreophora
Clade: †Ankylosauria
Clade: †Euankylosauria
Family: †Nodosauridae
Marsh, 1890
Subgroups
Synonyms

Acanthopholididae Nopcsa, 1902
Acanthopholidae Nopcsa, 1917
?Hylaeosauridae Nopcsa, 1902
Palaeoscincidae Nopcsa, 1918
Panoplosauridae Nopcsa, 1929
Struthiosauridae Kuhn, 1966

Description edit

 
The holotype of Borealopelta markmitchelli on display at the Royal Tyrrell Museum

Nodosaurids, like their close relatives the ankylosaurids, were heavily armored dinosaurs adorned with rows of bony armor nodules and spines (osteoderms), which were covered in keratin sheaths. All nodosaurids, like other ankylosaurians, were medium-sized to large, heavily built, quadrupedal, herbivorous dinosaurs, possessing small, leaf-shaped teeth. Unlike ankylosaurids, nodosaurids lacked mace-like tail clubs, instead having flexible tail tips. Many nodosaurids had spikes projecting outward from their shoulders. One particularly well-preserved nodosaurid "mummy", the holotype of Borealopelta markmitchelli, preserved a nearly complete set of armor in life position, as well as the keratin covering and mineralized remains of the underlying skin, which indicate reddish dorsal pigments in a countershading pattern.[2][3]

Classification edit

The family Nodosauridae was erected by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1890, and anchored on the genus Nodosaurus.[4][5]

The clade Nodosauridae was first informally defined by Paul Sereno in 1998 as "all ankylosaurs closer to Panoplosaurus than to Ankylosaurus," a definition followed by Vickaryous, Teresa Maryańska, and Weishampel in 2004. Vickaryous et al. considered two genera of nodosaurids to be of uncertain placement (incertae sedis): Struthiosaurus and Animantarx, and considered the most primitive member of the Nodosauridae to be Cedarpelta.[6] Following the publication of the PhyloCode, Nodosauridae needed to be formally defined following certain parameters, including that the type genus Nodosaurus was required as an internal specifier. In formally naming Nodosauridae, Madzia and colleagues followed the previously established use for the clade, defining it as the largest clade including Nodosaurus textilis but not Ankylosaurus magniventris. As all phylogenies referenced included both Panoplosaurus and Nodosaurus within the same group relative to Ankylosaurus, the addition of another internal specifier was deemed unnecessary. The 2018 phylogenetic analysis of Rivera-Sylva and colleagues was used as the primary reference for Panoplosaurini by Madzia et al., in addition to the supplemental analyses of Thompson et al. (2012), Arbour and Currie (2016), Arbour et al. (2016), and Brown et al. (2017).[7][8][9][10][11][12]

The highly isolated Antarctopelta, from the late Cretaceous of Antarctica, was previously thought to be the most basal nodosaurid, but a 2021 study found it to belong to the Parankylosauria, a separate basal lineage of ankylosaurs restricted to the Southern Hemisphere.[13] However, the 2022 description of Patagopelta, a nodosaurine from South America, suggests that true nodosaurids also inhabited Gondwana, having colonized South America during a biotic interchange from North America during the Campanian.[14]

Biogeography edit

The near simultaneous appearance of nodosaurids in both North America and Europe is worthy of consideration. Europelta is the oldest nodosaurid from Europe, it is derived from the lower Albian Escucha Formation. The oldest western North American nodosaurid is Sauropelta, from the lower Albian Little Sheep Mudstone Member of the Cloverly Formation, at an age of 108.5±0.2 million years. Eastern North American fossils seem older. Teeth of Priconodon crassus from the Arundel Clay of the Potomac Group of Maryland, which dates near the Aptian–Albian boundary. The Propanoplosaurus hatchling from the base of the underlying Patuxent Formation, dating to the upper Aptian, is the oldest known nodosaurid.[4]

Chronostratigraphy of nodosaurid genera[12][4][6][9][15]
PaleogeneCretaceousJurassicOligoceneEocenePaleoceneLate CretaceousEarly CretaceousLate JurassicMiddle JurassicEarly JurassicDenversaurusPanoplosaurusEdmontoniaPatagopeltaAnimantarxTexasetesStruthiosaurusHungarosaurusStegopeltaPawpawsaurusEuropeltaGlyptodontopeltaAhshislepeltaInvictarxRhadinosaurusDanubiosaurusNiobrarasaurusAcantholipanPeloroplitesNodosaurusZhejiangosaurusBorealopeltaSilvisaurusPriconodonPropanoplosaurusTatankacephalusSauropeltaAcanthopholisAnoplosaurusDongyangopeltaHoplitosaurusHorshamosaurusGastonia burgeiSauroplitesPolacanthusHylaeosaurusTaohelongMymoorapeltaGargoyleosaurusSarcolestesOligoceneEocenePaleoceneLate CretaceousEarly CretaceousLate JurassicMiddle JurassicEarly JurassicPaleogeneCretaceousJurassic

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Carpenter, Kenneth; Breithaupt, Brent (1986). "Latest Cretaceous Occurrence of Nodosaurid Ankylosaurs (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) in Western North America and the Gradual Extinction of the Dinosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 6 (3): 251–257. doi:10.1080/02724634.1986.10011619. ISSN 0272-4634. JSTOR 4523098.
  2. ^ Smith, Craig S. (12 May 2017). "'Dinosaur Mummy' Emerges From the Oil Sands of Alberta". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  3. ^ Davis, Nicola (2017-08-03). "Heavily armoured dinosaur had ginger camouflage to deter predators – study". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
  4. ^ a b c Kirkland, J. I.; Alcalá, L.; Loewen, M. A.; Espílez, E.; Mampel, L.; Wiersma, J. P. (2013). Butler, Richard J (ed.). "The Basal Nodosaurid Ankylosaur Europelta carbonensis n. gen., n. sp. From the Lower Cretaceous (Lower Albian) Escucha Formation of Northeastern Spain". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e80405. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880405K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080405. PMC 3847141. PMID 24312471.
  5. ^ Burns, Michael E. (2008). "Taxonomic utility of ankylosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) osteoderms: Glyptodontopelta mimus Ford, 2000: a test case". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (4): 1102–1109. doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1102. S2CID 140672072.
  6. ^ a b Vickaryous, M. K., Maryanska, T., and Weishampel, D. B. (2004). Chapter Seventeen: Ankylosauria. in The Dinosauria (2nd edition), Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H., editors. University of California Press.
  7. ^ Madzia, D.; Arbour, V.M.; Boyd, C.A.; Farke, A.A.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Evans, D.C. (2021). "The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs". PeerJ. 9: e12362. doi:10.7717/peerj.12362. PMC 8667728. PMID 34966571.
  8. ^ Thompson, R.S.; Parish, J.C.; Maidment, S.C.R.; Barrett, P.M. (2012). "Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10 (2): 301–312. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.569091. S2CID 86002282.
  9. ^ a b Arbour, V.M.; Currie, P.J. (2016). "Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 14 (5): 385–444. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985. S2CID 214625754.
  10. ^ Rivera-Sylva, H.E.; Frey, E.; Stinnesbeck, W.; Carbot-Chanona, G.; Sanchez-Uribe, I.E.; Guzmán-Gutiérrez, J.R. (2018). "Paleodiversity of Late Cretaceous Ankylosauria from Mexico and their phylogenetic significance". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 137: 83–93. doi:10.1007/s13358-018-0153-1. S2CID 134924657.
  11. ^ Arbour, V.M.; Zanno, L.E.; Gates, T. (2016). "Ankylosaurian dinosaur palaeoenvironmental associations were influenced by extirpation, sea-level fluctuation, and geodispersal". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 449: 289–299. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.02.033.
  12. ^ a b Brown, C.M.; Henderson, D.M.; Vinther, J.; Fletcher, I.; Sistiaga, A.; Herrera, J.; Summons, R.E. (2017). "An Exceptionally Preserved Three-Dimensional Armored Dinosaur Reveals Insights into Coloration and Cretaceous Predator-Prey Dynamics". Current Biology. 27 (16): 2514–2521. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.071. PMID 28781051. S2CID 5182644.
  13. ^ Soto-Acuña, Sergio; Vargas, Alexander O.; Kaluza, Jonatan; Leppe, Marcelo A.; Botelho, Joao F.; Palma-Liberona, José; Simon-Gutstein, Carolina; Fernández, Roy A.; Ortiz, Héctor; Milla, Verónica; Aravena, Bárbara (2021-12-01). "Bizarre tail weaponry in a transitional ankylosaur from subantarctic Chile". Nature. 600 (7888): 259–263. Bibcode:2021Natur.600..259S. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04147-1. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 34853468. S2CID 244799975.
  14. ^ Riguetti, Facundo; Pereda-Suberbiola, Xabier; Ponce, Denis; Salgado, Leonardo; Apesteguía, Sebastián; Rozadilla, Sebastián; Arbour, Victoria (2022-12-31). "A new small-bodied ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of North Patagonia (Río Negro Province, Argentina)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 20 (1): 2137441. doi:10.1080/14772019.2022.2137441. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 254212751.
  15. ^ McDonald, A.T.; Wolfe, D.G. (2018). "A new nodosaurid ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation of New Mexico". PeerJ. 6: 6:e5435. doi:10.7717/peerj.5435. PMC 6110256. PMID 30155354.

Further reading edit

  • Carpenter, K. (2001). "Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria." In Carpenter, K., (ed.) 2001: The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington & Indianapolis, 2001, pp. xv-526
  • Osi, Attila (2005). Hungarosaurus tormai, a new ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Hungary. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(2):370-383, June 2003.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nodosauridae.
  • Alberta oilsands discovery of 2011

April 10, 2024
nodosauridae, family, ankylosaurian, dinosaurs, from, late, jurassic, late, cretaceous, period, what, north, america, south, america, europe, asia, nodosauridstemporal, range, late, jurassic, late, cretaceous, preꞒ, ngargoyleosaurus, skeleton, castscientific, . Nodosauridae is a family of ankylosaurian dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous period in what is now North America South America Europe and Asia 1 NodosauridsTemporal range Late Jurassic Late Cretaceous 155 66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NGargoyleosaurus skeleton castScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClade DinosauriaClade OrnithischiaClade ThyreophoraClade AnkylosauriaClade EuankylosauriaFamily NodosauridaeMarsh 1890SubgroupsAcanthopholis Anoplosaurus Dongyangopelta Gastonia Gargoyleosaurus Glyptodontopelta Horshamosaurus Hylaeosaurus Invictarx Mymoorapelta Priconodon Propanoplosaurus Rhadinosaurus Sauroplites Polacanthinae NodosaurinaeSynonymsAcanthopholididae Nopcsa 1902Acanthopholidae Nopcsa 1917 Hylaeosauridae Nopcsa 1902Palaeoscincidae Nopcsa 1918Panoplosauridae Nopcsa 1929Struthiosauridae Kuhn 1966 Contents 1 Description 2 Classification 3 Biogeography 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksDescription edit nbsp The holotype of Borealopelta markmitchelli on display at the Royal Tyrrell MuseumNodosaurids like their close relatives the ankylosaurids were heavily armored dinosaurs adorned with rows of bony armor nodules and spines osteoderms which were covered in keratin sheaths All nodosaurids like other ankylosaurians were medium sized to large heavily built quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaurs possessing small leaf shaped teeth Unlike ankylosaurids nodosaurids lacked mace like tail clubs instead having flexible tail tips Many nodosaurids had spikes projecting outward from their shoulders One particularly well preserved nodosaurid mummy the holotype of Borealopelta markmitchelli preserved a nearly complete set of armor in life position as well as the keratin covering and mineralized remains of the underlying skin which indicate reddish dorsal pigments in a countershading pattern 2 3 Classification editThe family Nodosauridae was erected by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1890 and anchored on the genus Nodosaurus 4 5 The clade Nodosauridae was first informally defined by Paul Sereno in 1998 as all ankylosaurs closer to Panoplosaurus than to Ankylosaurus a definition followed by Vickaryous Teresa Maryanska and Weishampel in 2004 Vickaryous et al considered two genera of nodosaurids to be of uncertain placement incertae sedis Struthiosaurus and Animantarx and considered the most primitive member of the Nodosauridae to be Cedarpelta 6 Following the publication of the PhyloCode Nodosauridae needed to be formally defined following certain parameters including that the type genus Nodosaurus was required as an internal specifier In formally naming Nodosauridae Madzia and colleagues followed the previously established use for the clade defining it as the largest clade including Nodosaurus textilis but not Ankylosaurus magniventris As all phylogenies referenced included both Panoplosaurus and Nodosaurus within the same group relative to Ankylosaurus the addition of another internal specifier was deemed unnecessary The 2018 phylogenetic analysis of Rivera Sylva and colleagues was used as the primary reference for Panoplosaurini by Madzia et al in addition to the supplemental analyses of Thompson et al 2012 Arbour and Currie 2016 Arbour et al 2016 and Brown et al 2017 7 8 9 10 11 12 Nodosauridae SauroplitesMymoorapeltaDongyangopeltaGastoniaGargoyleosaurusPolacanthinae HoplitosaurusPolacanthusNodosaurinae PeloroplitesTaohelongSauropeltaAcantholipanNodosaurusNiobrarasaurusAhshislepeltaTatankacephalusSilvisaurusCPC 273Panoplosaurini AnimantarxPanoplosaurusArgentinian ankylosaur Patagopelta TexasetesDenversaurusEdmontonia longicepsEdmontonia rugosidensStruthiosaurini HungarosaurusEuropeltaPawpawsaurusBorealopelta markmitchelliStegopeltaStruthiosaurus languedocensisStruthiosaurus transylvanicusStruthiosaurus austriacus The highly isolated Antarctopelta from the late Cretaceous of Antarctica was previously thought to be the most basal nodosaurid but a 2021 study found it to belong to the Parankylosauria a separate basal lineage of ankylosaurs restricted to the Southern Hemisphere 13 However the 2022 description of Patagopelta a nodosaurine from South America suggests that true nodosaurids also inhabited Gondwana having colonized South America during a biotic interchange from North America during the Campanian 14 Biogeography editThe near simultaneous appearance of nodosaurids in both North America and Europe is worthy of consideration Europelta is the oldest nodosaurid from Europe it is derived from the lower Albian Escucha Formation The oldest western North American nodosaurid is Sauropelta from the lower Albian Little Sheep Mudstone Member of the Cloverly Formation at an age of 108 5 0 2 million years Eastern North American fossils seem older Teeth of Priconodon crassus from the Arundel Clay of the Potomac Group of Maryland which dates near the Aptian Albian boundary The Propanoplosaurus hatchling from the base of the underlying Patuxent Formation dating to the upper Aptian is the oldest known nodosaurid 4 Chronostratigraphy of nodosaurid genera 12 4 6 9 15 See also edit nbsp Dinosaurs portalTimeline of ankylosaur researchReferences edit Carpenter Kenneth Breithaupt Brent 1986 Latest Cretaceous Occurrence of Nodosaurid Ankylosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia in Western North America and the Gradual Extinction of the Dinosaurs Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 6 3 251 257 doi 10 1080 02724634 1986 10011619 ISSN 0272 4634 JSTOR 4523098 Smith Craig S 12 May 2017 Dinosaur Mummy Emerges From the Oil Sands of Alberta The New York Times Retrieved 31 May 2017 Davis Nicola 2017 08 03 Heavily armoured dinosaur had ginger camouflage to deter predators study The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 2017 12 01 a b c Kirkland J I Alcala L Loewen M A Espilez E Mampel L Wiersma J P 2013 Butler Richard J ed The Basal Nodosaurid Ankylosaur Europelta carbonensis n gen n sp From the Lower Cretaceous Lower Albian Escucha Formation of Northeastern Spain PLOS ONE 8 12 e80405 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 880405K doi 10 1371 journal pone 0080405 PMC 3847141 PMID 24312471 Burns Michael E 2008 Taxonomic utility of ankylosaur Dinosauria Ornithischia osteoderms Glyptodontopelta mimus Ford 2000 a test case Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 4 1102 1109 doi 10 1671 0272 4634 28 4 1102 S2CID 140672072 a b Vickaryous M K Maryanska T and Weishampel D B 2004 Chapter Seventeen Ankylosauria in The Dinosauria 2nd edition Weishampel D B Dodson P and Osmolska H editors University of California Press Madzia D Arbour V M Boyd C A Farke A A Cruzado Caballero P Evans D C 2021 The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs PeerJ 9 e12362 doi 10 7717 peerj 12362 PMC 8667728 PMID 34966571 Thompson R S Parish J C Maidment S C R Barrett P M 2012 Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs Ornithischia Thyreophora Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10 2 301 312 doi 10 1080 14772019 2011 569091 S2CID 86002282 a b Arbour V M Currie P J 2016 Systematics phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 14 5 385 444 doi 10 1080 14772019 2015 1059985 S2CID 214625754 Rivera Sylva H E Frey E Stinnesbeck W Carbot Chanona G Sanchez Uribe I E Guzman Gutierrez J R 2018 Paleodiversity of Late Cretaceous Ankylosauria from Mexico and their phylogenetic significance Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 137 83 93 doi 10 1007 s13358 018 0153 1 S2CID 134924657 Arbour V M Zanno L E Gates T 2016 Ankylosaurian dinosaur palaeoenvironmental associations were influenced by extirpation sea level fluctuation and geodispersal Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 449 289 299 doi 10 1016 j palaeo 2016 02 033 a b Brown C M Henderson D M Vinther J Fletcher I Sistiaga A Herrera J Summons R E 2017 An Exceptionally Preserved Three Dimensional Armored Dinosaur Reveals Insights into Coloration and Cretaceous Predator Prey Dynamics Current Biology 27 16 2514 2521 doi 10 1016 j cub 2017 06 071 PMID 28781051 S2CID 5182644 Soto Acuna Sergio Vargas Alexander O Kaluza Jonatan Leppe Marcelo A Botelho Joao F Palma Liberona Jose Simon Gutstein Carolina Fernandez Roy A Ortiz Hector Milla Veronica Aravena Barbara 2021 12 01 Bizarre tail weaponry in a transitional ankylosaur from subantarctic Chile Nature 600 7888 259 263 Bibcode 2021Natur 600 259S doi 10 1038 s41586 021 04147 1 ISSN 1476 4687 PMID 34853468 S2CID 244799975 Riguetti Facundo Pereda Suberbiola Xabier Ponce Denis Salgado Leonardo Apesteguia Sebastian Rozadilla Sebastian Arbour Victoria 2022 12 31 A new small bodied ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of North Patagonia Rio Negro Province Argentina Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 20 1 2137441 doi 10 1080 14772019 2022 2137441 ISSN 1477 2019 S2CID 254212751 McDonald A T Wolfe D G 2018 A new nodosaurid ankylosaur Dinosauria Thyreophora from the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation of New Mexico PeerJ 6 6 e5435 doi 10 7717 peerj 5435 PMC 6110256 PMID 30155354 Further reading editCarpenter K 2001 Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria In Carpenter K ed 2001 The Armored Dinosaurs Indiana University Press Bloomington amp Indianapolis 2001 pp xv 526 Osi Attila 2005 Hungarosaurus tormai a new ankylosaur Dinosauria from the Upper Cretaceous of Hungary Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 2 370 383 June 2003 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nodosauridae Alberta oilsands discovery of 2011 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nodosauridae amp oldid 1187617226, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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