Nicolaas Bloembergen
Nicolaas Bloembergen (March 11, 1920 – September 5, 2017) was a Dutch-American physicist and Nobel laureate, recognized for his work in developing driving principles behind nonlinear optics for laser spectroscopy.[1] During his career, he was a professor at Harvard University and later at the University of Arizona and at Leiden University in 1973 (as Lorentz Professor).
Nicolaas Bloembergen | |
|---|---|
Bloembergen in 1981 | |
| Born | March 11, 1920 |
| Died | September 5, 2017 (aged 97) |
| Citizenship | Netherlands United States |
| Alma mater | Leiden University Utrecht University |
| Known for | Laser spectroscopy Non-linear optics Motional narrowing Photon upconversion Atomic line filter Second-harmonic generation BPP theory |
| Spouse | Huberta Deliana Brink (m. 1950) |
| Awards |
|
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Applied physics |
| Institutions | University of Arizona Harvard University |
| Doctoral advisor | Cornelis Jacobus Gorter |
| Other academic advisors | Edward Purcell |
| Doctoral students | Peter Pershan Yuen-Ron Shen Eli Yablonovitch |
Bloembergen shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics along with Arthur Schawlow and Kai Siegbahn because their work "has had a profound effect on our present knowledge of the constitution of matter" through the use of laser spectroscopy. In particular, Bloembergen was singled out because he "founded a new field of science we now call non-linear optics" by mixing "two or more beams of laser light... in order to produce laser light of a different wave length" and thus significantly broaden the laser spectroscopy frequency band.[2]
Early life edit
Bloembergen was born in Dordrecht on March 11, 1920, where his father was a chemical engineer and executive.[2] He had five siblings, with his brother Auke later becoming a legal scholar.[3] In 1938, Bloembergen entered the University of Utrecht to study physics. However, during World War II, the German authorities closed the university and Bloembergen spent two years in hiding.[2]
Career edit
Graduate studies edit
Bloembergen left the war-ravaged Netherlands in 1945 to pursue graduate studies at Harvard University under Professor Edward Mills Purcell.[4] Through Purcell, Bloembergen was part of the prolific academic lineage tree of J. J. Thomson, which includes many other Nobel Laureates, beginning with Thomson himself (Physics Nobel, 1906) and Lord Rayleigh (Physics Nobel, 1904), Ernest Rutherford (Chemistry Nobel 1908), Owen Richardson (Physics Nobel, 1928), and finally Purcell (Physics, Nobel 1952).[5] Bloembergen's other influences include John Van Vleck (Physics Nobel, 1977) and Percy Bridgman (Physics Nobel, 1946).[6]
Six weeks before his arrival, Purcell and his graduate students Torrey and Pound discovered nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).[4] Bloembergen was hired to develop the first NMR machine. At Harvard he attended lectures by Schwinger, Van Vleck, and Kemble.[2] Bloembergen's NMR systems are the predecessors of modern-day MRI machines, which are used to examine internal organs and tissues.[7] Bloembergen's research on NMR led to an interest in masers, which were introduced in 1953 and are the predecessors of lasers.[8]
Bloembergen returned to the Netherlands in 1947, and submitted his thesis Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation at the University of Leiden.[9] This was because he had completed all the preliminary examinations in the Netherlands, and Cor Gorter of Leiden offered him a postdoctoral appointment there.[9] He received his Ph.D. degree from Leiden in 1948, and then was a postdoc at Leiden for about a year.[2]
Professorship edit
In 1949, he returned to Harvard as a junior fellow of the Society of Fellows.[5] In 1951, he became an associate professor; he then became Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics in 1957; Rumford Professor of Physics in 1974; and Gerhard Gade University Professor in 1980.[10] In 1990 he retired from Harvard.[10]
In addition, Bloembergen served as a visiting professor. From 1964 to 1965, Bloembergen was a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley.[2] In 1996–1997, he was a visiting scientist at the college of optical sciences of the University of Arizona; he became a professor at Arizona in 2001.[11]
Bloembergen was a member of the board of sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and honorary editor of the Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials.[12]
Laser spectroscopy edit
By 1960 while at Harvard, he experimented with microwave spectroscopy.[8] Bloembergen had modified the maser of Charles Townes,[13] and in 1956, Bloembergen developed a crystal maser, which was more powerful than the standard gaseous version.[9]
With the advent of the laser, he participated in the development of the field of laser spectroscopy, which allows precise observations of atomic structure using lasers. Following the development of second-harmonic generation by Peter Franken and others in 1961, Bloembergen studied how a new structure of matter is revealed, when one bombards matter with a focused and high-intensity beam of photons. This he termed the study of nonlinear optics. In reflection to his work in a Dutch newspaper in 1990, Bloembergen said: "We took a standard textbook on optics and for each section we asked ourselves what would happen if the intensity was to become very high. We were almost certain that we were bound to encounter an entirely new type of physics within that domain".[7]
From this theoretical work, Bloembergen found ways to combine two or more laser sources consisting of photons in the visible light frequency range to generate a single laser source with photons of different frequencies in the infrared and ultraviolet ranges, which extends the amount of atomic detail that can be gathered from laser spectroscopy.[8]
Personal life and death edit
Bloembergen met Huberta Deliana Brink (Deli) in 1948 while on vacation with his university's Physics Club. She was able to travel with him to the United States in 1949 on a student hospitality exchange program; he proposed to her when they arrived in the States, and were married by 1950 on return to Amsterdam.[14] They were both naturalized as citizens of the United States in 1958.[10] They had three children.[14]
Bloembergen died on September 5, 2017, at an assisted living facility in his hometown Tucson, Arizona, of cardiorespiratory failure, at the age of 97.[15][16][17]
Biography edit
In 2016 a Dutch biography[18] was published, and in 2019 an English one.[19]
Awards and Honors edit
Bloembergen shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics with Arthur Schawlow, along with Kai Siegbahn. The Nobel Foundation awarded Bloembergen and Schawlow "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy".[13][20]
- Corresponding member, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, 1956[21]
- Fellow of the American Physical Society, 1955 [22]
- Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1956[23]
- Guggenheim Fellow, 1957[24]
- Oliver Buckley Prize, American Physical Society, 1958[25]
- IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award, Institute of Radio Engineers, 1959[5]
- Member, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1960[26]
- Stuart Ballantine Medal, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, 1961[5]
- National Medal of Science, President of the United States of America, 1974[27]
- Lorentz Medal, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, 1978[28]
- Foreign Honorary Member, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, 1978[29]
- Frederic Ives Medal, Optical Society of America, 1979[5]
- Von Humboldt Senior Scientist, 1980[5]
- Associé Étranger, Académie des Sciences, Paris, 1981[5]
- Member, American Philosophical Society, 1982[30]
- Member, German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, 1983[31]
- Dirac Medal for the Advancement of Theoretical Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 1983[32]
- Member Emeritus, United States National Academy of Engineering, 1984[33]
- Bijvoet Medal of the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research of Utrecht University, 2001[34]
Legacy edit
On March 11, 2020, the day of Bloembergen's 100th birthday, a team of researchers at the University of New South Wales published an article in Nature, demonstrating for the first time the successful coherent control of the nucleus of a single atom using only electric fields, an idea first proposed by Bloembergen back in 1961.[35][36][37][38]
References edit
- ^ "Nobelprijswinnaar Nicolaas Bloembergen (97) overleden". Universiteit Leiden. September 6, 2017. Archived from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f Nobel Foundation 1981 Nobel Presentation Speech by Professor Ingvar Lindgren October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Rob Herber. "Nico Bloembergen, fysicus in licht" (PDF) (in Dutch). Historische Kring De Bilt. (PDF) from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
- ^ a b Edward Mills Purcell. NAP.edu. 2000. doi:10.17226/9977. ISBN 978-0-309-07035-5. from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Nicolaas Bloembergen". Académie des Sciences. from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
- ^ David L. Hubber. "John Van Vleck: Quantum Theory and Magnetism". APS.org. from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
- ^ a b "Nicolaas Bloembergen". Utrecht University. from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
- ^ a b c "Nicolaas Bloembergen". Mediatheque. from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
- ^ a b c Nicolaas Bloembergen; Edward Mills Purcell; Robert V. Pound (1948). "Relaxation effects in nuclear magnetic resonance absorption" (PDF). Physical Review. 73 (7): 679. Bibcode:1948PhRv...73..679B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.73.679. (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Nicolaas Bloembergen". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. from the original on April 9, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
- ^ OSC Faculty Nicolaas Bloembergen October 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ World Scientific. Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials. Journal Editorial Board.
- ^ a b "Today in Engineering History: The Laser Is Patented". PDDNet. March 22, 2016. from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
- ^ a b Bloembergen, Nicolaas (1981). "Nicolaas Bloembergen – Biographical". The Nobel Foundation. from the original on December 12, 2017.
- ^ "Nicolaas Bloembergen". www.nasonline.org. from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
- ^ Weil, Martin (September 9, 2017). "Nicolaas Bloembergen, winner of Nobel Prize in physics, dies at 97". from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2018 – via www.washingtonpost.com.
- ^ Fleur, Nicholas St (September 11, 2017). "Nicolaas Bloembergen, Who Shared Nobel for Advances With Laser Light, Dies at 97". The New York Times. from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
- ^ Herber, Rob (2016). Nico Bloembergen. Meester van het licht. Delft, The Netherlands: Eburon. ISBN 978-90-5972-815-8.
- ^ Herber, Rob (2019). Nico Bloembergen. Master of Light. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-25736-1.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981". The Nobel Foundation. 1981. from the original on November 13, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
- ^ . Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015.
- ^ "APS Fellow archive". APS. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
- ^ "Professor Nicolaas Bloembergen". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved June 18, 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Nicolaas Bloembergen". Guggenheim Foundation. from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
- ^ "1958 Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Physics Prize Recipient". American Physical Society. from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
- ^ . National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on August 7, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details Nicolaas Bloembergen". National Science Foundation. from the original on August 7, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
- ^ "Laureates Lorentz Medal". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
- ^ "Bloembergen, Prof. Nicolaas". Indian Academy of Sciences. from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
- ^ "List of Members". www.leopoldina.org. from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
- ^ "Uniken 1983, no. 8 (3 - 16 Jun., 1983)". Trove. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
- ^ "Dr. Nicolaas Bloembergen". United States National Academy of Engineering. from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
- ^ . Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research. Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
- ^ Asaad, Serwan; Mourik, Vincent; Joecker, Benjamin; Johnson, Mark A. I.; Baczewski, Andrew D.; Firgau, Hannes R.; Mądzik, Mateusz T.; Schmitt, Vivien; Pla, Jarryd J.; Hudson, Fay E.; Itoh, Kohei M. (March 2020). "Coherent electrical control of a single high-spin nucleus in silicon". Nature. 579 (7798): 205–209. arXiv:1906.01086. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..205A. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2057-7. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32161384. S2CID 174797899.
- ^ Science, American Association for the Advancement of (April 28, 1961). "National Academy of Sciences: Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Annual Meeting, 24-26 April 1961, Washington, D.C." Science. 133 (3461): 1363–1370. Bibcode:1961Sci...133.1363.. doi:10.1126/science.133.3461.1363. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17744956.
- ^ Seeker (May 11, 2020). "How an Accident Sparked a Quantum Computing Breakthrough". Seeker. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
- ^ Yadav, Rohit (April 10, 2020). "This Accidently [sic] Solved Puzzle Can Help Make Powerful Quantum Computers". Analytics India Magazine. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
External links edit
- Nicolaas Bloembergen on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1981 Nonlinear Optics and Spectroscopy
- Freeview video 'An Interview with Nicolaas Bloembergen' by the Vega Science Trust
- Oral history interview transcript with Nicolaas Bloembergen on 22 March 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - interview conducted by Katherine Sopka at Harvard University
- Oral History interview transcript with Nicolaas Bloembergen on 27 June 1983, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - interview conducted by Joan Bromberg and Paul L. Kelley at Harvard University
- NICOLAAS BLOEMBERGEN (2008) From Millisecond to Attosecond Laser Pulses