Alfred Ritscher
Alfred Ritscher (23 May 1879 in Bad Lauterberg – 30 March 1963 in Hamburg) was a German polar explorer. A Kapitän zur See in the Kriegsmarine, he led the third German Antarctic Expedition in 1938–39, which mapped the New Swabia (German: Neuschwabenland) territories of Queen Maud Land. Ritscher Peak[1] and Ritscher Upland[2] there are named for him.[3][4]
Alfred Ritscher | |
|---|---|
| Born | May 23, 1879 Bad Lauterberg, Prussia |
| Died | March 30, 1963 (aged 83) Hamburg, West Germany |
| Allegiance | German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany |
| Service/ | Imperial German Navy Reichsmarine Kriegsmarine |
| Rank | Kapitän zur See |
| Other work | led the Third German Antarctic Expedition |
Biography Edit
In 1897 Alfred Ritscher made his first trip as a cabin boy on the Bremen ship "Emily". In 1903 he passed his helmsman exams and earned his master's certificate in 1907. At the beginning of 1912, Ritscher gained a place in the newly created Seehandbuchwerk of the Navy Office.
Ritscher was skipper of the "German Arctic Expedition" of 1912–1913, under the command of Herbert Schröder-Stranz, which departed from Tromsø in the motor vessel Herzog Ernst for a preliminary reconnaissance of a planned navigation of the Northeast Passage. He also took over the leadership of the airborne survey of the expedition and obtained a pilot licence. The expedition failed whilst attempting the crossing of the Nordaustlandet island in northeastern Spitsbergen archipelago, because of poor equipment, misjudged weather, and starting too late in the year. Ritscher marched over 210 kilometres (130 mi) in seven and a half days, to the settlement of Longyearbyen. Search expeditions were sent after his message about the fate of the Schroeder-Stranz expedition and saved six of the fourteen missing expedition members.[5]
During the First World War, Ritscher made reconnaissance flights in support of Marine units in Flanders. After the war he worked as an independent businessman and in 1925 worked as a specialist in aerial navigation with Lufthansa.[6]
In 1934, Ritscher divorced his Jewish wife Susan née Loewenthal, in order not to endanger his career in the War Department.
Also in 1934, Ritscher became an officer in command of the Navy. In 1938, he became head of the German Antarctic Expedition 1938/39, with a mandate to set up a base for the German whaling fleet, carry out air exploration and claim territory. During this expedition he flew over an area of about 600,000 square kilometres (230,000 sq mi) with two Dornier Do J II flying boats, launched from a steam catapult on the expedition ship. Around 11,000 aerial photographs were taken.
At the outbreak of the Second World War, Ritscher was preparing another expedition with improved ski-planes, which was cancelled. After the Second World War Ritscher continued as chairman of the "Association for the promotion of the Archive for Polar Research Inc.," which was renamed in 1959 to the West German Society of Polar Research Association.[6][7]
Awards Edit
- 1959: Grand Federal Cross of Merit
- 1959: Silver Kirchenpauer Medal of the Geographical Society in Hamburg
- The Ritschergipfel and the Ritscher Highlands in East Antarctica have been named after him.
Works Edit
- Preliminary Report on the German Antarctic Expedition 1938/39. - Ann. Hydrog. and Marit. Meteorol. 67, August-booklet. Inside: Overview table of the work area of the German Antarctic Expedition 1938-39: Neuschwabenland: 1:1.500.000 - 1 May / June 1939.
- German Antarctic Expedition 1938/39 with the base plane of Lufthansa AG M.S. "Swabia". - 1 Band, Scientific and flying experiences, Koehler & Amelang; Leipzig 1942nd
- German Antarctic Expedition 1938/39 with the base plane of Lufthansa AG M.S. "Swabia". - 2 Band, Scientific Results. Geographical and Cartographic Institute "Mundus", Hamburg, 1954–58.
See also Edit
References Edit
- ^ USGS Geographic Names Information System: USGS GNIS: Ritscher Peak
- ^ USGS Geographic Names Information System: USGS GNIS: Ritscher Upland
- ^ Berichte Zur Polarforschung. Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polarforschung. 1995.
- ^ Karsten Brunk (1986). Kartographische Arbeiten und deutsche Namengebung in Neuschwabenland, Antarktis: bisherige Arbeiten, Rekonstruktion der Flugwege der Deutschen Antarktischen Expedition 1938/39 und Neubearbeitung des deutschen Namengutes in Neuschwabenland. Verlag des Instituts für Angewandte Geodäsie.
- ^ Over the Front. League of World War I Aviation Historians. 2006.
- ^ a b William James Mills (2003). Exploring Polar Frontiers: M-Z. ABC-CLIO. pp. 552–. ISBN 978-1-57607-422-0.
- ^ Howard A. Buechner; Wilhelm Bernhart (1989). Hitler's Ashes--seeds of a New Reich. Thunderbird Press. ISBN 978-0-913159-06-4.
External links Edit
- United States Geological Survey, Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)