Nlakaʼpamux
The Nlakaʼpamux or Nlakapamuk[2] (/ɪŋkləˈkæpmə/ ing-klə-KAP-mə;[3] Salishan: [nɬeʔképmx]), also previously known as the Thompson, Thompson River Salish, Thompson Salish, Thompson River Indians or Thompson River people, and historically as the Klackarpun,[4] Haukamaugh, Knife Indians, and Couteau Indians, are an Indigenous First Nations people of the Interior Salish language group in southern British Columbia. Their traditional territory includes parts of the North Cascades region of Washington.
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 3,105[1] (2016 census) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Canada (British Columbia), United States (Washington) | |
| Languages | |
| English, Nlakaʼpamuctsin | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity (Anglicanism and Catholicism), Animism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Okanagan, Nicola people, Nicola Athapaskans |
Other names edit
Frontier-era histories and maps transliterate the name Nlakaʼpamux as Hakamaugh or Klackarpun; they were also known as the Kootomin, or Couteau (Knife).[5] or Knife Indians. In the dialect of the Thompson language used by the Ashcroft Indian Band, the variant Nlʼakapxm is used.
The Nlakaʼpamux of the Nicola Valley, who are all in the Nicola Tribal Association reserves refer to themselves as Scwʼexmx and speak a different dialect of the Thompson language. Together with the Spaxomin people, a branch of the Okanagan people (Syilx) who live in the upper Nicola valley and also belong to the Nicola Tribal Association, they are collectively known as the Nicola people, or Nicolas.
Ethnobotany edit
Blueberries (Vaccinium myrtilloides) are traditionally used by them in pies.[6] They have used the leaves of sedge (Carex) as brushes for cleaning and also as forage for their livestock.[7]
Religion edit
The Nlakaʼpamux were the object of both Anglican and Roman Catholic missionary efforts in the nineteenth century, resulting in the vast majority belonging to one of the two denominations by the beginning of the twentieth century.[8]
Governments edit
The Nlakaʼpamux Nation Tribal Council despite its name does not include all Nlakaʼpamux people, but is one of two main tribal bodies within the region, the other being the Nicola Tribal Association. The Lytton First Nation or Lytton Band, focussed on the town of the same name, which is named Camchin or Kumsheen in the Nlakaʼpamux language and is one of the largest Nlakaʼpamux communities, does not belong to any of the three tribal associations. While the Upper Nicola Band is affiliated with the Scwʼexmx Tribal Council it is a Syilx community and part of the Okanagan Nation Alliance it is not Nlakaʼpamux and has a different traditional territory than the other Nlakaʼpamux Bands.
None of the Nlakaʼpamux governments are in the British Columbia Treaty Commission process at present.[9]
Nlakaʼpamux Nation Tribal Council edit
- Boothroyd Indian Band
- Boston Bar Indian Band
- Oregon Jack Creek Indian Band
- Spuzzum Indian Band
- Lytton Indian Band
- Skuppah Indian Band
Scwʼexmx Tribal Council (Originally Nicola Tribal Association or NTA) edit
- Shackan Indian Band (Original NTA)
- Nooaitch Indian Band (Original NTA)
- Upper Nicola Band (Original NTA)(A member of the Okanagan Nation Alliance)
- Coldwater Indian Band (Original NTA)
Unaffiliated edit
Language edit
The Nlakaʼpamux speak an Interior Salishan language named nɬeʔkepmxcín, usually transliterated as Nlakaʼpamuxtsn and known in English as the Thompson language. The Scwʼexmx of the Nicola Valley speak a dialect also called Scwʼexmx.
Notable people edit
- Tara Beagan, writer and actress
- G. A. Grisenthwaite, writer
- Kevin Loring, writer
- Terese Marie Mailhot, writer
- Sharon McIvor, activist
- Ilona Verley, drag queen and make-up artist
- Annie York, writer
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ "Aboriginal Ancestry Responses (73), Single and Multiple Aboriginal Responses (4), Residence on or off reserve (3), Residence inside or outside Inuit Nunangat (7), Age (8A) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Government of Canada, Statistics. 25 October 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-08.
- ^ Keith Thor Carlson (2007). "Precedent and the Aboriginal Response to Global Incursions: Smallpox and Identity Reformation Among the Coast Salish" (PDF). Journal of the Canadian Historical Association / Revue de la Société historique du Canada. 18 (2): 165–201.
- ^ . Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. 2010-09-15. Archived from the original on 2014-01-23. Retrieved 2013-05-14.
- ^ [on 1859 map by Lieut. R.C. Mayne, Royal Engineers],
- ^ Kootomin is a nativized variant of the French couteau
- ^ Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 218
- ^ Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ List of First Communities in BC, BC Treaty Commission
Bibliography edit
- Thompson River Salish Dictionary
Compiled by Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson
- They Write Their Dreams on the Rock Forever: Rock Writings in the Stein River Valley of British Columbia (with Chris Arnett and Richard Daly
- Spuzzum: Fraser Canyon Histories, with Andrea LaForet
- Historical Atlas of British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest, Derek Hayes, Cavendish Books, Vancouver (1999) ISBN
- The Resettlement of British Columbia: Essays on Colonialism & Geographical Change, University of British Columbia Press; New Ed edition (January 1997) ISBN
- Shirley Sterling (1997). My Name is Seepeetza. Douglas and McIntyre, Inc. ISBN 0-88899-290-4.
- NLakaʼpamux Language CD by Barbara Joe(2005){Editor/Producer/Technical: Dr. Shawn E. Swakum D.D}
- Shackan Stories by Jim Toodlican(2006){Editor/Producer/Technical: Shawn E. Swakum D.D}