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Nina Demme

April 09, 2024

Nina Demme (Russian: Нина Петровна Демме, 1902 – 16 March 1977) was a Soviet polar explorer, biologist, and ornithologist. She was one of the first women to explore the Arctic and have charge of a polar expedition. Raised in an polyamorous household in Kostroma, she attended the first women's gymnasium in Russia from 1907 to 1914 and then studied to become a teacher. After taking workers courses under Lenin's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya, she taught collectivism in the Ufa Governorate before settling in Leningrad in 1921 to study at the Geographical Institute. For eight years, she studied geography and biology, participating in numerous field trips on polar research.

Nina Demme
Нина Петровна Демме
Demme, 1932
Born
Nina Petrovna Demme-Ryabtseva

1902 (1902)
Kostroma, Russian Empire
Died1977(1977-00-00) (aged 74–75)
Leningrad, USSR
NationalityRussian
Other namesNina Petrovna Demme, Nina Riabtzova-Demme
Occupation(s)polar explorer, biologist, ornithologist
Years active1921–1959
Familyvon Medem [de]

Graduating in 1929, Demme went to work at the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute and participated in a two-year expedition to Franz Josef Land, during which she was the only woman in the group. Chosen to lead an expedition to Severnaya Zemlya, known then as the Kamenev Islands, she and her team of three men mapped the western part of the archipelago and conducted research on the plants and animals. Returning to Leningrad in 1934, she researched the commercial collective farming potential of animals of the north and for several seasons studied black foxes and the possibilities of breeding eiders. Earning her Candidate's Degree in biology in 1946, she became a professor but was discontent to remain in the classroom and continued to make research trips until she retired in 1959. In her retirement, she painted, and planted a large garden of flowers and trees, which she maintained until her death in 1977.

Early life edit

Nina was born in 1902 in Kostroma in the Russian Empire to Maria Ivanovna Ryabtsova and Ludwig Fedorovich Demme. She was an illegitimate child[1][2] of a polyamorous household which was made up of her father's first wife and nine children, and her mother and mother's five children. Her half-siblings were Valya and Kolya by her mother's first husband, a German surnamed Huber. Nina, Julia, and Seryozha were full siblings from her mother's relationship with her father. Because her blood siblings were all illegitimate, they were registered with the family patronymic Petrovna,[1] after her godfather Petr Ryabtsov,[3] and with their mother's surname, Ryabtsov. Forged papers, showing her name as Nina Petrovna Demme-Ryabtseva, allowed Demme to be the only child to carry her father's surname or enter high school (gymnasium).[1]

Her father was a German noble, originally named Ludwig von Medem [de], who changed his surname to Demme and arrived in Russia where he ran a bicycle shop in Galich. Soon he relocated to Kostroma and began a relationship with Ryabtsova, who managed a brewery left to her by her first husband. After he had sent for his first family in Germany, the blended families rented the house which would later become the Pushkin Library in Kostroma. Ryabtsova, Ludwig, and her children occupied the top floor of the building, and his first family lived in the garden house. Later, he built a house for the mixed family at #23 Pastukhovskaya. The relationships between his wives and children were friendly and they all worked together on the farm, which produced poultry, as well as fruits and flowers for local sale. Ludwig Demme was fond of birds and raised several rare breeds of pigeons, for which he was widely known.[1]

Education edit

After completing her primary education, Demme entered the private Grigorov Female Gymnasium (Russian: Григоровскую женскую гимназию), the first women's high school in Russia.[1][4] The school was funded by nobles from the Kostroma Oblast, but because her documents listed Demme as the daughter of a peasant, she was ridiculed.[1] Girls who attended the school were preparing to become teachers and studied dance, music, and needlework, as well as French, German, and Russian languages; geography; literature; mathematics; physics; and religion.[4] She graduated in 1914 and then entered the teacher training seminary in Kostroma.[5] In 1917, while participating in a community mowing project during her schooling, Demme learned of the Bolsheviks and quickly became a founding member of the Komsomol in Kostroma.[1] By 1919, she was a leader in the Komsomol, entering the labor school commune and participating in the provincial committee.[5] In 1920, she went to Moscow to take workers courses under Nadezhda Krupskaya, Lenin's wife, and studied collectivism. When she completed the courses, she was sent to the Ufa Governorate in the Ural Mountains to pass on the information to the masses.[1][2]

In 1921, Demme moved to Leningrad to study at the Geographical Institute. Among her instructors were Lev Berg, Alexei Bialynitsky-Birulya [ru], Białynicki-Birula Vladimir Bogoraz, Alexei Borisyak [ru], Yakov Edelstein [ru], Boris Fedtschenko, Alexander Fersman, Dmitry Nalivkin, and Sergey Neustruev [ru]. For eight years she studied at the institute, which later became the geography department of Leningrad University.[5] During research trips, she participated in expeditions to the Caucasus and Crimea[1] and worked on projects including road construction in Leningrad and dog training along the railway from Termez to Dushanbe.[5] In 1926, Demme led an expedition to the Kara Sea;[6] in 1927, she conducted research in the Urals; afterwards, she completed field work in Central Asia around Amu Darya to prepare for land reforms.[5][7] While she was in school, she met and married fellow student and polar explorer Ivan Markieltevich Ivanov [ru].[8] Her husband had been part of the rescue attempt in 1928 to save Umberto Nobile, an Italian polar explorer, and his crew after they crashed their dirigible balloon.[1][5][9]

Career edit

Arctic exploration edit

 
Nina Demme on the 1931 expedition to Franz Josef Land. Photograph indicates these were the first photos sent from the expedition: left Demme taking water samples; Middle the camp; right Demme seated
 
Locations of Demme's expeditions in the Arctic.

In 1929, Demme graduated and went to work at the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute when it was founded in 1930.[5][9] Because of her extensive experience and research background, Demme was selected to participate in an expedition on the icebreaker George Sedov, which planned to winter on Franz Josef Land. Ivanov was sent to manage the polar station in Tikhaya Bay on Hooker Island, the 11 scientists being led by Otto Schmidt.[5] Demme was the only woman among them[Notes 1] and international news coverage at the time claimed she was the first woman to have explored the Arctic.[8][11][2][Notes 2] Her work involved both geographical and biological studies, and the crew wintered for two years on the island.[8][9] When not making expeditions to study the wildlife and plants, Demme assisted the hydrologist in his measurements.[14][15] During the expedition, Demme and Ivanov divorced, and she married another of the scientists. When they returned from the trip, that marriage ended, and she married Gabriel Ignatievich Ioylev, a radio operator.[16][17][Notes 3]

 
Nina Demme and her crew preparing to leave for Severnaya Zemlya in 1932

In 1932, she led a team of three men, including a hunter, meteorologist, and her husband, Ioylev, the radio operator, to winter in the Kamenev Islands, and newspapers reported that she had been the first woman to lead a polar expedition.[9][19] The group sailed on the Roussanov, arriving on 14 August[20] and settling into the cabin which had a large bedroom with bunk beds and a library, as well a large dining table, where they listened to concerts and news broadcasts each evening during dinner.[21] She was made governor of the archipelago and had the authority to direct commerce, immigration, and other affairs of state.[19] The group was to remain one winter and evaluate the commercial possibilities for the flora and fauna of the islands.[22] They gathered geological and botanical samples, studied the various animals on their expeditions,[20] and mapped the western part of Severnaya Zemlya.[21] As icebreakers were unable to reach, them the team ended up wintering a second year in the Arctic.[19][20] Various mishaps befell the crew, including one when, while out hunting, the men mistook Demme for a polar bear and she began to sing an aria from La traviata so they would know she was not their prey.[21] In September 1934, Alexander Alexiev, a government pilot, flew from Siberia and was able to extract Demme and her crew, as well as Boris Lavrov and his pilot, who had been on an expedition of the Lena River before their plane crashed and they walked 185 miles to reach the Kamenev station.[23]

Academic career edit

Returning to Leningrad, Demme began post-graduate studies at the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, where she also taught courses in biology and zoology. She was interested in researching the commercial collective farming potential of animals of the north and for several seasons studied black foxes.[1][24] Because she could not get the institute to finance her expeditions, Demme chartered small fishing boats to take her to remote Arctic huts so that she could carry out her research.[25] Beginning around 1940, she utilized methods established in Iceland to create experimental eider farms in Novaya Zemlya and on Vaygach Island.[26][27] By setting up nesting shelters and killing the predators of the birds, locals under her leadership were able to collect 5,354 kilograms (11,804 lb) of eiderdown over a five-year period.[27][28] Demme completed her dissertation, Гнездовые колонии гаги обыкновенной на Новой Земле и организация гагачьего хозяйства (Nesting Colonies of the Common Eider on Novaya Zemlya and the Organization of the Eiderdown Economy) in 1946, earning her Candidate's Degree in biology.[1]

Demme was made an associate professor in 1949, but did not like the confinement of the classroom. She continued to hire small commercial vessels to allow her to study wildlife in the Arctic into the 1950s.[25] In 1949, she conducted research in the Kandalaksha Nature Reserve on the White Sea, extending her work on eiders. At the reserve, she attempted to develop domesticated hatcheries, which she had unsuccessfully tried to establish in Novaya Zemlya. Though successful, the group of chicks she brought back to Leningrad at the end of the season failed to thrive and all died. In 1952, Demme made her last trip to the Arctic, working in the northern parts of the Gulf of Ob in Siberia, and focusing on raising animals there. She did not return to the Kandalaksha Reserve, though others continued to study eider chicks there. Though she was not involved,[3] her experimental eiderdown farms operated until 1954, when they were closed and the native inhabitants of Novaya Zemlya were removed in preparation for nuclear tests.[27] In 1959, she retired and wrote her autobiography.[25] She was allowed to buy a summer house on the Black Sea coast and chose a place between Sochi and Tuapse near Volkonskaya, where she built a home and an extensive garden, which had various kinds of flowers and trees. An accomplished musician and skilled artist, she also created paintings.[18]

Death and legacy edit

Demme died on 16 March 1977 in Leningrad[25] from phlegmon after she was given an injection for a congenital heart defect. She was cremated there, and her remains were taken to Kostroma for burial. The family was unable to convince local authorities to allocate marble for a tombstone.[18] In 2017, her grave was located in the local cemetery on Kostromskaya Street. She is remembered as one of the first women polar explorers.[29] There has been renewed interest in the 21st century in her work on eiderdown production.[27][28]

Selected works edit

  • Riadtzova-Demme, Nina (8 January 1931). "Arctic Is Described by Woman Explorer (2 parts)". The Miami Herald. Miami, Florida. United Press International. pp. 1, 5. Retrieved 23 May 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  • Riadtzova-Demme, Nina (2 December 1931). "'Northernmost Woman in World' Tells of Year Spent Near North Pole: Its Beauties and Hazards". Columbus Telegram. Columbus, Nebraska. United Press International. p. 3. Retrieved 24 May 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  • Демме-Рябцова, Нина Петровна (1946). Гнездовые колонии гаги обыкновенной на Новой Земле и организация гагачьего хозяйства [Nesting Colonies of the Common Eider on Novaya Zemlya and the Organization of the Eiderdown Economy] (Thesis) (in Russian). Leningrad.
  • Демме, Н.П. (November 1947). "Бобры на р. Сеза Архангельской области". Природа (in Russian) (11). Moscow: Академиздатцентр «Наука»: 73–75. ISSN 0032-874X.

Notes edit

  1. ^ The 11 members of the crew included Ivanov, geographer and the leader; Danilov, musher; Demme, biologist; Golubenkov, meteorologist; Ioylev, radio operator; Khatanzey and Kuznetsov, Nenet hunters; Dr. Kutlyaev, camp physician, who was studying polar effects on human blood; Mukhin, hydrologist; Ploskonosov, mechanic; and Postanov, cook.[10]
  2. ^ Demme was not the first woman to explore the Arctic. Among others, Maria Pronchishcheva explored with her husband on the Kamchatka Peninsula from 1733 to 1736; Yerminiya Zhdanko [ru] and Juliette Jean-Sessin (Russian: Жюльетта Жан-Сессин) were lost on explorations in 1912;[3] and Louise Arner Boyd made six expeditions between 1928 and 1941 to places like East Greenland, Franz Josef Land, Jan Mayen Land and Spitsbergen.[12] Boyd also had led an expedition in 1931,[13] after Demme's 1926 trip[6] but prior to her 1932 trip,[13] and Irina Rusinova (Russian: Ирина Леонидовна Русинова) wintered in the Arctic in Novaya Zemlya in 1928, prior to Demme.[3]
  3. ^ Аветисов notes that there is sourcing for Demme's marriage to Ivanov on the web, but the archives of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute indicate only that her husband was Petr Gavrilovich Skvortsov (Russian: Скворцов Петр Гаврилович). He also states that she wrote no personal information in her memoirs,[5] which is confirmed by Николаева.[1] Her relatives stated in an interview with Николаева that Demme was married at least four times and the known husband's names were "Ganya, Petr, Vanya, and Volodya".[18]

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Николаева 2017a.
  2. ^ a b c Муханов 1930, p. 12.
  3. ^ a b c d Горяшко 2019.
  4. ^ a b Полтавская 2007.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Аветисов 2014, p. 52.
  6. ^ a b Soviet Union Review 1934, p. 147.
  7. ^ The Syracuse Herald 1931, p. 22.
  8. ^ a b c The Intelligencer Journal 1931, p. 10.
  9. ^ a b c d Wiegand 1933, p. 4:2.
  10. ^ Громов 1930, p. 19.
  11. ^ The Star Tribune 1932, p. 7.
  12. ^ Kafarowski 2019.
  13. ^ a b Kafarowski 2017, p. 156.
  14. ^ The Tipton Daily Tribune 1931, p. 2.
  15. ^ Riadtzova-Demme 1931, p. 3.
  16. ^ The Sunday Mail 1932, p. 22.
  17. ^ Власова 2009, p. 32.
  18. ^ a b c Николаева 2017b.
  19. ^ a b c The Miami News 1933, p. 6.
  20. ^ a b c Pierre 1935, p. 5.
  21. ^ a b c La Lutte Syndicale 1939, p. 3.
  22. ^ The Edmonton Journal 1933, p. 8.
  23. ^ The Los Angeles Times 1934, p. 2.
  24. ^ Аветисов 2014, p. 53.
  25. ^ a b c d Аветисов 2014, p. 54.
  26. ^ Posnett 2019, p. 26.
  27. ^ a b c d Киприянов 2019.
  28. ^ a b Goryashko 2017.
  29. ^ Kostroma Today 2017.

Bibliography edit

  • Аветисов (Avetisov), Г. П. (G. P.) (2014). [Beyond the Arctic Circle: Nina Petrovna Demme, The First Woman Head of a Polar Station] (PDF). Российские Полярные Исследования (in Russian). 2 (16). St. Petersburg, Russia: Типография «Моби Дик» for the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute: 52–54. ISSN 2218-5321. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  • Goryashko, Alexandra (Summer 2017). . Arcadia (14). Berlin: De Gruyter. ISSN 0003-7982. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  • Горяшко (Goryashko), Александра (Alexandra) (3 December 2019). "Демме в Кандалакшском заповеднике. Неизвестные страницы биографии знаменитой полярницы" [Demme in the Kandalaksha Reserve: Unknown Pages of the Biography of the Famous Polar Woman]. Go Arctic (in Russian). Moscow: Arctic Development Project Office. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  • Громов (Gromov), Борис (Boris) (November 1930). [We Conquer the Far North] (PDF). Смена (in Russian). No. 172. Moscow: изд-во «Правда». pp. 13, 19. ISSN 0131-6656. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  • Kafarowski, Joanna (14 February 2019). . Smithsonian Magazine. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISSN 0037-7333. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  • Kafarowski, Joanna (2017). The Polar Adventures of a Rich American Dame: A Life of Louise Arner Boyd. Toronto, Ontario: Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-4597-3971-0.
  • Киприянов (Kipriyanov), Владимир (Vladimir) (10 September 2019). [Eider Economy in the USSR]. Проза.ru (in Russian). Moscow: Union of Russian Writers. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  • Николаева (Nikolaeva), Зинаида (Zinaida) (27 April 2017). [The Arctic Tale of Nina Demme]. Костромская народная газета (in Russian). Kostroma, Russia. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2020 – via Russian Geographical Society.
  • Муханов (Mukhanov), Леонид (Leonid) (November 1930). "Первая Полярница" [The First Polar Woman]. Работница (in Russian). No. 42. Moscow: Communist Party of the Soviet Union. pp. , . ISSN 0131-8047. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  • Николаева (Nikolaeva), Зинаида (Zinaida) (25 May 2017). [The Arctic Tale of Nina Demme, Part 2]. Костромская народная газета (in Russian). Kostroma, Russia. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2020 – via Russian Geographical Society.
  • Pierre, André (21 January 1935). "Miss Pôle Nord reine spirituelle de l'Arctique la seule femme des Terres du Nord" [Miss North Pole: Spiritual Queen of the Arctic the Only Woman from the Northern Lands]. Paris-Soir (in French). Paris, France. p. 5. Retrieved 24 May 2020 – via Gallica.
  • Полтавская (Poltavskaya), Елена Игоревна (Elena Igorevna) (2007). ['Grigorov Waltz': The History of the Creation of the First Female Gymnasium in Russia]. Школьная библиотека (in Russian) (3). Moscow: Detskaya Literatura: 66–69. ISSN 1994-6465. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  • Posnett, Edward (2019). Harvest: The Hidden Histories of Seven Natural Objects. New York, New York: Viking Press. ISBN 978-1-4735-2445-3.
  • Власова (Vlasova), Валентина (Valentina) (2009). "Из истории освоения Арктики: Полярный радист Евгений Гиршевич" [From the History of Arctic Exploration: Polar Radio Operator Evgeny Girshevich]. Архангельская старина (in Russian) (1). Arkhangelsk: Новодвинка: 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36. ISSN 1815-7912. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  • Wiegand, Charmion Von (12 March 1933). "Russia Takes the Lead in Arctic Exploration". Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 4:2. Retrieved 23 May 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  • "All's Well". The Tipton Daily Tribune. Tipton, Indiana. 30 January 1931. p. 2. Retrieved 24 May 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  • [Burial of the World's First Polar Woman Found in Kostroma]. Kostroma Today (in Russian). Kostroma, Russia. REGNUM News Agency. 16 June 2017. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  • "Femmes d'aujourd'hui: Miss Pôle Nord" [Women of Today: Miss North Pole]. La Lutte Syndicale (in French). Bern, Switzerland. 25 August 1939. p. 3. Retrieved 27 May 2020 – via Newspaperarchive.com.
  • "Interest in Message Shown by Soviets". Intelligencer Journal. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. United Press International. 9 January 1931. p. 10. Retrieved 23 May 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  • "Party May Be Kept in Arctic Three Years". The Syracuse Herald. Syracuse, New York. United Press International. 8 January 1931. p. 22. Retrieved 26 May 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  • "Reds Save Ice-Trapped Scientists". The Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. 2 September 1934. p. 2. Retrieved 24 May 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  • "Russia's Woman Explorer". The Miami News. Miami, Florida. 11 December 1933. p. 6. Retrieved 24 May 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  • "Soviet Woman Arctic Explorer". The Star Tribune. Minneapolis, Minnesota. Associated Press. 9 September 1932. p. 7. Retrieved 23 May 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  • "Soviet Women". Soviet Union Review. XII (7). Washington, D.C.: Soviet Union Information Bureau: 146–148. July 1934. OCLC 1766278. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  • "Woman Governs Island". The Edmonton Journal. Edmonton, Alberta. 6 April 1933. p. 8. Retrieved 24 May 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  • "Woman Scientist in Arctic Wastes: Soviet Appointment". The Sunday Mail. Brisbane, Queensland. 28 August 1932. p. 22. Retrieved 24 May 2020 – via Trove.

Further reading edit

  • Канторович, Владимир (1936). [People and Facts: Nina Demme]. Новый Мир (in Russian) (10). Moscow: Редакция журнала "Новый мир": 144–159. ISSN 0130-7673. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  • Урванцев, Николай Николаевич (1935). Два года на Северной Земле [Two Years on the Severnaya Zemlya] (in Russian). Leningrad: Издательство Главсевморпути. p. 328. OCLC 504404285.

April 09, 2024
nina, demme, russian, Нина, Петровна, Демме, 1902, march, 1977, soviet, polar, explorer, biologist, ornithologist, first, women, explore, arctic, have, charge, polar, expedition, raised, polyamorous, household, kostroma, attended, first, women, gymnasium, russ. Nina Demme Russian Nina Petrovna Demme 1902 16 March 1977 was a Soviet polar explorer biologist and ornithologist She was one of the first women to explore the Arctic and have charge of a polar expedition Raised in an polyamorous household in Kostroma she attended the first women s gymnasium in Russia from 1907 to 1914 and then studied to become a teacher After taking workers courses under Lenin s wife Nadezhda Krupskaya she taught collectivism in the Ufa Governorate before settling in Leningrad in 1921 to study at the Geographical Institute For eight years she studied geography and biology participating in numerous field trips on polar research Nina DemmeNina Petrovna DemmeDemme 1932BornNina Petrovna Demme Ryabtseva1902 1902 Kostroma Russian EmpireDied1977 1977 00 00 aged 74 75 Leningrad USSRNationalityRussianOther namesNina Petrovna Demme Nina Riabtzova DemmeOccupation s polar explorer biologist ornithologistYears active1921 1959Familyvon Medem de Graduating in 1929 Demme went to work at the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute and participated in a two year expedition to Franz Josef Land during which she was the only woman in the group Chosen to lead an expedition to Severnaya Zemlya known then as the Kamenev Islands she and her team of three men mapped the western part of the archipelago and conducted research on the plants and animals Returning to Leningrad in 1934 she researched the commercial collective farming potential of animals of the north and for several seasons studied black foxes and the possibilities of breeding eiders Earning her Candidate s Degree in biology in 1946 she became a professor but was discontent to remain in the classroom and continued to make research trips until she retired in 1959 In her retirement she painted and planted a large garden of flowers and trees which she maintained until her death in 1977 Contents 1 Early life 2 Education 3 Career 3 1 Arctic exploration 3 2 Academic career 4 Death and legacy 5 Selected works 6 Notes 7 References 7 1 Citations 7 2 Bibliography 8 Further readingEarly life editNina was born in 1902 in Kostroma in the Russian Empire to Maria Ivanovna Ryabtsova and Ludwig Fedorovich Demme She was an illegitimate child 1 2 of a polyamorous household which was made up of her father s first wife and nine children and her mother and mother s five children Her half siblings were Valya and Kolya by her mother s first husband a German surnamed Huber Nina Julia and Seryozha were full siblings from her mother s relationship with her father Because her blood siblings were all illegitimate they were registered with the family patronymic Petrovna 1 after her godfather Petr Ryabtsov 3 and with their mother s surname Ryabtsov Forged papers showing her name as Nina Petrovna Demme Ryabtseva allowed Demme to be the only child to carry her father s surname or enter high school gymnasium 1 Her father was a German noble originally named Ludwig von Medem de who changed his surname to Demme and arrived in Russia where he ran a bicycle shop in Galich Soon he relocated to Kostroma and began a relationship with Ryabtsova who managed a brewery left to her by her first husband After he had sent for his first family in Germany the blended families rented the house which would later become the Pushkin Library in Kostroma Ryabtsova Ludwig and her children occupied the top floor of the building and his first family lived in the garden house Later he built a house for the mixed family at 23 Pastukhovskaya The relationships between his wives and children were friendly and they all worked together on the farm which produced poultry as well as fruits and flowers for local sale Ludwig Demme was fond of birds and raised several rare breeds of pigeons for which he was widely known 1 Education editAfter completing her primary education Demme entered the private Grigorov Female Gymnasium Russian Grigorovskuyu zhenskuyu gimnaziyu the first women s high school in Russia 1 4 The school was funded by nobles from the Kostroma Oblast but because her documents listed Demme as the daughter of a peasant she was ridiculed 1 Girls who attended the school were preparing to become teachers and studied dance music and needlework as well as French German and Russian languages geography literature mathematics physics and religion 4 She graduated in 1914 and then entered the teacher training seminary in Kostroma 5 In 1917 while participating in a community mowing project during her schooling Demme learned of the Bolsheviks and quickly became a founding member of the Komsomol in Kostroma 1 By 1919 she was a leader in the Komsomol entering the labor school commune and participating in the provincial committee 5 In 1920 she went to Moscow to take workers courses under Nadezhda Krupskaya Lenin s wife and studied collectivism When she completed the courses she was sent to the Ufa Governorate in the Ural Mountains to pass on the information to the masses 1 2 In 1921 Demme moved to Leningrad to study at the Geographical Institute Among her instructors were Lev Berg Alexei Bialynitsky Birulya ru Bialynicki Birula Vladimir Bogoraz Alexei Borisyak ru Yakov Edelstein ru Boris Fedtschenko Alexander Fersman Dmitry Nalivkin and Sergey Neustruev ru For eight years she studied at the institute which later became the geography department of Leningrad University 5 During research trips she participated in expeditions to the Caucasus and Crimea 1 and worked on projects including road construction in Leningrad and dog training along the railway from Termez to Dushanbe 5 In 1926 Demme led an expedition to the Kara Sea 6 in 1927 she conducted research in the Urals afterwards she completed field work in Central Asia around Amu Darya to prepare for land reforms 5 7 While she was in school she met and married fellow student and polar explorer Ivan Markieltevich Ivanov ru 8 Her husband had been part of the rescue attempt in 1928 to save Umberto Nobile an Italian polar explorer and his crew after they crashed their dirigible balloon 1 5 9 Career editArctic exploration edit nbsp Nina Demme on the 1931 expedition to Franz Josef Land Photograph indicates these were the first photos sent from the expedition left Demme taking water samples Middle the camp right Demme seated nbsp Locations of Demme s expeditions in the Arctic In 1929 Demme graduated and went to work at the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute when it was founded in 1930 5 9 Because of her extensive experience and research background Demme was selected to participate in an expedition on the icebreaker George Sedov which planned to winter on Franz Josef Land Ivanov was sent to manage the polar station in Tikhaya Bay on Hooker Island the 11 scientists being led by Otto Schmidt 5 Demme was the only woman among them Notes 1 and international news coverage at the time claimed she was the first woman to have explored the Arctic 8 11 2 Notes 2 Her work involved both geographical and biological studies and the crew wintered for two years on the island 8 9 When not making expeditions to study the wildlife and plants Demme assisted the hydrologist in his measurements 14 15 During the expedition Demme and Ivanov divorced and she married another of the scientists When they returned from the trip that marriage ended and she married Gabriel Ignatievich Ioylev a radio operator 16 17 Notes 3 nbsp Nina Demme and her crew preparing to leave for Severnaya Zemlya in 1932In 1932 she led a team of three men including a hunter meteorologist and her husband Ioylev the radio operator to winter in the Kamenev Islands and newspapers reported that she had been the first woman to lead a polar expedition 9 19 The group sailed on the Roussanov arriving on 14 August 20 and settling into the cabin which had a large bedroom with bunk beds and a library as well a large dining table where they listened to concerts and news broadcasts each evening during dinner 21 She was made governor of the archipelago and had the authority to direct commerce immigration and other affairs of state 19 The group was to remain one winter and evaluate the commercial possibilities for the flora and fauna of the islands 22 They gathered geological and botanical samples studied the various animals on their expeditions 20 and mapped the western part of Severnaya Zemlya 21 As icebreakers were unable to reach them the team ended up wintering a second year in the Arctic 19 20 Various mishaps befell the crew including one when while out hunting the men mistook Demme for a polar bear and she began to sing an aria from La traviata so they would know she was not their prey 21 In September 1934 Alexander Alexiev a government pilot flew from Siberia and was able to extract Demme and her crew as well as Boris Lavrov and his pilot who had been on an expedition of the Lena River before their plane crashed and they walked 185 miles to reach the Kamenev station 23 Academic career edit Returning to Leningrad Demme began post graduate studies at the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute where she also taught courses in biology and zoology She was interested in researching the commercial collective farming potential of animals of the north and for several seasons studied black foxes 1 24 Because she could not get the institute to finance her expeditions Demme chartered small fishing boats to take her to remote Arctic huts so that she could carry out her research 25 Beginning around 1940 she utilized methods established in Iceland to create experimental eider farms in Novaya Zemlya and on Vaygach Island 26 27 By setting up nesting shelters and killing the predators of the birds locals under her leadership were able to collect 5 354 kilograms 11 804 lb of eiderdown over a five year period 27 28 Demme completed her dissertation Gnezdovye kolonii gagi obyknovennoj na Novoj Zemle i organizaciya gagachego hozyajstva Nesting Colonies of the Common Eider on Novaya Zemlya and the Organization of the Eiderdown Economy in 1946 earning her Candidate s Degree in biology 1 Demme was made an associate professor in 1949 but did not like the confinement of the classroom She continued to hire small commercial vessels to allow her to study wildlife in the Arctic into the 1950s 25 In 1949 she conducted research in the Kandalaksha Nature Reserve on the White Sea extending her work on eiders At the reserve she attempted to develop domesticated hatcheries which she had unsuccessfully tried to establish in Novaya Zemlya Though successful the group of chicks she brought back to Leningrad at the end of the season failed to thrive and all died In 1952 Demme made her last trip to the Arctic working in the northern parts of the Gulf of Ob in Siberia and focusing on raising animals there She did not return to the Kandalaksha Reserve though others continued to study eider chicks there Though she was not involved 3 her experimental eiderdown farms operated until 1954 when they were closed and the native inhabitants of Novaya Zemlya were removed in preparation for nuclear tests 27 In 1959 she retired and wrote her autobiography 25 She was allowed to buy a summer house on the Black Sea coast and chose a place between Sochi and Tuapse near Volkonskaya where she built a home and an extensive garden which had various kinds of flowers and trees An accomplished musician and skilled artist she also created paintings 18 Death and legacy editDemme died on 16 March 1977 in Leningrad 25 from phlegmon after she was given an injection for a congenital heart defect She was cremated there and her remains were taken to Kostroma for burial The family was unable to convince local authorities to allocate marble for a tombstone 18 In 2017 her grave was located in the local cemetery on Kostromskaya Street She is remembered as one of the first women polar explorers 29 There has been renewed interest in the 21st century in her work on eiderdown production 27 28 Selected works editRiadtzova Demme Nina 8 January 1931 Arctic Is Described by Woman Explorer 2 parts The Miami Herald Miami Florida United Press International pp 1 5 Retrieved 23 May 2020 via Newspapers com Riadtzova Demme Nina 2 December 1931 Northernmost Woman in World Tells of Year Spent Near North Pole Its Beauties and Hazards Columbus Telegram Columbus Nebraska United Press International p 3 Retrieved 24 May 2020 via Newspapers com Demme Ryabcova Nina Petrovna 1946 Gnezdovye kolonii gagi obyknovennoj na Novoj Zemle i organizaciya gagachego hozyajstva Nesting Colonies of the Common Eider on Novaya Zemlya and the Organization of the Eiderdown Economy Thesis in Russian Leningrad Demme N P November 1947 Bobry na r Seza Arhangelskoj oblasti Priroda in Russian 11 Moscow Akademizdatcentr Nauka 73 75 ISSN 0032 874X Notes edit The 11 members of the crew included Ivanov geographer and the leader Danilov musher Demme biologist Golubenkov meteorologist Ioylev radio operator Khatanzey and Kuznetsov Nenet hunters Dr Kutlyaev camp physician who was studying polar effects on human blood Mukhin hydrologist Ploskonosov mechanic and Postanov cook 10 Demme was not the first woman to explore the Arctic Among others Maria Pronchishcheva explored with her husband on the Kamchatka Peninsula from 1733 to 1736 Yerminiya Zhdanko ru and Juliette Jean Sessin Russian Zhyuletta Zhan Sessin were lost on explorations in 1912 3 and Louise Arner Boyd made six expeditions between 1928 and 1941 to places like East Greenland Franz Josef Land Jan Mayen Land and Spitsbergen 12 Boyd also had led an expedition in 1931 13 after Demme s 1926 trip 6 but prior to her 1932 trip 13 and Irina Rusinova Russian Irina Leonidovna Rusinova wintered in the Arctic in Novaya Zemlya in 1928 prior to Demme 3 Avetisov notes that there is sourcing for Demme s marriage to Ivanov on the web but the archives of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute indicate only that her husband was Petr Gavrilovich Skvortsov Russian Skvorcov Petr Gavrilovich He also states that she wrote no personal information in her memoirs 5 which is confirmed by Nikolaeva 1 Her relatives stated in an interview with Nikolaeva that Demme was married at least four times and the known husband s names were Ganya Petr Vanya and Volodya 18 References editCitations edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m Nikolaeva 2017a a b c Muhanov 1930 p 12 a b c d Goryashko 2019 a b Poltavskaya 2007 a b c d e f g h i Avetisov 2014 p 52 a b Soviet Union Review 1934 p 147 The Syracuse Herald 1931 p 22 a b c The Intelligencer Journal 1931 p 10 a b c d Wiegand 1933 p 4 2 Gromov 1930 p 19 The Star Tribune 1932 p 7 Kafarowski 2019 a b Kafarowski 2017 p 156 The Tipton Daily Tribune 1931 p 2 Riadtzova Demme 1931 p 3 The Sunday Mail 1932 p 22 Vlasova 2009 p 32 a b c Nikolaeva 2017b a b c The Miami News 1933 p 6 a b c Pierre 1935 p 5 a b c La Lutte Syndicale 1939 p 3 The Edmonton Journal 1933 p 8 The Los Angeles Times 1934 p 2 Avetisov 2014 p 53 a b c d Avetisov 2014 p 54 Posnett 2019 p 26 a b c d Kipriyanov 2019 a b Goryashko 2017 Kostroma Today 2017 Bibliography edit Avetisov Avetisov G P G P 2014 Polyarnym Krugom Nina Petrovna Demme Pervaya Zhenshina Nachalnik Polyarnoj Stancii Beyond the Arctic Circle Nina Petrovna Demme The First Woman Head of a Polar Station PDF Rossijskie Polyarnye Issledovaniya in Russian 2 16 St Petersburg Russia Tipografiya Mobi Dik for the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute 52 54 ISSN 2218 5321 Archived from the original PDF on 19 August 2019 Retrieved 23 May 2020 Goryashko Alexandra Summer 2017 Attempts to Establish Eider Farms in the USSR and Why These Failed Arcadia 14 Berlin De Gruyter ISSN 0003 7982 Archived from the original on 22 February 2020 Retrieved 24 May 2020 Goryashko Goryashko Aleksandra Alexandra 3 December 2019 Demme v Kandalakshskom zapovednike Neizvestnye stranicy biografii znamenitoj polyarnicy Demme in the Kandalaksha Reserve Unknown Pages of the Biography of the Famous Polar Woman Go Arctic in Russian Moscow Arctic Development Project Office Archived from the original on 25 May 2020 Retrieved 25 May 2020 Gromov Gromov Boris Boris November 1930 My zavoevyvaem Krajnij Sever We Conquer the Far North PDF Smena in Russian No 172 Moscow izd vo Pravda pp 13 19 ISSN 0131 6656 Archived from the original PDF on 21 October 2017 Retrieved 26 May 2020 Kafarowski Joanna 14 February 2019 The Double Life of a California Socialite Who Became a Leading Arctic Explorer Smithsonian Magazine Washington D C Smithsonian Institution ISSN 0037 7333 Archived from the original on 25 January 2020 Retrieved 25 May 2020 Kafarowski Joanna 2017 The Polar Adventures of a Rich American Dame A Life of Louise Arner Boyd Toronto Ontario Dundurn ISBN 978 1 4597 3971 0 Kipriyanov Kipriyanov Vladimir Vladimir 10 September 2019 Gagache hozyajstvo v SSSR Eider Economy in the USSR Proza ru in Russian Moscow Union of Russian Writers Archived from the original on 24 May 2020 Retrieved 24 May 2020 Nikolaeva Nikolaeva Zinaida Zinaida 27 April 2017 Arkticheskaya povest Niny Demme The Arctic Tale of Nina Demme Kostromskaya narodnaya gazeta in Russian Kostroma Russia Archived from the original on 1 March 2019 Retrieved 23 May 2020 via Russian Geographical Society Muhanov Mukhanov Leonid Leonid November 1930 Pervaya Polyarnica The First Polar Woman Rabotnica in Russian No 42 Moscow Communist Party of the Soviet Union pp 12 13 ISSN 0131 8047 Retrieved 26 May 2020 Nikolaeva Nikolaeva Zinaida Zinaida 25 May 2017 Arkticheskaya povest Niny Demme Chast 2 The Arctic Tale of Nina Demme Part 2 Kostromskaya narodnaya gazeta in Russian Kostroma Russia Archived from the original on 1 March 2019 Retrieved 24 May 2020 via Russian Geographical Society Pierre Andre 21 January 1935 Miss Pole Nord reine spirituelle de l Arctique la seule femme des Terres du Nord Miss North Pole Spiritual Queen of the Arctic the Only Woman from the Northern Lands Paris Soir in French Paris France p 5 Retrieved 24 May 2020 via Gallica Poltavskaya Poltavskaya Elena Igorevna Elena Igorevna 2007 Grigorov vals k istorii sozdaniya pervoj zhenskoj gimnazii v Rossii Grigorov Waltz The History of the Creation of the First Female Gymnasium in Russia Shkolnaya biblioteka in Russian 3 Moscow Detskaya Literatura 66 69 ISSN 1994 6465 Archived from the original on 22 October 2019 Retrieved 23 May 2020 Posnett Edward 2019 Harvest The Hidden Histories of Seven Natural Objects New York New York Viking Press ISBN 978 1 4735 2445 3 Vlasova Vlasova Valentina Valentina 2009 Iz istorii osvoeniya Arktiki Polyarnyj radist Evgenij Girshevich From the History of Arctic Exploration Polar Radio Operator Evgeny Girshevich Arhangelskaya starina in Russian 1 Arkhangelsk Novodvinka 31 32 33 34 35 36 ISSN 1815 7912 Retrieved 27 May 2020 Wiegand Charmion Von 12 March 1933 Russia Takes the Lead in Arctic Exploration Pittsburgh Sun Telegraph Pittsburgh Pennsylvania p 4 2 Retrieved 23 May 2020 via Newspapers com All s Well The Tipton Daily Tribune Tipton Indiana 30 January 1931 p 2 Retrieved 24 May 2020 via Newspapers com Zahoronenie pervoj v mire zhenshiny polyarnicy nashli v Kostrome Burial of the World s First Polar Woman Found in Kostroma Kostroma Today in Russian Kostroma Russia REGNUM News Agency 16 June 2017 Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 Retrieved 24 May 2020 Femmes d aujourd hui Miss Pole Nord Women of Today Miss North Pole La Lutte Syndicale in French Bern Switzerland 25 August 1939 p 3 Retrieved 27 May 2020 via Newspaperarchive com Interest in Message Shown by Soviets Intelligencer Journal Lancaster Pennsylvania United Press International 9 January 1931 p 10 Retrieved 23 May 2020 via Newspapers com Party May Be Kept in Arctic Three Years The Syracuse Herald Syracuse New York United Press International 8 January 1931 p 22 Retrieved 26 May 2020 via Newspapers com Reds Save Ice Trapped Scientists The Los Angeles Times Los Angeles California 2 September 1934 p 2 Retrieved 24 May 2020 via Newspapers com Russia s Woman Explorer The Miami News Miami Florida 11 December 1933 p 6 Retrieved 24 May 2020 via Newspapers com Soviet Woman Arctic Explorer The Star Tribune Minneapolis Minnesota Associated Press 9 September 1932 p 7 Retrieved 23 May 2020 via Newspapers com Soviet Women Soviet Union Review XII 7 Washington D C Soviet Union Information Bureau 146 148 July 1934 OCLC 1766278 Retrieved 26 May 2020 Woman Governs Island The Edmonton Journal Edmonton Alberta 6 April 1933 p 8 Retrieved 24 May 2020 via Newspapers com Woman Scientist in Arctic Wastes Soviet Appointment The Sunday Mail Brisbane Queensland 28 August 1932 p 22 Retrieved 24 May 2020 via Trove Further reading editKantorovich Vladimir 1936 Lyudi i Fakty Nina Demme People and Facts Nina Demme Novyj Mir in Russian 10 Moscow Redakciya zhurnala Novyj mir 144 159 ISSN 0130 7673 Archived from the original on 27 May 2020 Retrieved 27 May 2020 Urvancev Nikolaj Nikolaevich 1935 Dva goda na Severnoj Zemle Two Years on the Severnaya Zemlya in Russian Leningrad Izdatelstvo Glavsevmorputi p 328 OCLC 504404285 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nina Demme amp oldid 1180408091, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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