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Napoleon II

Napoleon II (Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte; 20 March 1811 – 22 July 1832) was the disputed Emperor of the French for a few weeks in 1815. He was the son of Emperor Napoleon I and Empress Marie Louise, daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austria. Napoleon II had been Prince Imperial of France and King of Rome since birth. After the fall of his father, he lived the rest of his life in Vienna and was known in the Austrian court as Franz, Duke of Reichstadt for his adult life (from the German version of his second given name, along with a title his grandfather granted him in 1818). He was posthumously given the nickname L'Aiglon ("the Eaglet") after the popular Edmond Rostand play, L'Aiglon.

Napoleon II
King of Rome
Duke of Reichstadt
Portrait by Leopold Bucher, 1832
Emperor of the French
(more...)
(disputed)
1st reign4 – 6 April 1814
PredecessorNapoleon I
SuccessorNapoleon I
Louis XVIII (as King of France)
2nd reign22 June – 7 July 1815
PredecessorNapoleon I
SuccessorNapoleon III (1852, as Emperor)
Louis XVIII (as King of France)
RegentJoseph Fouché
Head of the House of Bonaparte
Tenure22 June 1815 – 22 July 1832
PredecessorNapoleon I
SuccessorJoseph, Count of Survilliers
Born(1811-03-20)20 March 1811
Tuileries Palace, Paris, French Empire
Died22 July 1832(1832-07-22) (aged 21)
Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, Austrian Empire
Burial
Napoleon's tomb, Les Invalides
Names
French: Napoléon François Charles Joseph Bonaparte
HouseBonaparte
FatherNapoleon I, Emperor of the French
MotherMarie Louise, Duchess of Parma
ReligionRoman Catholicism
Signature

When Napoleon I tried to abdicate on 4 April 1814, he said that his son would rule as emperor. However, the coalition victors refused to acknowledge his son as successor, and Napoleon I was forced to abdicate unconditionally some days later. Although Napoleon II never actually ruled France, he was briefly the titular Emperor of the French after the second fall of his father. He lived most of his life in Vienna and died of tuberculosis at the age of 21.

His cousin, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, founded the Second French Empire in 1852 and ruled as Emperor Napoleon III.

Biography edit

 
Empress Marie Louise and her son Napoleon, King of Rome, by François Gérard, 1813

Birth edit

Napoleon ll was born on 20 March 1811, at the Tuileries Palace, the son of Emperor Napoleon I and Empress Marie Louise. On the same day he underwent ondoiement (a traditional French ceremony which is a simple baptism unaccompanied by the usual additional ceremonies) by Joseph Fesch with his full name of Napoleon François Charles Joseph.[1] The baptism, inspired by the baptismal ceremony of Louis, Grand Dauphin of France, was held on 9 June 1811 in Notre Dame de Paris.[1] Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg, Austrian ambassador to France, wrote of the baptism:

The baptism ceremony was beautiful and impressive; the scene in which the emperor took the infant from the arms of his noble mother and raised him up twice to reveal him to the public [thus breaking from long tradition, as he did when he crowned himself at his coronation] was loudly applauded; in the monarch's manner and face could be seen the great satisfaction that he took from this solemn moment.[1]

He was put in the care of Louise Charlotte Françoise de Montesquiou, a descendant of François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, who was named Governess of the Children of France. Affectionate and intelligent, the governess assembled a considerable collection of books intended to give the infant a strong grounding in religion, philosophy, and military matters.[1]

Succession rights edit

As the only legitimate son of Napoleon I, he was already constitutionally the Prince Imperial and heir apparent, but the Emperor also gave his son the title of King of Rome. Three years later, the First French Empire collapsed. Napoleon I saw his second wife and their son for the last time on 24 January 1814.[2] On 4 April 1814, he abdicated in favour of his three-year-old son after the Six Days' Campaign and the Battle of Paris. The child became Emperor of the French under the regnal name of Napoleon II. However, on 6 April 1814, Napoleon I fully abdicated and renounced not only his own rights to the French throne, but also those of his descendants. The Treaty of Fontainebleau in 1814 gave the child the right to use the title of Prince of Parma, of Piacenza, and of Guastalla, and his mother was styled the Duchess of Parma, of Piacenza, and of Guastalla.

Reign edit

On 29 March 1814, Marie Louise, accompanied by her entourage, left the Tuileries Palace with her son. Their first stop was the Château de Rambouillet; then, fearing the advancing enemy troops, they continued on to the Château de Blois. On 13 April, with her entourage much diminished, Marie Louise and her three-year-old son were back in Rambouillet, where they met her father, Emperor Francis I of Austria, and Emperor Alexander I of Russia. On 23 April, escorted by an Austrian regiment, mother and son left Rambouillet and France forever, for their exile in Austria.[3]

In 1815, after his resurgence and his defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon I abdicated for the second time in favour of his four-year-old son, whom he had not seen since his exile to Elba. The day after Napoleon's abdication, a Commission of Government of five members took the rule of France,[4] awaiting the return of the Bourbon King Louis XVIII, who was in Le Cateau-Cambrésis.[5] The Commission held power for two weeks, but never formally summoned Napoleon II as Emperor or appointed a regent. The entrance of the Allies into Paris on 7 July brought a rapid end to his supporters' wishes. Napoleon II was residing in Austria with his mother.

The next Bonaparte to ascend the throne of France, in 1852, would be Louis-Napoleon, the son of Napoleon's brother Louis I, King of Holland. He took the regnal name of Napoleon III.

Life in Austria edit

 
Portrait by Moritz Daffinger

From the spring of 1814 onwards, the young Napoleon lived in Austria and was known as "Franz", a German language cognate of his second given name, François. In 1818, he was awarded the title of Duke of Reichstadt by his maternal grandfather, Emperor Francis. He was educated by a staff of military tutors and developed a passion for soldiering, dressing in a miniature uniform like his father's and performing maneuvers in the palace. At the age of 8, it was apparent to his tutors that he had chosen his career.

By 1820, Napoleon had completed his elementary studies and begun his military training, learning German, Italian and mathematics as well as receiving advanced physical training. His official army career began at age 12, in 1823, when he was made a cadet in the Austrian Army. Accounts from his tutors describe Napoleon as intelligent, serious and focused. Additionally, he was very tall, having grown to nearly 6 feet by the time he was 17.

In 1822 the Four Sergeants of La Rochelle were put to death for attempting to return Napoleon II to the throne, although it is unclear to what extent they were committed Bonapartists. There is no evidence that Napoleon II endorsed the insurrection.

His budding military career gave some concern and fascination to the monarchies of Europe and French leaders over his possible return to France. However, he was allowed to play no political role and instead was used by Austrian Chancellor Klemens von Metternich in bargaining with France to gain advantage for Austria. Fearful of anyone in the Bonaparte family regaining political power, Metternich even rejected a request for Franz to move to a warmer climate in Italy. He received another rejection when his grandfather refused to allow him to join the army traveling to Italy to put down a rebellion.[6]

Upon the death of his stepfather, Adam Albert von Neipperg, and the revelation that his mother had borne two illegitimate children to Neipperg prior to their marriage, Franz grew distant from his mother and felt that his Austrian family were holding him back to avoid political controversy. He said to his friend, Anton von Prokesch-Osten, "If Joséphine had been my mother, my father would not have been buried at Saint Helena, and I should not be at Vienna. My mother is kind but weak; she was not the wife my father deserved".[7]

Death edit

 
Deathbed portrait, engraved by Franz Xaver Stöber

In 1831, Franz was given command of an Austrian battalion, but he never got the chance to serve in any meaningful capacity. In 1832, he caught pneumonia and was bedridden for several months. His poor health eventually overtook him and on 22 July 1832 Franz died of tuberculosis at Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna.[8] He had no children; thus the Napoleonic claim to the throne of France passed to his uncle Joseph Bonaparte and later to his cousin, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, who later founded and reigned over the Second French Empire, styling himself Napoleon III.

Disposition of his remains edit

 
Tomb of Napoleon II at Les Invalides, Paris

On 15 December 1940, Adolf Hitler ordered the remains of Napoleon II to be transferred from Vienna to the dome of Les Invalides in Paris.[9][10] The remains of Napoleon I had been returned to France in December 1840, at the time of the July Monarchy.[11] In December 1969, the remains of Napoleon II were moved underground to the cella of Napoleon's tomb.

While most of his remains were transferred to Paris in 1940, his heart and intestines remained in Vienna, which is traditional for members of the Habsburg family. His heart is in Urn 42 of the Herzgruft ('Heart Crypt'), and his viscera are in Urn 76 of the Ducal Crypt.

Legacy edit

He was noted for his friendship with Sophie, a Bavarian princess of the House of Wittelsbach.[13] Intelligent, ambitious and strong-willed, Sophie had little in common with her husband Franz Karl, the brother of Napoleon II's mother, Empress Marie Louise. There were rumors of a love affair between Sophie and Napoleon II, as well as the possibility that Sophie's second son, Maximilian I of Mexico, born in 1832, was the result issue of the affair.

Honours edit

Coats of arms edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d "Napoleon II: King of Rome, French Emperor, Prince of Parma, Duke of Reichstadt". The Napoleon Foundation. napoleon.org. March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  2. ^ . Musee-chateau-fontainebleau.fr. Archived from the original on 2012-06-18. Retrieved 2012-08-28.
  3. ^ G. Lenotre, le Château de Rambouillet, six siècles d'histoire, ch. L'empereur, Éditions Denoël, Paris, 1984 (1930 reedition), pp. 126–133, ISBN 2-207-23023-6.
  4. ^ "(N.275.) Arrete par lequel la Commission du Gouvernement se constitue sous la présidence M. le Duc d'Otrante". Bulletin des lois de la République française (in French). 23 June 1815. p. 279.
  5. ^ "(N. 1.) Proclamation du Roi". Bulletin des lois de la République française (in French). 25 June 1815. p. 1.
  6. ^ . Archived from the original on 2015-09-18. Retrieved 2014-09-22.
  7. ^ Markham, Felix, Napoleon, p. 249
  8. ^ Altman, Gail S. Fatal Links: The Curious Deaths of Beethoven and the Two Napoleons (Paperback). Anubian Press (September 1999). ISBN 1-888071-02-8
  9. ^ Poisson, Georges, (Robert L. Miller, translator), Hitler's Gift to France: The Return of the Ashes of Napoleon II, Enigma Books, ISBN 978-1-929631-67-4 (Synopsis & Review by Maria C. Bagshaw).
  10. ^ Poisson, Georges, Le retour des cendres de l'Aiglon, Édition Nouveau Monde, Paris, 2006, ISBN 2847361847 French wags at the time countered Hitler's propaganda by saying "Hitler stole France's coal, but returned to them the ashes." (French)
  11. ^ Driskel, Paul (1993). As Befits a Legend. Kent State University Press. p. 168 ISBN 0-87338-484-9
  12. ^ Leo A. Loubere, Nineteenth-Century Europe: The Revolution of Life, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, p. 154.
  13. ^ Palmer 1994, p. 3.
  14. ^ . Archived from the original on December 22, 2010.
  15. ^ Hassel, Georg (1 January 1830). "Genealogisch-historisch-statistischer Almanach". im Verlag des Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs. – via Google Books.

Sources edit

  • Palmer, Alan (1994). Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-665-1.
  • Welschinger, Le roi de Rome, 1811–32, (Paris, 1897)
  • Wertheimer, The Duke of Reichstadt, (London, 1905)

External links edit


Napoleon II
Born: 20 March 1811 Died: 22 July 1832
Regnal titles
Preceded by — DISPUTED —
Emperor of the French
22 June – 7 July 1815
Bourbon Restoration
Titles in pretence
Loss of title
— TITULAR —
Emperor of the French
7 July 1815 – 22 July 1832
Succeeded by

napoleon, napoléon, françois, joseph, charles, bonaparte, march, 1811, july, 1832, disputed, emperor, french, weeks, 1815, emperor, napoleon, empress, marie, louise, daughter, emperor, francis, austria, been, prince, imperial, france, king, rome, since, birth,. Napoleon II Napoleon Francois Joseph Charles Bonaparte 20 March 1811 22 July 1832 was the disputed Emperor of the French for a few weeks in 1815 He was the son of Emperor Napoleon I and Empress Marie Louise daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austria Napoleon II had been Prince Imperial of France and King of Rome since birth After the fall of his father he lived the rest of his life in Vienna and was known in the Austrian court as Franz Duke of Reichstadt for his adult life from the German version of his second given name along with a title his grandfather granted him in 1818 He was posthumously given the nickname L Aiglon the Eaglet after the popular Edmond Rostand play L Aiglon Napoleon IIKing of RomeDuke of ReichstadtPortrait by Leopold Bucher 1832Emperor of the French more disputed 1st reign4 6 April 1814PredecessorNapoleon ISuccessorNapoleon ILouis XVIII as King of France 2nd reign22 June 7 July 1815PredecessorNapoleon ISuccessorNapoleon III 1852 as Emperor Louis XVIII as King of France RegentJoseph FoucheHead of the House of BonaparteTenure22 June 1815 22 July 1832PredecessorNapoleon ISuccessorJoseph Count of SurvilliersBorn 1811 03 20 20 March 1811Tuileries Palace Paris French EmpireDied22 July 1832 1832 07 22 aged 21 Schonbrunn Palace Vienna Austrian EmpireBurialNapoleon s tomb Les InvalidesNamesFrench Napoleon Francois Charles Joseph BonaparteHouseBonaparteFatherNapoleon I Emperor of the FrenchMotherMarie Louise Duchess of ParmaReligionRoman CatholicismSignatureWhen Napoleon I tried to abdicate on 4 April 1814 he said that his son would rule as emperor However the coalition victors refused to acknowledge his son as successor and Napoleon I was forced to abdicate unconditionally some days later Although Napoleon II never actually ruled France he was briefly the titular Emperor of the French after the second fall of his father He lived most of his life in Vienna and died of tuberculosis at the age of 21 His cousin Louis Napoleon Bonaparte founded the Second French Empire in 1852 and ruled as Emperor Napoleon III Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Birth 1 2 Succession rights 1 3 Reign 1 4 Life in Austria 2 Death 2 1 Disposition of his remains 3 Legacy 4 Honours 4 1 Coats of arms 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External linksBiography edit nbsp Empress Marie Louise and her son Napoleon King of Rome by Francois Gerard 1813Birth edit Napoleon ll was born on 20 March 1811 at the Tuileries Palace the son of Emperor Napoleon I and Empress Marie Louise On the same day he underwent ondoiement a traditional French ceremony which is a simple baptism unaccompanied by the usual additional ceremonies by Joseph Fesch with his full name of Napoleon Francois Charles Joseph 1 The baptism inspired by the baptismal ceremony of Louis Grand Dauphin of France was held on 9 June 1811 in Notre Dame de Paris 1 Karl Philipp Prince of Schwarzenberg Austrian ambassador to France wrote of the baptism The baptism ceremony was beautiful and impressive the scene in which the emperor took the infant from the arms of his noble mother and raised him up twice to reveal him to the public thus breaking from long tradition as he did when he crowned himself at his coronation was loudly applauded in the monarch s manner and face could be seen the great satisfaction that he took from this solemn moment 1 He was put in the care of Louise Charlotte Francoise de Montesquiou a descendant of Francois Michel le Tellier Marquis de Louvois who was named Governess of the Children of France Affectionate and intelligent the governess assembled a considerable collection of books intended to give the infant a strong grounding in religion philosophy and military matters 1 Succession rights edit As the only legitimate son of Napoleon I he was already constitutionally the Prince Imperial and heir apparent but the Emperor also gave his son the title of King of Rome Three years later the First French Empire collapsed Napoleon I saw his second wife and their son for the last time on 24 January 1814 2 On 4 April 1814 he abdicated in favour of his three year old son after the Six Days Campaign and the Battle of Paris The child became Emperor of the French under the regnal name of Napoleon II However on 6 April 1814 Napoleon I fully abdicated and renounced not only his own rights to the French throne but also those of his descendants The Treaty of Fontainebleau in 1814 gave the child the right to use the title of Prince of Parma of Piacenza and of Guastalla and his mother was styled the Duchess of Parma of Piacenza and of Guastalla Reign edit On 29 March 1814 Marie Louise accompanied by her entourage left the Tuileries Palace with her son Their first stop was the Chateau de Rambouillet then fearing the advancing enemy troops they continued on to the Chateau de Blois On 13 April with her entourage much diminished Marie Louise and her three year old son were back in Rambouillet where they met her father Emperor Francis I of Austria and Emperor Alexander I of Russia On 23 April escorted by an Austrian regiment mother and son left Rambouillet and France forever for their exile in Austria 3 In 1815 after his resurgence and his defeat at Waterloo Napoleon I abdicated for the second time in favour of his four year old son whom he had not seen since his exile to Elba The day after Napoleon s abdication a Commission of Government of five members took the rule of France 4 awaiting the return of the Bourbon King Louis XVIII who was in Le Cateau Cambresis 5 The Commission held power for two weeks but never formally summoned Napoleon II as Emperor or appointed a regent The entrance of the Allies into Paris on 7 July brought a rapid end to his supporters wishes Napoleon II was residing in Austria with his mother The next Bonaparte to ascend the throne of France in 1852 would be Louis Napoleon the son of Napoleon s brother Louis I King of Holland He took the regnal name of Napoleon III Life in Austria edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Napoleon II news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Portrait by Moritz DaffingerFrom the spring of 1814 onwards the young Napoleon lived in Austria and was known as Franz a German language cognate of his second given name Francois In 1818 he was awarded the title of Duke of Reichstadt by his maternal grandfather Emperor Francis He was educated by a staff of military tutors and developed a passion for soldiering dressing in a miniature uniform like his father s and performing maneuvers in the palace At the age of 8 it was apparent to his tutors that he had chosen his career By 1820 Napoleon had completed his elementary studies and begun his military training learning German Italian and mathematics as well as receiving advanced physical training His official army career began at age 12 in 1823 when he was made a cadet in the Austrian Army Accounts from his tutors describe Napoleon as intelligent serious and focused Additionally he was very tall having grown to nearly 6 feet by the time he was 17 In 1822 the Four Sergeants of La Rochelle were put to death for attempting to return Napoleon II to the throne although it is unclear to what extent they were committed Bonapartists There is no evidence that Napoleon II endorsed the insurrection His budding military career gave some concern and fascination to the monarchies of Europe and French leaders over his possible return to France However he was allowed to play no political role and instead was used by Austrian Chancellor Klemens von Metternich in bargaining with France to gain advantage for Austria Fearful of anyone in the Bonaparte family regaining political power Metternich even rejected a request for Franz to move to a warmer climate in Italy He received another rejection when his grandfather refused to allow him to join the army traveling to Italy to put down a rebellion 6 Upon the death of his stepfather Adam Albert von Neipperg and the revelation that his mother had borne two illegitimate children to Neipperg prior to their marriage Franz grew distant from his mother and felt that his Austrian family were holding him back to avoid political controversy He said to his friend Anton von Prokesch Osten If Josephine had been my mother my father would not have been buried at Saint Helena and I should not be at Vienna My mother is kind but weak she was not the wife my father deserved 7 Death edit nbsp Deathbed portrait engraved by Franz Xaver StoberIn 1831 Franz was given command of an Austrian battalion but he never got the chance to serve in any meaningful capacity In 1832 he caught pneumonia and was bedridden for several months His poor health eventually overtook him and on 22 July 1832 Franz died of tuberculosis at Schonbrunn Palace in Vienna 8 He had no children thus the Napoleonic claim to the throne of France passed to his uncle Joseph Bonaparte and later to his cousin Louis Napoleon Bonaparte who later founded and reigned over the Second French Empire styling himself Napoleon III Disposition of his remains edit nbsp Tomb of Napoleon II at Les Invalides ParisOn 15 December 1940 Adolf Hitler ordered the remains of Napoleon II to be transferred from Vienna to the dome of Les Invalides in Paris 9 10 The remains of Napoleon I had been returned to France in December 1840 at the time of the July Monarchy 11 In December 1969 the remains of Napoleon II were moved underground to the cella of Napoleon s tomb While most of his remains were transferred to Paris in 1940 his heart and intestines remained in Vienna which is traditional for members of the Habsburg family His heart is in Urn 42 of the Herzgruft Heart Crypt and his viscera are in Urn 76 of the Ducal Crypt Legacy editIn 1900 Edmond Rostand wrote a play L Aiglon about his life Serbian composer Petar Stojanovic composed the operetta Napoleon II Herzog von Reichstadt which premiered in Vienna in the 1920s Victor Tourjansky directed a French language film titled L Aiglon in 1931 and he also directed a separate German language version Arthur Honegger and Jacques Ibert collaborated on an opera L Aiglon which premiered in 1937 The journalist Henri Rochefort joked that Napoleon II having never really governed was France s best leader since he brought no war taxes or tyranny 12 He was noted for his friendship with Sophie a Bavarian princess of the House of Wittelsbach 13 Intelligent ambitious and strong willed Sophie had little in common with her husband Franz Karl the brother of Napoleon II s mother Empress Marie Louise There were rumors of a love affair between Sophie and Napoleon II as well as the possibility that Sophie s second son Maximilian I of Mexico born in 1832 was the result issue of the affair Honours edit nbsp Austrian Empire Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen 1811 14 nbsp First French Empire Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour nbsp Kingdom of Italy Knight of the Order of the Iron Crown 1st Class nbsp Duchy of Parma Knight Grand Cross of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint GeorgeCoats of arms edit nbsp King of Rome 1811 14 nbsp Emperor of the French titular ruler nbsp Duke of Reichstadt 15 1818 32 See also editCradle of the King of Rome Palace of the King of RomeReferences edit a b c d Napoleon II King of Rome French Emperor Prince of Parma Duke of Reichstadt The Napoleon Foundation napoleon org March 2011 Retrieved 8 March 2012 Chateau de Fontainebleau Musee chateau fontainebleau fr Archived from the original on 2012 06 18 Retrieved 2012 08 28 G Lenotre le Chateau de Rambouillet six siecles d histoire ch L empereur Editions Denoel Paris 1984 1930 reedition pp 126 133 ISBN 2 207 23023 6 N 275 Arrete par lequel la Commission du Gouvernement se constitue sous la presidence M le Duc d Otrante Bulletin des lois de la Republique francaise in French 23 June 1815 p 279 N 1 Proclamation du Roi Bulletin des lois de la Republique francaise in French 25 June 1815 p 1 Napoleon II Biography Archived from the original on 2015 09 18 Retrieved 2014 09 22 Markham Felix Napoleon p 249 Altman Gail S Fatal Links The Curious Deaths of Beethoven and the Two Napoleons Paperback Anubian Press September 1999 ISBN 1 888071 02 8 Poisson Georges Robert L Miller translator Hitler s Gift to France The Return of the Ashes of Napoleon II Enigma Books ISBN 978 1 929631 67 4 Synopsis amp Review by Maria C Bagshaw Poisson Georges Le retour des cendres de l Aiglon Edition Nouveau Monde Paris 2006 ISBN 2847361847 French wags at the time countered Hitler s propaganda by saying Hitler stole France s coal but returned to them the ashes French Driskel Paul 1993 As Befits a Legend Kent State University Press p 168 ISBN 0 87338 484 9 Leo A Loubere Nineteenth Century Europe The Revolution of Life Englewood Cliffs New Jersey Prentice Hall p 154 Palmer 1994 p 3 A Szent Istvan Rend tagjai Archived from the original on December 22 2010 Hassel Georg 1 January 1830 Genealogisch historisch statistischer Almanach im Verlag des Landes Industrie Comptoirs via Google Books Sources editPalmer Alan 1994 Twilight of the Habsburgs The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph New York Atlantic Monthly Press ISBN 0 87113 665 1 Welschinger Le roi de Rome 1811 32 Paris 1897 Wertheimer The Duke of Reichstadt London 1905 External links editGerman description of the arms of the Duke of Reichstadt circa 1830 Rose John Holland 1911 Reichstadt Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles Duke of Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 23 11th ed p 49 Napoleon IIHouse of BonaparteBorn 20 March 1811 Died 22 July 1832Regnal titlesPreceded byNapoleon I DISPUTED Emperor of the French22 June 7 July 1815 Bourbon RestorationTitles in pretenceLoss of titleBourbon Restoration TITULAR Emperor of the French7 July 1815 22 July 1832 Succeeded byJoseph I Napoleon II at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Texts from Wikisource Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Napoleon II amp oldid 1217213081, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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