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New Swabia

August 23, 2023

New Swabia (Norwegian and German: Neuschwabenland) was a disputed Antarctic claim by Nazi Germany within the Norwegian territorial claim of Queen Maud Land and is now a cartographic name sometimes given to an area of Antarctica between 20°E and 10°W in Queen Maud Land.[citation needed] New Swabia was explored by Germany in early 1939 and named after that expedition's ship, Schwabenland, itself named after the German region of Swabia.[1][2]

New Swabia
Neuschwabenland
Defunct Antarctic claim of Nazi Germany
1939–1945
Expedition logo
(1938–39)

Territory comprising New Swabia marked in red
History
Historical eraWorld War II
• Contact reached
19 January 1939
9 April 1940
• Surrender of Germany
8 May 1945

Background

Like many other countries, Germany sent expeditions to the Antarctic region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most of which were scientific. The late 19th century expeditions to the Southern Ocean, South Georgia, the Kerguelen Islands, and the Crozet Islands were astronomical, meteorological, and hydrological, mostly in close collaboration with scientific teams from other countries. As the 19th century ended, Germany began to focus on Antarctica.

The first German expedition to Antarctica was the Gauss expedition from 1901 to 1903. Led by Arctic veteran and geology professor Erich von Drygalski, this was the first expedition to use a hot-air balloon in Antarctica. It also found and named Kaiser Wilhelm II Land. The second German Antarctic expedition (1911–1912) was led by Wilhelm Filchner with a goal of crossing Antarctica to learn if it was one piece of land. As happened with other such early attempts, the crossing failed before it even began. The expedition discovered and named the Luitpold Coast and the Filchner Ice Shelf. A German whaling fleet was put to sea in 1937 and, upon its successful return in early 1938, plans for a third German Antarctic expedition were drawn up.[3]

German Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939)

The third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939) was led by Alfred Ritscher (1879–1963), a captain in the German Navy. The main purpose was to find an area in Antarctica for a German whaling station, as a way to increase Germany's production of fat. Whale oil was then the most important raw material for the production of margarine and soap in Germany and the country was the second largest purchaser of Norwegian whale oil, importing some 200,000 metric tonnes annually. Besides the disadvantage of being dependent on imports, it was thought that Germany would soon be at war, which was considered to put too much strain on Germany's foreign currency reserves. Another goal was to scout possible locations for a German naval base.[4][5]

 
Flag sometimes attributed to the New Swabia, but in fact it was flag of Reichskolonialbund and common flag for all German colonies during the Nazi period (NS was the only "colony"). There is also no evidence that the flag has ever flown in this territory. [6]

On 17 December 1938, the New Swabia Expedition left Hamburg for Antarctica aboard MS Schwabenland (a freighter built in 1925 and renamed in 1934 after the Swabia region in southern Germany) which could also carry and catapult aircraft. The secret[5] expedition had 33 members plus Schwabenland's crew of 24. On 19 January 1939, the ship arrived at the Princess Martha Coast, in an area which had lately been claimed by Norway as Queen Maud Land, and began charting the region. Nazi German flags were placed on the sea ice along the coast. Naming the area Neu-Schwabenland after the ship, the expedition established a temporary base and in the following weeks teams walked along the coast recording claim reservations on hills and other significant landmarks. Seven photographic survey flights were made by the ship's two Dornier Wal seaplanes named Passat and Boreas.[1][7] About a dozen 1.2-meter (3.9 ft)-long aluminum arrows, with 30-centimeter (12 in) steel cones and three upper stabilizer wings embossed with swastikas, were airdropped onto the ice at turning points of the flight polygons (these arrows had been tested on the Pasterze glacier in Austria before the expedition).[1][7][8] None of these have ever been recovered. Eight more flights were made to areas of keen interest and on these trips, some of the photos were taken with colour film. Altogether they flew over hundreds of thousands of square kilometers and took more than 16,000 aerial photographs, some of which were published after the war by Ritscher. The ice-free Schirmacher Oasis, which now hosts the Maitri and Novolazarevskaya research stations, was spotted from the air by Richard Heinrich Schirmacher (who named it after himself) shortly before the Schwabenland left the Antarctic coast on 6 February 1939.[9]

 
MS Schwabenland in 1938
 
German map of Antarctica (1941) showing Neuschwabenland (territorial claim)

On its return trip to Germany, the expedition made oceanographic studies near Bouvet Island and Fernando de Noronha, arriving back in Hamburg on 11 April 1939. Meanwhile, the Norwegian government had learned about the expedition through reports from whalers along the coast of Queen Maud Land. Although some, notably Norwegian writer Bjarne Aagaard and German geographer Ernst Herrmann, have claimed that Germany never actually occupied the territory, it is well documented that Germany issued a decree about the establishment of a German Antarctic Sector called New Swabia after the expedition's return in August 1939.[2][10]

Germany never advanced any territorial claims to the region, which were abandoned in 1945.[11]

Geographic features mapped by the expedition

Because the area was first explored by a German expedition, the name Neuschwabenland (New Swabia) is still used for the region on some maps, as are many of the German names given to its geographic features.[12] Some geographic features mapped by the expedition were not named until the Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–1952), led by John Schjelderup Giæver. Others were not named until they were remapped from aerial photographs taken by the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1958–1959).[13]

Aftermath

Germany made no formal territorial claims to New Swabia.[14] No whaling station or other lasting bases were built there by Germany until the Georg-von-Neumayer-Station, a research facility, was established in 1981. Germany's current Neumayer-Station III is also in the region. New Swabia is a cartographic area of Queen Maud Land which within Norway is administered as a Norwegian dependent territory under the Antarctic Treaty System by the Polar Affairs Department of the Ministry of Justice and the Police.[15]

Conspiracy theories

Neuschwabenland has been the subject of conspiracy theories for decades, some of them related to Nazi UFO claims. Most assert that, in the wake of the German expedition of 1938–39, a huge military base was built there. After the war, high-ranking Nazis, scientists, and elite military units are claimed to have survived there. The US and UK have supposedly been trying to conquer the area for decades, and to have used nuclear weapons in this effort. Proponents claim the base is sustained by hot springs providing energy and warmth.[16]

The WDR radio play "Neuschwabenland-Symphonie" from 2012 takes up the conspiracy theories.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c McGonigal, David, Antarctica, frances lincoln ltd, 2009, ISBN 0-7112-2980-5, 978-0-7112-2980-8, p. 367
  2. ^ a b Widerøe, Turi (2008). "Annekteringen av Dronning Maud Land". Norsk Polarhistorie (in Norwegian). Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  3. ^ Luke Fater (6 November 2019). "Hitler's Secret Antarctic Expedition for Whales". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  4. ^ Eric Niiler. "Hitler Sent a Secret Expedition to Antarctica in a Hunt for Margarine Fat". A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  5. ^ a b "Hitler's Antarctic base: the myth and the reality", by Colin Summerhayes and Peter Beeching, Polar Record, Volume 43 Issue 1, pp. 1–21. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  6. ^ "Former German Colonies and Overseas Territories".
  7. ^ a b Boudewijn Büch. Eenzaam, Eilanden 2 ('Lonely, Islands 2'), Holland 1994
  8. ^ Ritscher's expedition report, more information pending
  9. ^ William James Mills (2003). Exploring Polar Frontiers: M-Z. ABC-CLIO. pp. 552–. ISBN 978-1-57607-422-0.
  10. ^ The International Hydrographic Review. International Hydrographic Bureau. 1943.
  11. ^ Jacek Machowski (1977). The Status of Antarctica in the Light of International Law. Office of Polar Programs and the National Science Foundation.
  12. ^ e.g., National Geographic Atlas of the World, Eighth Edition, 2005
  13. ^ USGS GNIS
  14. ^ Heinz Schön, Mythos Neu-Schwabenland. Für Hitler am Südpol, Selent: Bonus, 2004, p. 106, ISBN 978-3935962056, OCLC 907129665
  15. ^ "Queen Maud Land". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  16. ^ Holm Hümmler: Neuschwabenland – Verschwörung, Mythos oder Ammenmärchen? In: Skeptiker. Nr. 3, 2013, S. 100–106.
  17. ^ "ARD-Hörspieldatenbank". hoerspiele.dra.de. Retrieved 19 December 2021.

Literature

  • Murphy, D.T. (2002). German exploration of the polar world. A history, 1870–1940 Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803232051, OCLC 48084187

External links

72°S 5°E / 72°S 5°E / -72; 5

August 23, 2023
swabia, norwegian, german, neuschwabenland, disputed, antarctic, claim, nazi, germany, within, norwegian, territorial, claim, queen, maud, land, cartographic, name, sometimes, given, area, antarctica, between, queen, maud, land, citation, needed, explored, ger. New Swabia Norwegian and German Neuschwabenland was a disputed Antarctic claim by Nazi Germany within the Norwegian territorial claim of Queen Maud Land and is now a cartographic name sometimes given to an area of Antarctica between 20 E and 10 W in Queen Maud Land citation needed New Swabia was explored by Germany in early 1939 and named after that expedition s ship Schwabenland itself named after the German region of Swabia 1 2 New SwabiaNeuschwabenlandDefunct Antarctic claim of Nazi Germany1939 1945Expedition logo 1938 39 Territory comprising New Swabia marked in redHistoryHistorical eraWorld War II Contact reached19 January 1939 German occupation of Norway9 April 1940 Surrender of Germany8 May 1945 Contents 1 Background 2 German Antarctic Expedition 1938 1939 2 1 Geographic features mapped by the expedition 2 2 Aftermath 3 Conspiracy theories 4 See also 5 References 6 Literature 7 External linksBackground EditLike many other countries Germany sent expeditions to the Antarctic region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries most of which were scientific The late 19th century expeditions to the Southern Ocean South Georgia the Kerguelen Islands and the Crozet Islands were astronomical meteorological and hydrological mostly in close collaboration with scientific teams from other countries As the 19th century ended Germany began to focus on Antarctica The first German expedition to Antarctica was the Gauss expedition from 1901 to 1903 Led by Arctic veteran and geology professor Erich von Drygalski this was the first expedition to use a hot air balloon in Antarctica It also found and named Kaiser Wilhelm II Land The second German Antarctic expedition 1911 1912 was led by Wilhelm Filchner with a goal of crossing Antarctica to learn if it was one piece of land As happened with other such early attempts the crossing failed before it even began The expedition discovered and named the Luitpold Coast and the Filchner Ice Shelf A German whaling fleet was put to sea in 1937 and upon its successful return in early 1938 plans for a third German Antarctic expedition were drawn up 3 German Antarctic Expedition 1938 1939 EditThe third German Antarctic Expedition 1938 1939 was led by Alfred Ritscher 1879 1963 a captain in the German Navy The main purpose was to find an area in Antarctica for a German whaling station as a way to increase Germany s production of fat Whale oil was then the most important raw material for the production of margarine and soap in Germany and the country was the second largest purchaser of Norwegian whale oil importing some 200 000 metric tonnes annually Besides the disadvantage of being dependent on imports it was thought that Germany would soon be at war which was considered to put too much strain on Germany s foreign currency reserves Another goal was to scout possible locations for a German naval base 4 5 Flag sometimes attributed to the New Swabia but in fact it was flag of Reichskolonialbund and common flag for all German colonies during the Nazi period NS was the only colony There is also no evidence that the flag has ever flown in this territory 6 On 17 December 1938 the New Swabia Expedition left Hamburg for Antarctica aboard MS Schwabenland a freighter built in 1925 and renamed in 1934 after the Swabia region in southern Germany which could also carry and catapult aircraft The secret 5 expedition had 33 members plus Schwabenland s crew of 24 On 19 January 1939 the ship arrived at the Princess Martha Coast in an area which had lately been claimed by Norway as Queen Maud Land and began charting the region Nazi German flags were placed on the sea ice along the coast Naming the area Neu Schwabenland after the ship the expedition established a temporary base and in the following weeks teams walked along the coast recording claim reservations on hills and other significant landmarks Seven photographic survey flights were made by the ship s two Dornier Wal seaplanes named Passat and Boreas 1 7 About a dozen 1 2 meter 3 9 ft long aluminum arrows with 30 centimeter 12 in steel cones and three upper stabilizer wings embossed with swastikas were airdropped onto the ice at turning points of the flight polygons these arrows had been tested on the Pasterze glacier in Austria before the expedition 1 7 8 None of these have ever been recovered Eight more flights were made to areas of keen interest and on these trips some of the photos were taken with colour film Altogether they flew over hundreds of thousands of square kilometers and took more than 16 000 aerial photographs some of which were published after the war by Ritscher The ice free Schirmacher Oasis which now hosts the Maitri and Novolazarevskaya research stations was spotted from the air by Richard Heinrich Schirmacher who named it after himself shortly before the Schwabenland left the Antarctic coast on 6 February 1939 9 MS Schwabenland in 1938 German map of Antarctica 1941 showing Neuschwabenland territorial claim On its return trip to Germany the expedition made oceanographic studies near Bouvet Island and Fernando de Noronha arriving back in Hamburg on 11 April 1939 Meanwhile the Norwegian government had learned about the expedition through reports from whalers along the coast of Queen Maud Land Although some notably Norwegian writer Bjarne Aagaard and German geographer Ernst Herrmann have claimed that Germany never actually occupied the territory it is well documented that Germany issued a decree about the establishment of a German Antarctic Sector called New Swabia after the expedition s return in August 1939 2 10 Germany never advanced any territorial claims to the region which were abandoned in 1945 11 Geographic features mapped by the expedition Edit This list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items August 2009 Because the area was first explored by a German expedition the name Neuschwabenland New Swabia is still used for the region on some maps as are many of the German names given to its geographic features 12 Some geographic features mapped by the expedition were not named until the Norwegian British Swedish Antarctic Expedition NBSAE 1949 1952 led by John Schjelderup Giaever Others were not named until they were remapped from aerial photographs taken by the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition 1958 1959 13 Ahlmann Ridge Alan Peak Aurdalsegga Ridge Austvorren Ridge Boreas Nunatak Borg Massif Cape Sedov Conrad Mountains Dalsnatten Crag Drygalski Mountains Dvergen Hill Dyna Hill Filchner Mountains Fjellimellom Valley Fimbul Ice Shelf Gamaleya Rock Gessner Peak Gburek Peaks Gneiskopf Peak Gockel Ridge Habermehl Peak Herrmann Mountains Hoghamaren Crag Horgebest Peak Hortebrekka Slope Horteflaket Neve Humboldt Mountains Isdalen Valley Isdalsegga Ridge Isfossnipa Peak Ising Glacier Isingsalen Saddle Isingufsa Bluff Istind Peak Kal vets Rock Knut Rocks Kraul Mountains Kruber Rock Kvamsgavlen Cliff Kvitkleven Cirque Kvitskarvhalsen Saddle Laghamaren Cliff Lake Untersee Luna Devyat Mountain Mount Dallmann Mount Dobrynin Mount Kruger Mount Neustruyev Mount Zimmermann Mount Zuckerhut Muhlig Hofmann Mountains New Swabia Orvin Mountains Payer Mountains Penck Trough Per Rock Petermann Ranges Preuschoff Range Romlingsletta Flat Rindehallet Slope Ritscher Peak Ritscher Upland Saetet Cirque Sandeggtind Peak Schirmacher Oasis Schirmacher Ponds Shatskiy Hill Sjobotnen Cirque Skaret Pass Skeidskar Gap Skimten Hill Slithallet Slope Sorskeidet Valley Stabben Mountain Steinbotnen Cirque Storeidet Col Storkvarvet Mountain Storsatklubben Ridge Sudliche Petermann Range Sverdrup Mountains Sverre Peak Terningen Peak Tindeklypa Torgny Peak Tysk Pass Utrista Rock Vestskotet Bluff Vorposten Peak Weyprecht Mountains Wohlthat Mountains Zhil naya Mountain Zwiesel Mountain Aftermath Edit Germany made no formal territorial claims to New Swabia 14 No whaling station or other lasting bases were built there by Germany until the Georg von Neumayer Station a research facility was established in 1981 Germany s current Neumayer Station III is also in the region New Swabia is a cartographic area of Queen Maud Land which within Norway is administered as a Norwegian dependent territory under the Antarctic Treaty System by the Polar Affairs Department of the Ministry of Justice and the Police 15 Conspiracy theories EditNeuschwabenland has been the subject of conspiracy theories for decades some of them related to Nazi UFO claims Most assert that in the wake of the German expedition of 1938 39 a huge military base was built there After the war high ranking Nazis scientists and elite military units are claimed to have survived there The US and UK have supposedly been trying to conquer the area for decades and to have used nuclear weapons in this effort Proponents claim the base is sustained by hot springs providing energy and warmth 16 The WDR radio play Neuschwabenland Symphonie from 2012 takes up the conspiracy theories 17 See also EditEsoteric Nazism List of Antarctic expeditions Operation Highjump Yamato YukiharaReferences Edit a b c McGonigal David Antarctica frances lincoln ltd 2009 ISBN 0 7112 2980 5 978 0 7112 2980 8 p 367 a b Wideroe Turi 2008 Annekteringen av Dronning Maud Land Norsk Polarhistorie in Norwegian Retrieved 15 July 2011 Luke Fater 6 November 2019 Hitler s Secret Antarctic Expedition for Whales Atlas Obscura Retrieved 27 February 2021 Eric Niiler Hitler Sent a Secret Expedition to Antarctica in a Hunt for Margarine Fat A amp E Television Networks LLC Retrieved 27 February 2021 a b Hitler s Antarctic base the myth and the reality by Colin Summerhayes and Peter Beeching Polar Record Volume 43 Issue 1 pp 1 21 Cambridge University Press 2007 Former German Colonies and Overseas Territories a b Boudewijn Buch Eenzaam Eilanden 2 Lonely Islands 2 Holland 1994 Ritscher s expedition report more information pending William James Mills 2003 Exploring Polar Frontiers M Z ABC CLIO pp 552 ISBN 978 1 57607 422 0 The International Hydrographic Review International Hydrographic Bureau 1943 Jacek Machowski 1977 The Status of Antarctica in the Light of International Law Office of Polar Programs and the National Science Foundation e g National Geographic Atlas of the World Eighth Edition 2005 USGS GNIS Heinz Schon Mythos Neu Schwabenland Fur Hitler am Sudpol Selent Bonus 2004 p 106 ISBN 978 3935962056 OCLC 907129665 Queen Maud Land Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 25 April 2011 Holm Hummler Neuschwabenland Verschworung Mythos oder Ammenmarchen In Skeptiker Nr 3 2013 S 100 106 ARD Horspieldatenbank hoerspiele dra de Retrieved 19 December 2021 Literature EditMurphy D T 2002 German exploration of the polar world A history 1870 1940 Lincoln University of Nebraska Press ISBN 978 0803232051 OCLC 48084187External links EditPhotographs of the MS Schwabenland and its seaplanes in German More photographs of the MS Schwabenland in German Erich von Drygalski and the 1901 03 German Antarctic Expedition Scott Polar Research Institute Wilhelm Filchner and the 1911 12 German Antarctic Expedition Scott Polar Research Institute Kartographische Arbeiten und deutsche Namengebung in Neuschwabenland Antarktis Dunning Brian 21 February 2017 Skeptoid 559 Hitler s Antarctic Fortress Unmasked Skeptoid 72 S 5 E 72 S 5 E 72 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title New Swabia amp oldid 1164762972, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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